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Light – Reflection and Refraction

Chapter: - 10
Formulas
Mirror

P = Pole
C = Center of Curvature
R = radius of curvature
F = focal Point
f = focal length
u = distance of object from the pole
v = distance of image from the pole
hi = height of image
ho = height of object
c = speed of light

Name Symbol Formulas S.I. Unit

Focal length f 𝑅 m
f=
2
Mirror formula v,u,f 1 1 1 m
+ =
𝑣 𝑢 𝑓
Magnification of m ℎ 𝑣
m= 𝑖 =−
ℎ𝑜 𝑢
spherical mirror
Refractive index n 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚(𝑣1 )
n=
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 (𝑣2 )

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Absolute n 𝐶
n=
𝑣
Refractive index
Lens formula f,u,v 1 1 1 m
− =
𝑣 𝑢 𝑓
Magnification of m ℎ𝑖 𝑣
m= =
ℎ𝑜 𝑢
lens
1
Power lens P P= dioptre (D)
𝑓

Sign Convention
(a) All distances measured in the direction of incident ray (along + X-axis) are
taken as positive (right hand side of the mirror).
(b) All distance measured against the direction of incident ray (along – X-
axis) are taken as negative (Left hand side of the mirror).
(c) Distance measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis are
taken as positive.
(d) Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis are
taken as negative.

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Representation of image formed by spherical Mirror

a) A ray parallel to the principal axis, after reflection, will pass through the
principal focus in case of a concave mirror or appear to diverge from the
principal focus in case of a convex mirror.

b) A ray passing through the principal focus of a concave mirror or a ray

which is directed towards the principal focus of a convex mirror, after
reflection, will emerge parallel to the principal axis.

c) A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror or

directed in the direction of the centre of curvature of a convex mirror, after
reflection, is reflected back along the same path.

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d) A ray incident obliquely to the principal axis, towards a point P (pole of the
mirror), on the concave mirror or a convex mirror, is reflected obliquely.

Image formation by a concave mirror for different positions of the object

Position of Position of Size of the Nature of Ray diagram

the Object the Image Image image
At infinity At the focus F Highly Real and
diminished inverted
point-sized

Beyond C Between F Diminished Real and

and C inverted

At C At C Same size Real and

inverted

Between C Beyond C Enlarged Real and

and F inverted

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Position of Position of Size of the Nature of Ray diagram

the Object the Image Image image
At F At infinity Highly Real and
enlarged inverted

Between P Behind the Enlarged Virtual and

and F mirror erect

Image formation by a convex mirror for different positions of the object

Position of Position of Size of the Nature of Ray diagram

the Object the Image Image image
At infinity At the focus Highly Virtual and
F, behind diminished, erect
the mirror point-sized

Between Between P Diminished Virtual and

infinity and and F, erect
the pole P behind the
of the mirror
mirror

Lens
a) Converging lens: - (convex lens)

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b) Diverging lens: - (concave lens)

Image Formation in lenses Using Ray Diagram

a) A ray of light from the object, parallel to the principal axis, after refraction
from a convex lens, passes through the principal focus on the other side of
the lens.

In case of a concave lens, the ray appears to diverge from the principal focus
located on the same side of the lens.

b) A ray of light passing through a principal focus, after refraction from a convex
lens, will emerge parallel to the principal axis.

A ray of light appearing to meet at the principal

focus of a concave lens, after refraction, will emerge
parallel to the principal axis.

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c) A ray of light passing through the optical centre of a lens will emerge without
any deviation.

Image formation by a convex lens for different positions of the object

Position of Position of Size of the Nature of Ray diagram

the Object the Image Image image
At infinity At focus F2 Highly Real and
diminished, inverted
point-sized

Beyond Between Diminished Real and

2F1 F2 and 2F2 inverted

At 2F1 At 2F2 Same size Real and

inverted

Between Beyond Enlarged Real and

F1 and 2F1 2F2 inverted

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At focus F1 At infinity Infinitely Real and

large or inverted
highly
enlarged

Between On the Enlarged Virtual

focus F1 same side and erect
and of the lens
optical as the
centre O object

Image formation by a concave lens for different positions of the object

Position of Position Size of the Nature of Ray diagram
the Object of the Image image
Image
At infinity At focus Highly Virtual
F1 diminished, and
point-sized erect

Between Between Diminished Virtual

infinity and focus F1 and
optical and erect
centre O of optical
the lens centre O

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Lens Formula

a) F1 and F2 = focal length of the lens

b) 2F1(C1) and 2F2(C2) = Centre of Curvature of the lens
c) f = focal length of the lens.
d) R = Radius of Curvature of the lens.
e) O = Optical Centre of the lens.
f) u = Distance of the object from the optical centre.
g) v = Distance of the image from the optical centre.

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