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Pointers in C
Programming
A Modern Approach to Memory
Management, Recursive Data Structures,
Strings, and Arrays
—
Thomas Mailund
Pointers in C
Programming
A Modern Approach to Memory
Management, Recursive Data
Structures, Strings, and Arrays
Thomas Mailund
Pointers in C Programming: A Modern Approach to Memory Management, Recursive
Data Structures, Strings, and Arrays
Thomas Mailund
Aarhus N, Denmark
Chapter 1: Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1
Chapter 3: Pointers������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 33
Call by Reference������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 36
NULL Pointers����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 49
Const and Pointers���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 53
Restricted Pointers���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 66
iii
Table of Contents
Character Pointers����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 81
Arbitrary Types����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 82
Void Pointers������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 85
Chapter 5: Arrays���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 91
Arrays, Indices, and Pointer Arithmetic��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 94
Out-of-Bounds Errors���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 100
Pointers to Arrays���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 101
Arrays and Function Arguments������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 102
Multidimensional Arrays����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 106
iv
Table of Contents
v
Table of Contents
vi
Table of Contents
Index��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 527
vii
About the Author
Thomas Mailund is an associate professor in bioinformatics at Aarhus University,
Denmark. He has a background in math and computer science. For the past decade,
his main focus has been on genetics and evolutionary studies, particularly comparative
genomics, speciation, and gene flow between emerging species. He has published
String Algorithms in C, R Data Science Quick Reference, The Joys of Hashing, Domain-
Specific Languages in R, Beginning Data Science in R, Functional Programming in R, and
Metaprogramming in R, all from Apress, as well as other books.
ix
About the Technical Reviewer
Juturi Narsimha Rao has 9 years of experience as a software developer, lead engineer,
project engineer, and individual contributor. His current focus is on advanced supply
chain planning between the manufacturing industries and vendors.
xi
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to Helge Jensen, Anders E. Halager, Irfansha Shaik, and Kristian Ozol for
discussions and comments on earlier drafts of this book.
xiii
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Pointers and memory management are considered among the most challenging issues
to deal with in low-level programming languages such as C. It is not that pointers are
conceptually difficult to understand, nor is it difficult to comprehend how we can obtain
memory from the operating system and how we return the memory again so it can be
reused. The difficulty stems from the flexibility with which pointers let us manipulate the
entire state of a running program. With pointers, every object anywhere in a program’s
memory is available to us—at least in principle. We can change any bit to our heart’s
desire. No data are safe from our pointers, not even the program that we run—a running
program is nothing but data in the computer’s memory, and in theory, we can modify
our own code as we run it.
With such a power tool, it should hardly surprise that mistakes can be fatal for a
program, and unfortunately, mistakes are easy to make when it comes to pointers. While
pointers do have type information, type safety is minimal when you use them. If you
point somewhere in memory and pronounce that you want “that integer over there,” you
get an integer, no matter what the object “over there” really is. Treat it like an integer,
and it behaves like an integer. Assign a value to it, and may the gods have mercy on your
soul if it was supposed to be something else and something you need later. You have just
destroyed the real object you pointed at.
If you are not careful, any small mistake can crash your program—or worse. If you
accidentally modify the incorrect data in your program, all your output is tainted. If you
are lucky, it is easily detectable, and you are in for a fun few days of debugging. If you
are less fortunate, you can make business decisions based on incorrect output for years
to come, never realizing that the code you wrote is fooling you every time it runs—or
maybe not every time, just on infrequent occasions, so rare that you can never chase
down the problem. When you have bugs caused by pointers (or uninitialized memory),
1
© Thomas Mailund 2021
T. Mailund, Pointers in C Programming, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6927-5_1
Chapter 1 Introduction
they are not always reproducible. Your program’s behavior might depend on which other
programs are running concurrently on the computer. If you start debugging it, any code
you add to the program to examine it will affect its behavior. Loading the program into a
debugger will definitely change the behavior as well. I hope that you will never run into
such bugs—known as Heisenbugs after Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle—but if you
mess around with pointers long enough, you likely will.
It sounds like pointers are something we should stay away from, and many high-level
programming languages do try to avoid them. Instead, they provide alternative language
constructions that are safer to use but provide much of the same functionality that we
need pointers for in C. They are not as powerful but alleviate many of the dangers that
raw memory pointers pose. In low-level languages such as C, we are programming much
closer to the machine. The computer doesn’t understand high-level constructions; it
understands memory and chunks of bits, and in low-level languages, we can manipulate
the computer at this fundamental level. We very rarely need to, nor do we want to, but
when we choose to program in low-level languages, it is to get close to the machine,
where we can write more efficient programs, measured in both speed and memory
usage. And at this level, we get pointers—more efficient, more fundamental, and more
dangerous. If, however, we approach using pointers in a structured manner, we can
achieve the safety of high-level languages and the efficiency of low-level languages. The
burden is on the programmer, rather than the language designer, but we can get the best
of both worlds for anything that you can do in a high-level language—while maintaining
the real power of pointers in the rare cases where you need more.
