TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

1ST SEMESTER 2024 - 2025 CE013
BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN

MODULE 2

STRUCTURAL
SYSTEMS

ENGR. CHRISTIAN Y. IBONIA, RCE

Course Instructor, CE013 1ST SEMESTER 2024 - 2025
 MODULE 2
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

MODULE 2: STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the module, the student will be able to:
1. Identify various components of the two major components of a structure: the substructure and
the super structure.
2. Explain the importance of structural analysis in designing a structure.
3. Distinguish various concepts in planning a building design and its structural system.
4. Generate structural plans based on various building requirements and actual building codes and
standards.
 MODULE 2
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

MODULE 2: STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

TOPIC OUTLINE
This module will cover the following topics:
A. Structural System
• Substructure
• Superstructure
• Types of Structural Systems
B. Structural Analysis and Design
• Structural Connections
• Building Design Process
• Building Design Considerations
C. Structural System Planning
 MODULE 3
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

MODULE 2 – PART A

STRUCTURAL
SYSTEMS
 MODULE 3 - PART A
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
The evolution of structural systems continues to shape the field of architecture,
influencing how buildings are conceived, designed, and constructed.

By integrating structural considerations with architectural vision, designers create

spaces that are not only structurally sound but also visually compelling and
functionally efficient. Thus, structural systems play a vital role in defining the built
environment and enriching the human experience within architectural spaces.
 MODULE 3 - PART A
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
To understand the impact of structural systems on architectural building design, we
should be aware of how they relate to the conceptual, experiential, and contextual
ordering of architecture:
1. Formal and spatial composition.
2. Definition, scale, and proportions of forms and spaces.
3. Qualities of shape, form, space, light, color, texture, and pattern.
4. Ordering of human activities by their scale and dimension.
5. Functional zoning of spaces according to purpose and use.
6. Access to and the horizontal and vertical paths of movement through a building.
7. Buildings as integral components within the natural and built environment
8. Sensory and cultural characteristics of place
 MODULE 3 - PART A
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
To understand the impact of structural systems on architectural building design, we
should be aware of how they relate to the conceptual, experiential, and contextual
ordering of architecture:
1. Formal and spatial composition.
2. Definition, scale, and proportions of forms and spaces.
3. Qualities of shape, form, space, light, color, texture, and pattern.
4. Ordering of human activities by their scale and dimension.
5. Functional zoning of spaces according to purpose and use.
6. Access to and the horizontal and vertical paths of movement through a building.
7. Buildings as integral components within the natural and built environment
8. Sensory and cultural characteristics of place
 MODULE 3 - PART A
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
SUBSTRUCTURE
The substructure is the lowest division of a building—its
foundation—constructed partly or wholly below the
surface of the ground. Its primary function is to support
and anchor the superstructure above and transmit its
loads safely into the earth.

An important influence on the type of substructure we

select, and consequently, the structural pattern we design,
is the site and context for a building.
 MODULE 3 - PART A
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
SUBSTRUCTURE
 Relation to superstructure

 Soil type

 Relation to topography
 MODULE 3 - PART A
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
SUBSTRUCTURE
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Shallow or spread foundations are employed
when stable soil of adequate bearing
capacity occurs relatively near to the ground
surface. They are placed directly below the
lowest part of a substructure and transfer
building loads directly to the supporting soil
by vertical pressure.
 MODULE 3 - PART A
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
SUBSTRUCTURE
Shallow foundations can take any of the
following geometric forms:

