REVIEWER FOR PRACTICAL rigorously understand the

RESEARCH 1 phenomenon by systematic

examination and describe the
essence of lived experience.
LESSON 1: RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is the
framework of research methods c. Grounded Theory
and techniques
chosen by a researcher. Grounded theory is an inductive
technique developed for
Types of Qualitative Research health-related topics by Glaser
Designs and Strauss. It emerged from the
discipline of sociology. The term
a. Ethnography grounded means that the
This is a qualitive method often
theory developed from the
used in the social sciences
research has its roots from the
particularly
data where it was derived.
in anthropology and in
sociology. It is often employed in
gathering data on
d. Historical Research
human society to describe
culture like origin, values and This refers to the systematic
roles in a particular group. Data collection and objective
collection in this type of design is evaluation of data related to
done through observation,
past occurrence in order to test
interview and questionnaires.
the hypothesis concerning
causes, effects that help to
b. Phenomenology explain present events and
anticipate future events. Its
Phenomenology is a century
purpose is to make people
philosophical movement
aware of what has happened in
dedicated to describing the
the past to learn of pasts failures
structure of experience as they
and successes; to learn how
present themselves to
things were done in the past to
consciousness, without resource
see if such are applicable for
to theory and assumptions from
the present; to understand
other disciplines. It focuses on
education practices and
the lived experience for several
policies and to test hypothesis
individuals. Its purpose is to
concerning relationships or collect data from which also
trends. refers as the subset in a
population. Sampling in
contrary is the process of
e. Case Study technique of choosing a sample
This research design is a useful from a population to participate

tool for investigating trends and in the study.

scientific situations in many

scientific disciplines especially
A.​ Convenience Sampling
social sciences, psychology,
anthropology, and ecology. This Convenience sampling is
method of study is useful for defined as a method adopted
trying to test theoretical models by researchers where data is
by using them in real world collected from a conveniently
situations. It is an exploration of available pool of respondents. It
a bounded system or a case is the most commonly used
over time through detailed data sampling technique as it’s
collection involving multiple incredibly prompt,
sources of information within a uncomplicated, and
context. Data collection economical. In many cases,
strategies involve observations, members are readily
interviews, documents, archival approachable to be a part of
records and participant the sample.
observation.

B. Quota Sampling
LESSON 2: POPULATION AND
Quota sampling is defined as a
SAMPLE
non-probability sampling
The population refers to method in which
the totality of objects, elements,
researchers create a sample
person and characteristics
involving individuals that
under a given condition. In
represent a population.
other words, population refers to
the entire group that you want Researchers choose these
to draw conclusions about. On individuals according to specific
the other hand, sample is the traits or qualities. These samples
specific group that you will can be generalized to the entire
population. The final subset will guide which limits the focus of
be decided only according to his observations to
the interviewer’s or researcher’s
aspects of behavior and
knowledge of the population.
activities or events relevant to
the research problem and
objectives. On the other hand,
C. Snowball Sampling
the “unstructured observation” is
Snowball sampling or open and flexible: the
chain-referral sampling is researcher is not restricted by
defined as a non- probability an observation guide. He

sampling technique in which the watches and records behaviors,

samples have traits that are rare events and situations guided by

to find. This is a sampling his research problem and the

technique, in which existing objectives of his study.

subject

There are two types of

Observation: Participation
Observation and
DATA Non-participation or Structured
GATHERING INSTRUMENT Observation. In Participation
Observation, the researcher
“participates” in the activities
A. OBSERVATION
of the individual or group being
In this method of data observed. In recording your
collection, the researcher observation or findings. . The
personally watches, interacts, or Non-participation or Structured
communicates with the subjects Observation, the researcher
of his research while recording does not participate, he just
exactly what the people (his watches or listens to his subjects
subjects) do and say. of study do their own thing.

Under the category “structured There are two Methods of

observation,” the researcher Observation, the Direct
makes use of an observation Observation that makes the
researcher listen or watch or
feel everything that happens in A.​ The Structured Interview is
his area of observation, at the a type of interview in which the
same time, at the same place. interviewer asks a particular set
The Indirect Observation is also of predetermined questions. In
called behavior archaeology structured interview, questions
because, here, the researcher are planned and created in
observes traces of the past advance that all respondents
events to get information or are asked with the same
measure of behavior, trait or questions in the same order.
quality of his subject/s, through Also called standardized,
listening in tape recordings, patterned, planned, formal
looking at pictures, works of interview.
arts, reading letters, notices,
minutes of meetings, business
correspondence, etc. B. Unstructured Interview is the
type of interview in which the
interviewer asks questions that
B. INTERVIEW are not prepared in advance. In
here, questions arise
In this method of data
spontaneously in a free-flowing
collection, the researcher ASKS
conversation.The respondents
verbally his subjects or his
answer the questions based on
respondents questions to
what they personally think and
gather or collect the needed
feel about it. There are no
answers (we call data) in your
suggested answers, and the
area of study
researchers purely depend on
the respondents’
decision-making skills, giving
them opportunity to think
TYPES OF INTERVIEW critically about the
There are three types, the question.
Structured Interview,
Unstructured Interview and
Semi-Structured C.Semi-Structured Interview has

Interview. the characteristics of the first

two types of interview where the
researcher prepares a list of
questions with a list of choices devices such as telephones,
from where the respondents mobile phones, email, social
can pick out their answer and media, among others.
after choosing the answer, there
is another set of questions to
make them explain the reasons QUESTIONNAIRE
behind their choices. This type of A questionnaire is a paper
interview is flexible and is an containing a list of questions
organized type of interview. including the specific place and
space in the paper where the
respondents write their answers.
Approaches This prepared set of questions
elicits factual or opinionated
1.​ Individual Interview
answers from respondents .
Approach-There is only ONE
respondent being interviewed
here, and is seen as a
Types of Questionnaires:
time-consuming type of
interview. A.​ Close-ended
questionnaire-this type if
questionnaire is similar to
2. Group Interview Approach-A structured interview. This is
group is interviewed here, each mostly whenyou want to
take turns in answering the conduct surveys om your
question/s. Also called ‘focus respomdents. This is mostly for
group interview,” a statistical purposes and are
disadvantage seen is that the already prepared for your
answers are being influenced respondents to answer.These
by other respondents since they type of questionnaires usually
can hear the other’s answers to have boxes for respondents to
the put a check mark.

question/s.

B.​ Open-ended
questionnaires- unlike
3. Mediated Interview
close-ended questionaire.this
Approach-It takes place using
type of questionnaire leaves a
electronic communication
blank space for the respondents
to give their point of view about
a specific question.

DRAWING CONCLUSION

A conclusion is an important
part of your research study. It
wraps up your writing by
summarizing the main idea for
your readers. This brings your
writing to a smooth close and
creates well- written answers to
your research questions

Recommendation

Recommendations can be
described as a suggestion
regarding the best course of
action to take as a result of your
summary of findings and
conclusion. The purpose of a
recommendation is to provide a
useful guide that will not only
address certain problems but
result in a successful outcome.