In this book, I will explain the basic memory model that C programs assume about
the computer they run on and how pointers let us access data anywhere in memory. I will
explain how you get safe access to memory, by allocating blocks of memory you need, so
they are yours to manipulate, and how you can release memory when you no longer need
it, so you do not run out of memory before your computations are done. I will explain how
pointers are essential for building complex data structures and how you can approach this
in a structured way, so they are safe to use. And I will show you how you can use pointers to
functions to implement higher-order functions and polymorphic data structures.
I will not cover basic C programming. This is not an introduction to programming or
the language. I will assume that you already know the basics and will jump directly into
memory and pointers. I will not cover issues related to concurrency and interruptions
and such either. That would lengthen the book substantially, and there are already
excellent books where you can explore this further.
2
CHAPTER 2
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("Hello, world\n");
return 0;
}
We don’t need to think about the computer’s memory when we write it (or execute
it). Still, many objects must necessarily be represented in memory before we can run
the program—the program itself, including the main() function we write ourselves
and the printf() function we get from the runtime system. The two arguments we
give to main(), argc and argv, are stored somewhere, as is the constant string "Hello,
world!\n".
3
© Thomas Mailund 2021
T. Mailund, Pointers in C Programming, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6927-5_2
Chapter 2 Memory, Objects, and Addresses
int factorial(int n)
{
if (n <= 1) return 1;
else return n * factorial(n - 1);
}
When we call the function, we must store the argument, n, somewhere. In the
recursive case, we call the function again, and in the second call, we need another
parameter n. We need another one because we need to remember the current n so we
can multiply it to the result of the recursion. Each recursive call must have its own n
stored somewhere in memory.
We don’t have to worry about where the functions, variables, and constants live in
memory when we write this code because the C compiler will generate the necessary
machine code to handle it for us. It will allocate the space for constants and variables,
and it handles writing function parameters and assignments to variables into the correct
memory locations. When we read the value in a variable, it handles getting it from the
right memory location for us as well.
However, when we choose to program in a low-level language, like C, the raw
memory is never too far away. It is possible to hide memory entirely from the
programmer, to pretend that objects are floating around somewhere and never wonder
about where that is. However, it comes at a computational overhead, and it limits what
we can do with a program in some ways. Low-level languages do not do this. They let
us get the memory of objects and manipulate the memory directly. We do not do this
willy-nilly because if we did, we would write unmaintainable software. Still, we have the
power, and when we use this power carefully, and in a structured way, we can build the
features that high-level languages provide using a single mental framework and with
little computational overhead.
4
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
Here Comes Precious. 1927.
High Gear. 1924.
High Hopes. 1925.
His High Horse. 1925.
Home Cured. 1926.
Honesty Pays—but Not Much. 1933.
Hot and Heavy. 1925.
Hot Sands. 1934.
Jack's Shack. 1934.
Jail Birdies. 1927.
Jail Birds. 1934.
Jonah Jones. 1924.
Kid Speed. 1924.
King Cotton. 1925.
Love Goofy. 1925.
Lovemania. 1924.
Low Tide. 1925.
Magic Fish. 1934.
Mellow Quartette. 1925.
Mice in Council. 1934.
Monkey Business. 1925.
Moth and the Spider. 1935.
Motor Mad. 1925.
Now's the Time. 1932.
Old Dog Tray. 1935.
Page Me. 1926.
Poor Butterfly. 1924.
Rarin' Romeo. 1925.
Red Pepper. 1925.
Rough and Ready. 1924.
Sailor, Beware! 1927.
Sea Legs. 1925.
Short Change. 1924.
South Pole or Bust. 1934.
Step Lightly. 1925.
Stupid but Brave. 1924.
Tender Feet. 1925.
Then Came the Yawn. 1934.
Till We Eat Again. 1926.
Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son. 1934.
Torchy's Loud Spooker. 1933.
Trying Out Torchy. 1933.
Two Cats and a Bird. 1925.
Vision. 1926.
Watch Out. 1925.
Weak but Willing. 1926.
Welcome Danger. 1925.
What a Night. 1924, 1935.
Whoa Emma. 1926.
Why Mules Leave Home. 1934.
Wide Awake. 1925.
Wildcat Willie. 1925.
Wireless Lizzie. 1926.
Yes, Yes, Babette. 1926.
EDUCATIONAL FILM EXCHANGES, INC.
*Ain't Nature Grand. 1927.
*Air Derby. 1929.
Aladdin's Lamp. 1931.
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*Always Kickin'. 1932.
*Angel Eyes. 1928.
Anthony Case. 1931.
*Anybody's Goat. 1932.
Around the World. 1931.
*Artist's Muddles. 1933.
*Ask Dad. 1927, 1929.
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*At It Again. 1928.
*Atta Baby. 1927.
*Auntie's Ante. 1927.
*Auntie's Mistake. 1929.
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Be Careful. 1925.
*Be Careful Dearie. 1926.
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Beauty a la Mud. 1926.
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*Beware. 1925.
*Big Flash. 1932.
*Big Jewel Case. 1930.
*Bitter Friends. 1930.
Black Spider. 1931.
*Blazing Away. 1928.
*Blondes Beware. 1928.
Bluebeard's Brother. 1932.