1. Point: Column footings

2. Line: Foundation walls and footings
3. Plane: Mat foundations
 MODULE 3 - PART A
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
SUBSTRUCTURE
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Deep foundations consist of caissons or piles
that extend down through unsuitable soil to
transfer building loads to a more appropriate
bearing stratum of rock or dense sands and
gravels well below the superstructure.
 MODULE 3 - PART A
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
SUPERSTRUCTURE
The superstructure, the vertical extension of a building
above the foundation, consists of a shell and interior
structure that defines the form of a building and its spatial
layout and composition. In the construction process, the
superstructure rises from the substructure, following the
same paths along which the superstructure transmits its
loads down to the substructure.
 MODULE 3 - PART A
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
SUPERSTRUCTURE
SHELL
The shell or envelope of a building, consisting of the roof,
exterior walls, windows, and doors, provides protection
and shelter for the interior spaces of a building.
• The roof and exterior walls shelter interior spaces from
inclement weather and control moisture, heat, and air
flow through the layering of construction assemblies.
• Exterior walls and roofs also dampen noise and provide
security and privacy for the occupants of a building.
• Doors provide physical access.
• Windows provide access to light, air, and views.
 MODULE 3 - PART A
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
SUPERSTRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
A structural system is required to support the shell of a
building as well as its interior floors, walls, and partitions,
and to transfer the applied loads to the substructure.
• Columns, beams, and load-bearing walls support floor
and roof structures.
• Floor structures are the flat, level base planes of interior
space that support our interior activities and furnishings.
• Interior structural walls and nonloadbearing partitions
subdivide the interior of a building into spatial units.
• Lateral-force-resisting elements are laid out to provide
lateral stability.
 MODULE 3 - PART A
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
SUPERSTRUCTURE
The formal intention of a building design may be offered,
given, suggested, or mandated by various factors such as
its site location, its purpose, its various building operations,
and its function. Concurrent with thinking about formal
and spatial options in the building design, we should also
begin to consider our structural options—the palette of
materials, the types of support, spanning, and lateral-
force-resisting systems— and how these choices might
influence, support, and reinforce the formal and spatial
dimensions of a building design idea.
 MODULE 3 - PART A
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
SUPERSTRUCTURE
CONSIDERATIONS IN DESIGN
• Type of Structural System
• Layout and pattern of supports
• Bay spans and proportions
• Types of spanning systems
• Lateral bracing systems
• Palette of structural materials
 MODULE 3 - PART A
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
SUPERSTRUCTURE
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
1. Bulk-active structures
2. Vector-active structures
3. Surface-active structures
4. Form-active structures
 MODULE 3 - PART A
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
SUPERSTRUCTURE
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Bulk-active structures

These structures redirect external forces primarily

through the bulk and continuity of its material, such
as beams and columns.
 MODULE 3 - PART A
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
SUPERSTRUCTURE
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Vector-active structures

These structures redirect external forces primarily though the

composition of tension and compression members, such as a
truss.
 MODULE 3 - PART A
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
SUPERSTRUCTURE
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Surface-active structures

These structures redirect external forces primarily along

the continuity of a surface, such as a plate or shell
structures.
 MODULE 3 - PART A
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
SUPERSTRUCTURE
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Form-active structures

These structures redirect external forces primarily through the form

of its material, such as an arch or cable system
 MODULE 3 - PART A
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
SUPERSTRUCTURE
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
The proportions of structural elements, such as bearing walls, floor and roof slabs,
vaults and domes, give us visual clues to their role in a structural system as well as
the nature of their material. A masonry wall, being strong in compression but
relatively weak in bending, will be thicker than a reinforced concrete wall doing the
same work. A steel column will be thinner than a wood post supporting the same
load. A 4-inch reinforced concrete slab will span farther than 4-inch wood decking.

As a structure depends less on the weight and stiffness of a material and more on its
geometry for stability, as in the case of membrane structures and space frames, its
elements will get thinner and thinner until they lose their ability to give a space scale
and dimension.
 MODULE 3 - PART A
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
The process of determining the ability of a structure or any of its constituent
members, either existing or assumed, to safely carry a given set of loads without
material distress or excessive deformation, given the arrangement, shape, and
dimensions of the members, the types of connections and supports utilized, and the
allowable stresses of the materials employed.

In other words, structural analysis can occur only if given a specific structure and
certain load conditions.
 MODULE 3 - PART A
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
The process of arranging, interconnecting, sizing, and proportioning the members of
a structural system in order to safely carry a given set of loads without exceeding the
allowable stresses of the materials employed.

Structural design, similar to other design activities, must operate in an environment

of uncertainty, ambiguity, and approximation.
 MODULE 3 - PART A
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Key Differences:
• Focus: Structural analysis focuses on evaluating
structural behavior and performance, while structural
design focuses on creating a safe and efficient
structural system.
• Activities: Analysis involves mathematical modeling
and simulation, while design involves
conceptualization, planning, and detailed specification.
• Purpose: Analysis ensures structural integrity and
safety, while design translates functional and aesthetic
requirements into a viable structural solution.
 MODULE 3
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

MODULE 2 – PART B

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
AND DESIGN
 MODULE 3 - PART B
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS
There are four fundamental types of
structural connections:

1. Pin or hinge joints

2. Roller joints or supports
3. Rigid or fixed joints
4. Cable supports or anchorages
 MODULE 3 - PART B
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS
There are four fundamental types of
structural connections:

1. Pin or hinge joints

Allow rotation but resist translation in
any direction.
 MODULE 3 - PART B
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS
There are four fundamental types of
structural connections:

2. Roller joints or supports

Allow rotation but resist translation in a
direction perpendicular into or away
from its face.
 MODULE 3 - PART B
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS
There are four fundamental types of
structural connections:

