KARMVER SHANKARRAO KALE EDUCATION SOCIETY'S GAUTAM POLYTECHNIC INSTITUE GAUTAMNAGAR-423602 Academic Year-2024-25 poem CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mokal Sanchita Ravindra (27) and others have/has successfully completed the project work on Environmental Pollution in partial fulfillment of diploma in computer engineering during academic year 2024-25 Prof. Thete A.J. Prof. BHARTI M.B. Prof. BHARTI S.M. Guide HOD PrincipalKSKES’S GAUTAM POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, GAUTAMNAGAR KSKES’S GAUTAM POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, GAUTAMNAGAR MICROPROJECT REPORT AT Environmental Pollution SUBMITTED BY 1) Parhe Krushana Valmik(25) 2) Sonawane Ravindra Rajendra(26) 3) Mokal Sanchita Ravindra(27) 4) Naravade Sakshi Ganesh(28) (DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER ENGG) cf As DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING GAUTAM POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, GAUTAMNAGAR 2024-25INDEX_ Sr no Content Page No 1 | Introduction To environmental Pollution 5 2 | Meaning of environmental Pollution BE 3. | Factors Affecting Environmental Pollution 9 4 | Types of Environmental Pollution 13 5 | Sources of Environmental Pollution 19 6 | Effect of Pollution on the Environment 21 7 Environmental Protection and Control of 22 Pollution g_| Methods Used to Minimize Environmental 24 Pollution 9 | Environmental Pollution Prevention 24 10 | Conclusion 25 11 | References 261, Introduction to Environmental Pollution: The systematic pollution of our environment is one of the biggest hazards that humanity faces today. People are becoming increasingly aware of the threat pose| by pollution and governments are enacting legislations aimed at protecting th environment. During the last few decades, the global environment has gone through seriou: challenges and changes. Population pressure has escaped rapidly consequent resources have dwindled. Pollution is an undesirable change in the physical and biological operations of our air, land and water. They may be or will be harmful to human life, species our industries process; living condition and culture assets or deteriorate our materi resources. Human being can be exposed to pollutant in many ways through the air they breathe, the water they drink, the food they eat and the cosmetics, drugs ant other products they use. The continuing discovery of previously unsuspected hazards from various chemicals and other substanc underscore the point. The environmental and human health effect of even thos substances identified for priority consideration. Scientific developments have been a growing concern about the links between th health and environment and worldwide industrial, land and resources management practices. Today there is a growing concer for global scale environmental degradation brought by combinations of all people o: earth. Manufacturing plants, agriculture production and other sources releas pollutants into the air, water and soil, pollutants are intentionally moved away through the management of waste including residues removed from the air an water by pollution contral equipmentPollutants also move among the media by changing into more, or less hazardou: substances as they move through environment. They may accumulate in sinks f long periodof time and people often are exposed to the same pollutant} through the one medium by breathing air, drinking water, eating food or absorbing it through skin. Generally new industrial plants reduce less waste than older ones. One report estimates that new factories cut the amount of hazardous waste to half. Dilution which increases the volume of waste, is now more common than segregations. Firms dilute waste to lower pollutant concentration for discharge into a sewag¢ treatment plant or directly into air or water, or to inject them more easily into deep wells, To save money, small electroplating firms after mix their organic waste with those containing metals and cyanide before dumping them in the sewer rather thah treating them independently. cyanide accumulates in the plant's sludge. A cross media approach designed avoid this problem might require the discharger to segregate and treat separatelj the heavy metals and cyanide to prevent their release. The sewage treatment plant can degrade the organic waste but the metal i t understanding of nature and extent of Cross media problem is gained, society wil also find better ways to improve both the effectiveness and efficiency of pollutior control policies. Once wastes are segregated, they are easy to recycle or treat. As a sw2. Meaning of Environmental Pollution: Ecosystem is a natural unit of living community (plants and animals) andnon-living environment. The biotic and abiotic community are constantly in teracting and exchanging materials and energy betwee themselves. The life in an ecosystem depends upon the environment which provides energy in the form of sunlight and nutrients for the living components of| the ecosystem. Waste matter and