*Bobby Bumps and Co. 1925.
*Boy, Oh Boy. 1932.
Brahmin's Daughter. 1933.
*Brain Storms. 1927.
*Brave Cowards. 1927.
*Breezing Along. 1927.
*Bride and Gloomy. 1931.
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*Bumping Along. 1928.
Burned at the Steak. 1932.
*Busy Lizzie. 1927.
*Buying a Gun. 1929.
By the Sea. 1931.
*Call Your Shots. 1928.
*Camera Shy. 1930.
Canine Capers. 1931.
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China. 1931.
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*Circus Capers. 1927.
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Clowning. 1931.
Cocky Cock Roach. 1932.
*Cold Shivers. 1929.
*College Cuties. 1931.
*College Racket. 1931.
*Come to Papa. 1928, 1931.
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*Contented Wives. 1929.
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Cool Off! 1926.
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Cross Roads. 1931.
*Crown Me. 1928.
*Curiosities, the Movie Sideshow. (Serial)
*Cutie. 1928.
*Dad Knows Best. 1930.
Daffy Dill. 1926.
Day To Live. 1931.
*Dead Easy. 1927.
*Dear Season. 1927.
Death House. 1931.
*Delicious and Refreshing. 1929.
Dippy Tar. 1926.
Dodging Trouble. 1926.
*Dog Daze. 1925.
*Don't Be Nervous. 1929.
*Don't Divorce Him. 1931.
*Don't Get Excited. 1929.
*Don't Give Up. 1930.
*Don't Leave Home. 1930.
*Don't Miss. 1926.
*Don't Stop. 1926.
Double Cross. 1931.
*Down on the Levee. 1933.
*Drama de Luxe. 1927.
*Draw-Back. 1927.
Dreamworld. 1931.
*Drumming It In. 1930.
*Dumb—and How. 1929.
Dummy Love. 1926.
*Eats for Two. 1927.
*Eligible Mr. Bangs. 1929.
Evil Eye Conquers. 1933.
*Excess Baggage. 1926.
*Expensive Kisses. 1930.
Explorer. 1931.
*Ex-Plumber. 1931.
*Fair Warning. 1925.
*Fake Flappers. 1929.
*Fall In. 1927.
*Fandango. 1928.
*Fat Wives for Thin. 1930.
Felix the Cat Busts Into Business. 1925.
Felix the Cat Trifles with Time. 1925.
*Fighting Dude. 1925.
*Fire Away. 1925.
*Fire Proof. 1929.
*First Prize. 1927.
*Fisticuffs. 1928.
*Fixer. 1929.
*Flaming Romance. 1926.
Foiled. 1931.
*Follow Teacher. 1928.
*Follow the Swallow. 1930.
*Fool About Women. 1932.
*Foolish Forties. 1931.
*Fool's Luck. 1926.
*For Men Only. 1927.
*Four Wheel Brakes. 1929.
*Fowl Affair. 1931.
*Fox Tales. 1927.
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*French Kisses. 1930.
*Freshman's Goat. 1930.
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Go West, Big Boy. 1931.
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*Going Places. 1929.
*Good Medicine. 1929.
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*Good Night Nurse. 1929.
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*Hard Work. 1928.
Harem Secrets. 1931.
Hatta Marri. 1932.
Have Courage. 1926.
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Her First Egg. 1931.
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His Royal Shyness. 1932.
Hitchin up. 1926.
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Hold Still. 1926.
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Honeymoon Land. 1931.
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Hoot Mon! 1926.
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Hypnotizing for Love. 1932.
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Idol of Seville. 1932.
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In the Clutches of Death. 1932.
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Inside Baseball. 1931.
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Jazz Mad. 1931.
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Jingle Bells. 1931.
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Mead Trial. 1931.
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Milady's Escapade. 1932.
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Mona Lisa. 1926.
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*My Harem. 1930.
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*Never Too Late. 1928.
*New Wrinkles. 1927.
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*No Fare. 1928.
No Holds Barred. 1931.
No Sparking. 1927.
*Nobody's Business. 1926.
*Nothing Flat. 1927.
*Nothing Matters. 1926.
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*Off His Base. 1932.
Off His Beat. 1925.
*Oh Darling. 1930.
*Oh, Mama! 1928.
*Oh! What a Man. 1927.
Old New York. 1932.
*On Edge. 1926.
Once a Hero. 1931. LP2920, LP3435.
*One Quiet Night. 1931.
*One Sunday Morning. 1926.
*Only Her Husband. 1929.
*Only Me. 1929.
*Open House. 1926.
*Open Spaces. 1926.
*Our Nagging Wives. 1930.
Outposts of the Foreign Legion. 1931.
*Papa's Boy. 1927.
*Parlor Pests. 1929.
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*Peaceful Oscar. 1927.
Peasants' Paradise. 1931.
*Pep Up. 1929.
*Perfect Day. 1927.
*Permit Me. 1925.
*Pete and Repeat. 1931.
*Pie Covered Wagon. 1932.
*Pink Elephants. 1926.
*Pirates Beware. 1928.
*Playful Papas. 1928.
*Playground of the Mammals. 1932.
*Pleasure Bound. 1925.