3. Rigid or fixed joints

Maintain the angular relationship
between the joined elements, restrain
rotation and translation in any
direction, and provide both force and
moment resistance.
 MODULE 3 - PART B
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS
There are four fundamental types of
structural connections:

4. Cable supports or anchorages

Allow rotation but resist translation only
in the direction of the cable.
 MODULE 3 - PART B
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
BUILDING DESIGN PROCESS
• Is there an overarching form required or does the architectural composition
consist of articulated parts? If so, are these parts to be hierarchically ordered
• Are the principal architectural elements planar or linear in nature?
 MODULE 3 - PART B
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
BUILDING DESIGN PROCESS
• Are there required relationships
between the desirable scale and
proportion of the program spaces, the
spanning capability of the structural
system, and the resulting layout and
spacing of supports?
• Is there a compelling spatial reason for
one-way or two-way spanning systems?
 MODULE 3 - PART B
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
BUILDING DESIGN PROCESS
• How might the mechanical and other
building systems be integrated with
the structural system?
 MODULE 3 - PART B
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
BUILDING DESIGN PROCESS
• What are the building code requirements for the intended use, occupancy, and
scale of building?
• What is the type of construction and what are the structural materials required?
 MODULE 3 - PART B
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
BUILDING DESIGN PROCESS
• How might material availability, fabrication processes, transportation
requirements, labor and equipment requirements, and erection time influence
the choice of a structural system?
• Is there a need to allow for expansion and growth either horizontally or vertically?
 MODULE 3 - PART B
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
BUILDING DESIGN PROCESS
• There exists a regulated relationship
between the size (height and area) of a
building and its intended use,
occupancy load, and type of
construction. Understanding the
projected scale of a building is
important because a building’s size is
related to the type of structural system
required and the materials that may be
employed for its structure and
construction.
 MODULE 3 - PART B
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
BUILDING DESIGN PROCESS
• Zoning ordinances constrain the
allowable bulk (height and area) and
shape of a building based on its location
in a municipality and position on its site,
usually by specifying various aspects of its
size. The size and shape of a building are
also controlled indirectly by specifying
the minimum required distances from
the structure to the property lines of the
site in order to provide for air, light, solar
access, and privacy.
 MODULE 3
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

MODULE 2 – PART C

STRUCTURAL
SYSTEMS PLANNING
 MODULE 3 - PART C
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS PLANNING
There are two attributes that should be built into the design, guide its development,
and ensure its stability, durability, and efficiency. These attributes—redundancy and
continuity—apply not to a specific material or to an individual type of structural
member, such as a beam, column, or truss, but rather to a building structure viewed
as a holistic system of interrelated parts.
 MODULE 3 - PART C
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS PLANNING
REDUNDANCY
The concept of redundancy involves providing multiple load paths whereby forces
can bypass a point of structural distress or a localized structural failure.

A redundant structure includes members, connections, or supports not required for

a statically determinate structure so that if one member, connection, or support fails,
others exist to provide alternative paths for the transfer of forces.
 MODULE 3 - PART C
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS PLANNING
CONTINUITY
Continuity in a structure provides a direct, uninterrupted path for loads through a
building’s structure, from the roof level down to the foundation. Continuous load
paths help to ensure that all forces to which the structure is subjected can be
delivered from the point of their application to the foundation.

All elements and connections along a load path must have sufficient strength,
stiffness, and deformation capability to transfer loads without compromising the
building structure’s ability to perform as a unit.
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
1ST SEMESTER 2024 - 2025 CE013
BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN

MODULE 2

END OF
TOPIC

ENGR. CHRISTIAN Y. IBONIA, RCE

Course Instructor, CE013 1ST SEMESTER 2024 - 2025
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
1ST SEMESTER 2024 - 2025 CE013
BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN

ANNOUNCMENT

PQUIZ NO. 1
COVERAGE: MODULE 1 – INTRODUCTION TO THE BUILDING CODE PART 1
AUGUST 31, 2024 (SATURDAY)

ENGR. CHRISTIAN Y. IBONIA, RCE

Course Instructor, CE013 1ST SEMESTER 2024 - 2025
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
1ST SEMESTER 2024 - 2025 CE013
BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN

ANNOUNCMENT

PQUIZ NO. 2
COVERAGE: MODULE 2 - STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
SEPTEMBER 6, 2024 (FRIDAY)

ENGR. CHRISTIAN Y. IBONIA, RCE

Course Instructor, CE013 1ST SEMESTER 2024 - 2025