energy produced by human Beinge through, their irresponsible and wanting activities cause disturbance i the natural environment or is the ecosystem is called environment pollution. Environmental pollution is the result of increased production of waste products by the industries, rapid urbanization, wanting and irresponsible. Harnessing of the natural resources as well as unplanned sewage ae waste disposal from industries and cities etc. Thus, presence of an environment pollutant called environment pollution. Nature has provided the basic ingredients for living in abundance and whatever is used up during normal course of living is recaptured through natural cycle. Any effort to disturb this process is termed as Environment pollution. In a homeostatic ecosystem there is a balance between the wing organisms and the environment. Disturbance in any component of thi environment is likely to have a harmful effect on the ecosystem. Any change in the environment which contributes to its deterioration is called pollution of the environment and the agent which causes the pollution is called the pollutant. This change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of our physical environment (air, water and land) is undesirable and harms| human life, other living organisms and cultural assets. The resultingimpact on the environment has been so massive with far-reachin consequences that the very existence of life is threatened. Pollution is an undesirable change in the physical and biological operations of our air, land and water. They may be or will be harmful to human life, species our industries process; living condition and culture assets or deteriorate our material resources. The word environment connotes the whole gamat of physical surroundings i.e., land, air and water along with the biotic components (all living forms/which are responsible for the plant and animal kingdom to survive and proferaterate Environmental segments are atmospher hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. Man is the main agent for polluting the environment Nature can cope with certain degree of pollution because it has its own cleaning agents.As shown in Table 2.1, the world population has grown dramatically over the last350 years. Control measures should be implemente successfully or else the biosphere will collapse under the weight of th rapidly growing population. ii. Pollution of Indian Lakes: Among the surface water bodies, lakes and reservoirs are considered t be most valuable water resources. These surface water bodies art currently under serious pollution threat notonly in India but also globally considered to be an important tissue. Over past couple of decades national and international programmes ot lake water quality assessment and their management in the perspecti of conservation were attempted. Considerable studies were made in Himalayan lakes of J & K (Dal & Nagin Lake), Kumaun (Naimtal and Bhimtal Lake), Madhya Pradesh (Bhopal Lake), Odissa (Chilka Lake), Manipure (Loktak Lake) and so on. In almost all cases lake water is highly polluted with silts, agrochemicals, fertilizer, organic wastes and industrial discharges etc.As a result, considerable biotic changes along with loss of productivity are noticed. In most of limn logical studies of the lake system thus) revealed the fact that most of the lakes slowly transformed into swamp} marsh without any proper management for conservation. Since 19908 there is a national lake conservation policy adopted by the Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt. of India. iii. Pollutants: According to “The Indian Environment Protection Act 1980” a pollutant has been defined as any solid, liquid or gaseous substance present in such concentration as may be or tend to be injurious to environment. Any substance present in the environment in such concentration which adversely effects the environment by damaging the growth rate of a) species and by interfering with the food chains and affects the health, comfort and property etc. is considered as a pollutant. Smoke from industries and automobiles, domestic and commercial sewage, radioactive substances from nuclear plants and discarded household articles (tins, bottles, broken crockery etc.) come under the category of pollutants.Classification of Pollutants: The classification of pollutants is done from different points of view. Depending upon their existence in nature pollutants are of two types, namely: (i) Quantitative and (ii) Qualitative pollutants. (i) Quantitative Pollutants: These are thosesubstances normally occurring in the environment, who acquire the status of a pollutant when their concentration gets increased due to the un-mindful activities of man. Fol example, carbon dioxide, if present in the atmosphere in concentratio! greater than normal due to automobiles and industries, cause: measurable effects on humans, animals, plants or property, then it i: classified as a quantitative pollutant. (ii) Qualitative Pollutant: These are those substances which do not normally occur