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*Plumb Goofy. 1926.
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*Prince Gabby. 1929.
*Prize Puppies. 1930.
*Props and the Spirits. 1925.
*Purely Circumstantial. 1929.
Quack, Quack. 1931.
*Queenie of Hollywood. 1931.
*Queens Wild. 1927.
*Quick Service. 1926.
*Quiet, Please. 1927.
*Quiet Worker. 1928.
*Racing Mad. 1928.
*Radio Bug. 1926.
Radio Girl. 1932.
*Radio Kisses. 1930.
*Rah, Rah, Rah! 1928.
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Razzberries. 1931.
*Red Hot Bullets. 1927.
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Ring Leader. 1931.
*Roaming Romeo. 1928.
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Romance. 1932.
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*Running Ragged. 1928.
*Sailor Boy. 1928.
*Scared Silly. 1927.
*Scrambled Eggs. 1925.
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*Sea Scamps. 1926.
*Seeing Stars. 1927.
*Served Hot. 1929.
*Shamrock Alley. 1927.
Shell Socked. 1926.
*She's a Boy. 1927.
*Ship Mates. 1929.
*Shooting of Dan the Duck. 1931.
*Shooting Wild. 1927.
*Shotgun Wedding. 1931.
*Si, Si, Senor. 1930.
Sing Sing Song. 1931.
*Sky Bound. 1926.
*Sky Hooks. 1926.
*Slippery Head. 1928.
*Slow Down. 1926.
*Smart Steppers. 1929.
*Smart Work. 1931.
*Social Prestige. 1928.
*Social Sinners. 1929.
*Sole Support. 1929.
*Solid Gold. 1926.
*Some Scout. 1927.
*Somebody's Fault. 1927.
*Somebody's Wrong. 1926.
*Spot Light. 1925.
Spot on the Rug. 1932.
*Spring Has Came. 1928.
*Squirrel Food. 1926.
*Stage Frights. 1928.
Starbrite Diamond. 1931.
Strangler. 1931.
*Studio Pests. 1929.
*Stunt Man. 1927.
*Summer Saps. 1929.
Summer Time. 1931.
*Sunkissed Sweeties. 1932.
*Sure Cure. 1927.
Sure Fire. 1926.
*Sweet and Pretty. 1925.
*Sweet Baby. 1926.
*Sword Points. 1928.
*Talkies. 1929.
*Tamale Vendor. 1931.
*Teacher, Teacher. 1926.
*That's My Meat. 1931.
*Their Wives' Vacation. 1930.
*Those Two Boys. 1929.
*Three Hollywood Girls. 1931.
*Three Tough Onions. 1928.
*Ticklish Business. 1929.
Tie That Bull. 1927.
*Time Flies. 1926.
*Time To Expire. 1929.
*Tin Ghost. 1926.
*Tired Feet. 1933.
*Tonight's the Night. 1926.
*Toot Sweet. 1929.
*Top Speed. 1929.
*Tourist. 1925.
Trail of the Swordfish. 1931.
*Trouble for Two. 1930.
*Troubles Galore. 1928.
*Trusting Wives. 1929.
2000 B. C. 1931.
*Typical Tropical Sky. 1926.
*Up a Tree. 1930.
*Up in Arms. 1927.
*Up Pops the Duke. 1931.
Uppercuts. 1926.
*Vacation Loves. 1930.
Vendetta. 1932.
*Vest with a Tale. 1932.
Villain's Curse. 1932.
*Visitors Welcome. 1928.
*War Babies. 1932.
*Wedded Blisters. 1928.
*Wedding Slips. 1928.
*Wedding Yells. 1927.
*Western Knights. 1930.
*What a Day. 1929.
*What a Head! 1931.
*What a Life. 1926.
*What a Pill. 1929.
*What a Trip. 1929.
*What's Up? 1926.
*Who Hit Me? 1926.
*Whoopee Boys. 1929.
*Who's Afraid. 1927.
*Who's Boss. 1926.
*Who's Lyin? 1928.
*Who's My Wife? 1926.
*Who's Which. 1925.
Wife Shy. 1926.
*Wife Trouble. 1928.
Wild and Woozy. 1926.
*Wild Beasts of Borneo. 1925.
*Wild Wallops. 1927.
*Wildcat Valley. 1928.
*Windy Riley Goes Hollywood. 1931.
*Wise Wimmin. 1929.
*Wives Won't Weaken. 1928.
*Won by a Neck. 1920. 1921.
Woodland. 1932.
Wrestling Swordfish. 1931.
Young Onions. 1932.
*Zip! Boom! Bang! 1929.
EDUCATIONAL FILMS CORPORATION OF AMERICA.
*Affairs of Pierre. 1937.
*Air Maniacs. 1933.
*Air Parade. 1938.
*Amuse Yourself. 1936.
*Any Old Port. 1936.
*As the Crows Fly. 1933.
Ask Uncle Sol. 1937.
*Bashful Ballerina. 1937.
*Bashful Buckaroo. 1937.
*Beautiful, but Dummies. 1938.
Big Apple. 1937.
*Big Courtship. 1937.
*Big Squeal. 1933.
*Billboard Girl. 1934.
*Blue Blackbirds. 1933.
Bounding Main. 1934.
*Cheer Up. 1924.
*Chemist. 1936.
*Comic Artist's Home Life. 1937.
Crystal Ballet. 1937.
*Cupid Takes a Holiday. 1938.
*Cut Loose. 1924.
*Dates and Nuts. 1937.
Dental Follies. 1937.
*Desert Blues. 1924.
*Dime a Dance. 1937.
*Ditto. 1937.
*Don't Fail. 1924.
*Dora's Dunking Doughnuts. 1933.
*Dream House. 1934.
Easy Pickin's. 1935.
*Empty Heads. 1924.
*Farmers' Fatal Folly. 1933.
*Feeling Rosy. 1933.
*Freshies. 1937.
Friendly Spirits. 1935.
*Fun's Fun. 1925, 1937.
*Getting an Eyeful. 1938.
Gifts in Rhythm. 1936.
*Girls Ahoy. 1937.
*Glad Rags to Riches. 1933.
*Go Easy. 1924.
*Going, Going, Gone! 1937.
Grey Owl's Little Brother. 1938.
Grooms in Gloom. 1935.
*Hamlet and Eggs. 1937.
*Have-a-Heart. 1925.
*Have Mercy. 1925.
*Heir Today. 1937.
*Her Accidental Hero. 1937.
*Hi-Ho Hollywood. 1938.
*Hi-Ya Doc. 1937.
*High-C Honeymoon. 1937.
*High Hopes. 1925.
*His Pest Girl. 1937.
*His Weak Moment. 1933.
*Hitch Hiker. 1933.
*Hold It. 1937.
*Holding the Bag. 1937.
Hollywood Gad-About. 1934.
Hollywood Movie Parade. 1934.
*Hooks and Jabs. 1933.
*Hot Hoofs. 1933.
House Where I Was Born. 1934.
How To Ski. 1937.
*Hurray for Hooligan. 1937.
*I Surrender Dear. 1934.
*Inside Out. 1925.
It Never Rains. 1935.
*Jail Bait. 1937.
*Just the Type. 1936.
*Kid'in' Africa. 1933.
*Kid'n' Hollywood. 1933.
*Kids' Last Fight. 1933.
Kingdom for a Horse. 1938.
*Knight Duty. 1933.
*Koo-Koo Korrespondence Skool. 1937.
*Krakatoa. 1933.
*Leave It to Dad. 1933.
Life of the Party. 1935.
*Loose Relations. 1933.
*Lost Race. 1934.
*Love and Onions. 1938.
Love in a Hurry. 1935.
*Love in Arms. 1937.
*Love Nest on Wheels. 1937.
*Mad Rush. 1925.
*Man to Man. 1937.
*Mediterranean Blues. 1934.
*Meet the Bride. 1937.
*Melody Girl. 1937.
*Merrily Yours. 1933.
*Merrymakers. 1925.
Miss Lonely Hearts. 1937.
*Miss They Missed. 1938.
*Mixed Magic. 1936.
*Modern Home. 1936.
*Montague the Magnificent. 1937.
Mountain Melody. 1934.
Music from the Stars. 1938.
*No Fooling. 1924.
*Off the Horses. 1937.
*One More Chance. 1934.
Only the Brave. 1935.
*Pair of Socks. 1933.
*Paradise of the Pacific. 1934.
Personality and the Pen. 1935.
Pink Lemonade. 1936.
*Pixilated. 1937.
Play! Girls. 1936.
Playboy Number One. 1937.
*Polly Tix in Washington. 1933.
Pot Luck. 1937.
*Practically Perfect. 1937.
Private Life of the Gannets. 1937.
*Rah! Rah! Rhythm! 1936.
*Ready To Serve. 1937.
Return of the Buffalo. 1938.
*Rock Bottom. 1925.
*Screen Test. 1936.
See Uncle Sol. 1937.
Seeing Nellie Home. 1935.
*Ship Shape. 1925.
Shorts. 1933.
*Silly Night. 1937.
*Sing for Sweetie. 1938.
*Ski-Scrapers. 1935.
Sky Fishing. 1938.
*Slacks Appeal. 1937.
*Smart Way. 1937.
Song Birds of the North Woods. 1938.
Spooks. 1936.
*Spring Is Here. 1936.
*Sweeties. 1937.
Taming the Wild. 1935.
Tars and Stripes. 1935.
*That's the Spirit. 1937.
*Tied for Life. 1933.
Time on Their Hands. 1934.
*Timid Ghost. 1937.
*Transatlantic Love. 1936.
*Trav'lling the Road. 1934.
*Two Black Crows in Africa. 1933.
*Uncle Sol Solves It. 1938.
*Wake Up. 1925.
*Wanna Be a Model? 1938.
*Watch Your Pep. 1924.
*We Live in Two Worlds. 1938.
*Weak Knees. 1925.
*Welcome Danger. 1925.
*Who's Crazy? 1937.
*Who's Who. 1937.
*Whose Baby Are You? 1936.
*Wild Waves. 1925.
*Will You Stop! 1937.
Your Stars for 1935. 1934.