in natur but are added by man, for example, insecticides. Depending upon the! form in which they persist after being released into the environment, th pollutants are categorized into two types, namely (a) primary and (b) secondary pollutants (a) Primary Pollutants: These are those which are emitted directly from the source and persist in the form in which they were added to the environment. Typical examples of pollutants included under this category are ash, smoke| fumes, dust, nitric oxide, sulphur dioxide, hydrocarbons etc. (b) Secondary Pollutants: These are those which are formed from the primary pollutants by chemical interaction with some constituent present in the atmosphere.Examples are: Sulphur trioxide, nitrogen dioxide, aldehydes, ketones, ozone etc. Nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons are two primary pollutants release from automobiles but in the presence of sunlight, they react to form peroxyacy nitrate (PAN) and ozone, two secondary pollutants which are far more toxic than the primary pollutants from which they are derived . 4. Types of Environmental Pollution: Pollution is of five mains types: (a)Atmospheric or Air pollution (b)Water pollution (c)Land and soil pollution (d)Noise pollution (e)Radioactive pollution aT(a) Atmospheric or Air Pollution: It is an atmospheric condition in which certain substances (including th normal constituents in excess) are present in concentrations which ch cause undesirable effects on man and his environment. These substanc| include gases, particulate matter, radioactive substances etc. Ss Gaseous pollutants include oxides of sulphur (mostly SO2, SO3) oxides of nitrogen (mostly NO and NO2 or NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (mostly hydrocarbons) etc. Particulate pollutants include smoke, dust, soot, fumes, aerosols, liquid droplets, pollen grains etc. Radioactive pollutants include radon-222, iodine-131, strontium 90, plutonium-239 etc. Fig 4.A (Air Pollution) Fig 4.A (Air Pollution)(b)Water Pollution: Water is one of the most important biological components that sustail life. Its great solvent power makes the creation of absolute pure water theoretical rather than a practical goal. Human population has the habi of dumping their wastes into water. This has the effect of diluting the waste and getting it dispersed if it is a running water system. The term “water quality” is infinitely related to water pollution. The water is said to be polluted when it has more “negative” qualities than “positive” ones. Water Quality refers to the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. Thus, in simple words, we can say that polluted water is that water which has been abused, defiled it some way, so that it is no longer fit for use. Water pollution can be defined as “the presence of too much of undesirable substances in water which tend to degrade the quality of water's physical, chemical and biological characteristics, making it unsuitable for beneficial use”. Fig 4.B (Water Pollution)(c)Land and Soil Pollution: Soil is the loose mineral material and is the most important componen of the earth's surface (lithosphere). It is the growth medium for many microbes, plants and animals. The formation of soil is the result of) chemical, physical and biological weathering. Like air and water, soil is also subjected to pollution. Soil contains many microbes. Soil pollution is defined as the presence of toxic chemicals (pollutants or contaminants) in soil, in high enough concentrations to pose a risk to human health and/or the ecosystem. In the case of contaminants which occur naturally in soil, even when their levels are not high enough to pose a risk, soil pollution is still said to occur if the levels of the contaminants in soil exceed the levels that should naturally be present. Fig 4.C (Land and Soil pollution)10. Conclusion On the basis of coordinating with other related planning and analyzing the current challenges in the environment, the present Environmental Planning has proposed the planning vision and objectives, together with a preliminary scheme for environmental functional districts and environmental functional district management. Under the three principal themes of "Optimizing the Environment Suitable for Living and Tourism’, "Promoting a Conservation and Recycling-oriented Society” and "Integrating into the Green and Quality Region’, this planning has also established 11 green indicators for the Environmental Planning, proposed15 areas of concern and their strategic direction, formulated various major actions, and established the implementation and) supervision mechanisms, in order to enhance the environmental management capability of the Macao SAR Government and guarantee’ the execution of the planning. 2211. References To make this project we have taken help from, [1.] Journal of Environmental Pollution. [2.] A Study of Environmental Studies on Pollution www.scribd.com/.../a-study-of-pollution. [3.] WWWW.GOOGLE COM _ [4.] WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM _ 23