EDUCATIONAL PICTURES.
Acid Test. 1932.
Across the Sea. 1933.
Air Tight. 1925.
Alpine Rendezvous. 1936.
Amateur Night. 1935.
Beanstalk Jack. 1933.
Birdland. 1935.
Born To Die. 1934.
Bosom Friends. 1934.
Call a Cop. 1925.
Canyon of Romance. 1933.
Chain Letters. 1935.
Chums. 1935.
City of Wax. 1934.
Cougar's Mistake. 1933.
Day Dreams. 1933.
Doctor. 1934.
Drug on the Market. 1933.
Easy Pickins. 1924.
Enchanted Trail. 1933.
Famous Scenes from Pagliacci. 1934.
Fanny in the Lion's Den. 1933.
Fanny's Wedding Day. 1933.
Five Puplets. 1935.
Flying Oil. 1935.
Gimme My Quarterback. 1934.
Going Great. 1925.
Going Native. 1936.
Grand Uproar. 1933.
Gypsy Fiddler. 1933.
Holland Days. 1934.
Hollywood Run-Around. 1932.
Hooked. 1925.
Hypnotic Eyes. 1933.
In Venice. 1933.
Irish Sweepstakes. 1934.
Joe's Lunch Wagon. 1934.
Just a Clown. 1934.
Keyhole Katie. 1933.
King Looney XIV. 1935.
King's Daughter. 1934.
Last Dogie. 1933.
Last Straw. 1934.
Lion's Friend. 1934.
Little Boy Blue. 1933.
Lost Race. 1934.
Mad House. 1934.
Manhattan Lullaby. 1933.
Michigan. 1932.
Moans and Groans. 1935.
Modern Red Riding Hood. 1935.
My Lady's Garden. 1934.
Nature's Gangster. 1934.
Oh Bridget. 1925.
Oil Can Mystery. 1933.
Old Fashioned News Reel. 1933.
Opera Night. 1935.
Owl and the Pussycat. 1934.
Pandora. 1934.
Peg Leg Pete the Pirate. 1935.
Pick-Necking. 1933.
Queen's Birthday. 1936.
Ring Goes 'Round. 1936.
Rip Van Winkle. 1934.
Shipwrecked Brothers. 1933.
Slow but Sure. 1934.
Song of Vienna. 1933.
Song Plugger. 1935.
Spotted Wings. 1934.
Step Fast. 1925.
Sunny South. 1933.
Techno-Crazy. 1933.
Three Bears. 1934.
Torchy Rolls His Own. 1932.
Torchy Turns Turtle. 1933.
Torchy's Kitty Coup. 1933.
Village Blacksmith. 1933.
Waiting. 1925.
Walking the Dog. 1933.
War in China. 1932.
What Does 1934 Hold? 1934.
Yes, We Have No Bananas. © 1923.
You and I and the Gate Post. 1933.
Your Life Is in Your Hands. 1933.
EDUCATIONAL PICTURES OF AMERICA.
*Never Fear. 1925.
EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTIONS, INC.
*All for One. 1935.
*Allez Oop. 1934.
*Amateur Husband. 1935.
*Bashful Buddies. 1936.
*Beware of Blondes. 1936.
*Big Business. 1934.
*Big Meow. 1934.
*Blue Blazes. 1936.
*Boosting Dad. 1934.
*Boy, Oh Boy. 1936.
*Brain Busters. 1936.
*Campus Hoofer. 1934.
*Choose Your Partners. 1935.
*Dame Shy. 1935.
*Diamonds in the Rough. 1936.
*Domestic Bliss-ters. 1934.
*Dumb Luck. 1935.
*E-Flat Man. 1935.
*Ear for Music. 1935.
*Easy Money. 1935.
*Educating Papa. 1934.
*Expectant Father. 1934.
*Flicker Fever. 1935.
*Freeze Out. 1933.
*Fresh from the Fleet. 1936.
*Friendly Spirits. 1935.
*Frozen Assets. 1933.
*Gags and Gals. 1936.
*Gentlemen of the Bar. 1934.
*Girl from Paradise. 1934.
*Git Along Little Wifie. 1933.
*Giv'Im Air. 1936.
*Going Spanish. 1934.
*Gold Bricks. 1936.
*Gold Ghost. 1934.
*Good Bad Man. 1933.
*Good Luck—Best Wishes. 1934.
*Good Scout. 1934.
*Grand Slam Opera. 1936.
*Grooms in Gloom. 1935.
*Hail, Brother! 1935.
*Half Baked Relations. 1934.
*Happy Heels. 1936.
*Hayseed Romance. 1935.
*Hello Prosperity. 1934.
*Hello Sailors. 1934.
*He's a Prince. 1935.
*His Lucky Day. 1934.
*Home on the Range. 1936.
*Hotel Anchovy. 1934.
*How Am I Doing. 1934.
*Inventors. 1934.
*It Happened All Right. 1936.
*It Never Rains. 1935.
*Just Another Murder. 1935.
*Just Plain Folks. 1936.
*Kiss the Bride. 1935.
*Knockout Drops. 1935.
*Ladies Love Hats. 1935.
*Light Fantastic. 1935.
*Little Big Top. 1935.
*Love in a Hurry. 1935.
*Love in September. 1936.
*Magic Word. 1935.
*Managed Money. 1934.
*Million Dollar Melody. 1933.
*Mr. Adam. 1933.
*Mr. Widget. 1935.
*Mixed Policies. 1936.
*Moon over Manhattan. 1935.
*Moonlight and Melody. 1935.
*Nifty Nurses. 1934.
*No Sleep on the Deep. 1934.
*North of Zero. 1934.
*Nose for News. 1935.
*Object Not Matrimony. 1935.
*Old Gypsy Custom. 1934.
*Old Saw Mill. 1935.
*One Big Happy Family. 1935.
*One Run Elmer. 1935.
*Only the Brave. 1935.
*Palooka from Paducah. 1935.
*Pardon My Pups. 1934.
*Parked in Paree. 1936.
*Peaceful Relations. 1936.
*Penny Wise. 1935.
*Perfect Thirty-Sixes. 1935.
*Poppin' the Cork. 1933.
*Pop's Pal. 1933.
*Rail Birds. 1936.
*Rhythm of Paree. 1935.
*Rural Romeos. 1934.
*Second Hand Husband. 1934.
*She's My Lilly, I'm Her Willie. 1934.
*Sleepless Hollow. 1936.
*Stylish Stouts. 1935.
*Super Snooper. 1934.
*Super-Stupid. 1934.
*Tars and Stripes. 1935.
*Thanks, Mr. Cupid. 1936.
*Three Cheers for Love. 1934.
*Three on a Limb. 1936.
*Time Out. 1935.
*Timid Young Man. 1935.
*Trimmed in Furs. 1934.
*Triple Trouble. 1936.
*Two Lame Ducks. 1934.
*Wacky Family. 1936.
*Way up Thar. 1935.
*What's To Do? 1933.
*Where Is Wall Street? 1936.
*White Hope. 1936.
EDWARD VIII, King of Great Britain.
Life of Edward. 1937.
EDWARDS, E. VIVIAN.
Revolution. © 1915.
EDWARDS, FRANCIS.
Nearly a Prize Fighter. 1915.
EDWARDS, GUS.
Gus Edwards' Song Revue.... 1929.
EDWARDS, HARRY.
Bath-House Tangle. 1917.
Brainstorm. 1917.
EDWARDS, J. GORDON.
Blindness of Devotion. 1915.
Galley Slave. 1915.
Green-Eyed Monster. 1916.
Spider and the Fly. 1916.
Under Two Flags. 1916.
Unfaithful Wife. 1915.
Wife's Sacrifice. 1916.
EDWARDS, JAMES G., pseud. SEE Macqueen, James William.
EDWARDS, JOHN.
Folks from Way Down East. © 1914.
EDWARDS, KENNETH R.
Abraham Lincoln. 1933.
Denmark. 1934.
Finland. 1935.
Formation of Soil. 1933.
From Flower to Fruit. 1933.
Green Plant. 1933.
Hungary. 1934.
London. 1935.
Lost World. 1938.
Street Safety for Advanced Grades. 1934.
Street Safety for Primary Grades. 1934.
Sweden. 1934.
EDWARDS, NETA G.
Canals in United States History. 1921.
EDWARDS, ROWLAND G.
Man from Yesterday. 1932.
EDWARDS AMUSEMENT COMPANY.
*Old Time Movie Show. © 1920.
EFF AND EFF PRODUCING COMPANY, INC.
*Bullin, the Bullsheviki. © 1919.
EGE, HENDRIK N.
Let's Make a Night of It. 1937.
EGGEMAN, RUDOLPH L.
*Smellot Bones, the Dog Detective. © 1930.
EGGLESTON, EDWARD.
Hoosier Schoolboy. 1937.
Hoosier Schoolmaster. 1924. 1935.
EGRY, LELA MOORE.
*Dance of the Lovers. © 1935.
EGYED, ZOLTAN.
Dramatic School. 1938.
EHRMANN, BESS V.
*Lincoln's Early Life In Indiana. © 1931.
EIGHT BELLS FILM COMPANY.
*Eight Bells. © 1916.
EIKO FILM COMPANY.
America to Europe in an Airship. © 1914.
Clue of the Broken Finger. © 1913.
Harakiri. © 1913.
*Mysterious Club. © 1914.
Red Powder. © 1913.
EILPERIN, HARRY W.
*Jack Sharkey Vs. Max Schmeling. © 1930.
EINSTEIN, ALBERT.
Einstein Theory of Relativity. 1923.
Reversibility and Relativity. © 1922.
EIS, E.
Prison Without Bars. 1938.
EIS, O.
Prison Without Bars. 1938.
EISENMAN, J. R.
Cultivation and Sterilization of the Fly Larva and Its Use in the
Baer Treatment of Chronic Osteomyelitis. © 1932.
EISMAN, RAYMOND.
Raymond Eisman ... in a Song and Dance Recital. 1927.
Raymond Eisman, the Little Artist, Child Entertainer.... 1927.
ELECTRICAL RESEARCH PRODUCTS, INC.
*Beach and Sea Animals. 1931.
*Beetles. 1931.
*Benediction. 1931.
*Brass Choir. 1930.
*Builders. 1931.
*Butterflies. 1931.
*Catholic Education. 1931.
*Child Growth. 1930.
*Choosing Your Vocation. 1931.
*Creative Approach to Education. 1931.
*Development of Transportation. 1931.
*Dodder. 1931.
*Dynamic Learning. 1931.
*Elementary Teacher As a Guide. 1931.
*Few Tests of Child Intelligence. 1930.
*Flowers at Work. 1931.
*Frog. 1931.
*Fundamentals of Football. 1930.
*Fungus Plants. 1931.
*Guidance in Public Schools. 1931.
*How Nature Protects Animals. 1931.
*Individual Differences in Arithmetic. 1931.
*Make Buying Pleasant. 1931.
*Moths. 1931.
*Old Truths in New Garments. 1930.
*Percussion Group. 1930.
*Plant Growth. 1931.
*Plant Traps. 1931.
*Play of Imagination in Geometry. 1931.
*Pond Insects. 1932.
*Primary Teacher at Work. 1931.
*Roots of Plants. 1931.
*Seed Dispersal. 1931.
*Spiders. 1931.
*String Choir. 1931.
*Study of Infant Behavior. 1930.
*Teaching of Reading. 1931.
*Xth Olympiad Track Events, July 31st Thru August 7th, 1932.
1932.
*Tiny Water Animals. 1931.
*Woodwind Choir. 1930.
ELEO.
Last Curtain Call. © 1914.
ELFELT (CLIFFORD S.) PRODUCTIONS.
*Fighting Courage. 1925.
ELFELT (CLIFFORD S.) PRODUCTIONS, INC.
*Under Fire. 1926.
ELIOT, ARTHUR.
Better 'Ole. © 1918, 1926.
Carry On. © 1918.
ELIOT, GEORGE, pseud., i.e., MARIAN EVANS, afterwards CROSS.
Gwendolin. 1914.
Romola. 1925.
Silas Marner. 1913, © 1922.
ELIOT, GEORGE, Jr.
Unborn. © 1916.
ELIOT, GEORGE FIELDING.
Federal Bullets. 1937.
ELIZABETH, Queen consort of George VI.
Coronation of Their Majesties King George VI and Queen
Elizabeth. 1937.
ELIZABETH, Queen of England.
Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex. 1939.
Virgin Queen. 1928.
ELIZABETH, pseud. SEE Russell, Mary Annette (Beauchamp) Russell,
countess.
EL-KAY FEATURE FILM COMPANY.
*His Life for the Cause. © 1913.
ELLERBE, ROSE L.
Miner's Justice. © 1913.
ELLIOTT, FRANCIS PERRY.
Haunted Pajamas. 1917.
Lend Me Your Name. 1918.
Pals First. 1918, 1926.
Square Deceiver. 1917.
ELLIOTT, WILLIAM.
Stephen Steps Out. 1923.
ELLIS, CARLYLE.
Home Keeping Hearts. © 1921.
House of Life. © 1922.
ELLIS, DANIEL.
Great Detective. 1915.
Half a Million. 1915.
His Lordship. 1915.
Inevitable Penalty. 1915.
Playing in Tough Luck. 1915.
ELLIS, EDITH.
Affairs of a Gentleman. 1934.
Idle Rich. 1929.
Mary Jane's Pa. 1917, 1935.
Rich Man, Poor Girl. 1938.
Seven Sisters. © 1915.
ELLIS, EDWARD.
Affairs of a Gentleman. 1934.
Great Bradley Mystery. © 1917.
ELLIS, ELIZABETH.
Dangerous Maid. 1923.
ELLIS, FRED A.
Why Elephants Leave Home. © 1924.
ELLIS, JOHN BRECKENRIDGE.
Emmy of Stork's Nest. 1915.
Lahoma. © 1920.
Shadow on the Wall. 1925.
ELLIS, KENNETH M.
Trial of Vivienne Ware. 1932.
ELLIS, PEGGY.
Bobby Arnst and Peggy Ellis in Rhythms in Blue. 1929.
ELLIS, PHIL.
Blossom Seeley and Bennie Fields with the Music Boxes. 1927.
ELLIS, SEGAR.
Segar Ellis and His Embassy Club Orchestra.... 1929.
ELLIS, SIDNEY R.
Darkest Russia. © 1917.
ELLIS, T. M.
Shekels. © 1937.
ELLIS, THOMAS HENRY.
*Nature's Invisible Forces. © 1916.
ELLIS, WALTER W.
Skirts. 1928.
ELLIS, WILL E.
Little Hero. © 1913.
ELLSBERG, EDWARD.
Hell Below. 1933.
ELLSWORTH, LINCOLN.
Amundsen Polar Flight. © 1925.
ELMAN, MISCHA.
Mischa Elman ... Humoresque.... 1927.
ELMER, RUTH M.
Mixed Affair. © 1912.
ELSTON, ALLAN VAUGHAN.
Paradise Isle. 1937.
ELTON COMPANY.
Iron Mask. 1929.