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Torsion Test and Deflection Test

The document outlines the procedures and significance of torsion testing for materials like mild steel and cast iron, emphasizing the importance of measuring shear strength and modulus of rigidity. It details the necessary equipment, precautions, and step-by-step procedures for conducting the tests, as well as the theoretical background related to torsion equations. Additionally, it briefly describes the flexural strength testing of wooden beams, highlighting the factors influencing wood strength and the testing methods required.

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Suhaib Merchant
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130 views5 pages

Torsion Test and Deflection Test

The document outlines the procedures and significance of torsion testing for materials like mild steel and cast iron, emphasizing the importance of measuring shear strength and modulus of rigidity. It details the necessary equipment, precautions, and step-by-step procedures for conducting the tests, as well as the theoretical background related to torsion equations. Additionally, it briefly describes the flexural strength testing of wooden beams, highlighting the factors influencing wood strength and the testing methods required.

Uploaded by

Suhaib Merchant
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Torsion test on mild steel or cast iron solid bars or pipes.

I. Practical Significance:
Materials commonly used in the manufacturing industry, such as metal fasteners and
beams are often subjected to torsion, hence determination of their strength under
twisting is necessary. Without torsion test, materials would not be properly vetted
before being launched for commercial use.
In torsion test the measurable values include the modulus of elasticity in shear, yield
shear strength, ductility, ultimate shear strength, and modulus of rupture in shear. These
values are similar but not the same as those measured by a tensile test and are important
in manufacturing as they may be used to simulate the service conditions, check the
product's quality and design, and ensure that it was manufactured correctly.
The three common forms that torsion testing include failure, proof and operational tests.
A torsion test for failure requires that the test sample be twisted until it breaks and is
designed to measure the strength of the sample. A proof test is designed to observe the
material under a specified torque over a set period of time. Finally, operational testing
measures the material's performance under the expected service conditions of its
application. All of these forms of tests may be performed with either torsion only or a
combination of torsion and axial (tension or compression) loading depending upon the
characteristics to be measured.

II. Relevant Theoretical Background:


The value of modulus of rigidity can be found out through observations made during
the experiment and by using the torsion equation

𝑇 𝐽
=
𝐺𝛳 𝐿

Where, T = Torque applied,


J = Polar moment of inertia,
G = Modulus of rigidity,
ϴ = Angle of twist (radians), and
L = Gauge length

The value of maximum shear stress at elastic limit can be found out through
observations made during the experiment and by using the torsional equation

𝑇. 𝑟
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽

where, r is radius of shaft in mm and T is torque at elastic limit


III. Required resources/equipment:

Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity

1 Torsion testing Digital Torsion Testing 01


machine machine (500 Nm)

2 Vernier caliper - 01

3 Specimen - 01

IV. Precautions to be followed:


1. Avoid over acceleration of machine and maintain proper rate of loading.
2. Place the sample exactly at the required location only and fix properly.
3. At the time of operation keep safe distance from the machine or use caging.
4. The grips shall be placed in the testing machine in such a way that during testing they
remain on the same axis of specimen and do not apply any bending force to the test
piece.
5. In general, the test is carried out at a temperature between 10 °C and 35 °C. Tests carried
out under controlled conditions, where required, shall be made at a temperature of (23
± 5) °C.
V. Procedure:
1. Measure the gauge length and diameter of the specimen. Note the name of the metal of
which specimen is made.
2. Fix the specimen in such a way that its longitudinal axis and the axis of rotation i.e. of
grips coincide.
3. Start the digital panel and tare load and angle of twist on digital scale.
4. Start Torsion testing machine and apply clockwise or anticlockwise twisting to a
specimen.
5. Record angle of twist as well as the corresponding torque at specific time interval and
tabulate it.
6. Plot a graph of angle of twist along X-axis and the torque along Y-axis. Calculate slope
of the curve and calculate the modulus of rigidity.

VI. Observations:
1. Material of the specimen = ----------
2. Diameter D =----------- mm
3. Gauge length L =----------- mm

VII. Observation Table:

Reading No. Angle of twist θ (degree) Torque T (N-mm)


Sample Calculations:

Plot a graph of T vs. θ, take two points [ X1, Y1 and X2, Y2]

𝑇 𝑌2 − 𝑌1
=
𝛳 𝑋2 − 𝑋1

𝜋𝐷4
𝐽=
32

𝑇𝐿
𝐺=
𝛳𝐽

VIII. Results : The modulus of rigidity ‘G’ of the specimen of the metal =----------N/mm2
DEFLECTION TEST ON WOODEN BEAM SPECIMEN.

I. Practical Significance: Flexural strength testing of Wood is accomplished with three-


point bend fixtures. Wood products are a common engineering material used in the
construction and furniture industry. The strength of wood is influenced by factors,
including the specific type of wood, loading type, loading direction and duration,
moisture content and temperature. Test Standards cover testing methods to determine
properties including flexure strength, tensile strength and shear strength. To ensure that
failure of the specimen arises from tensile or compressive stress, and not shear stress,
many testing standards require a minimum span-to-depth ratio of 14.The material possess
various mechanical properties. Timber has some elasticity, and it can resist bending
stresses up to certain limit. Timber can be used as horizontal member in the timber
structure of the building. Hence determination of its flexural strength is necessary.
II. Relevant Theoretical Background: Timber member is used in the structure of building
in case of timber frame structure. It can be a horizontal member or vertical member. When
it is loaded as horizontal member it is subjected to bending moment. Hence its flexural
strength is important. When it is used as vertical member, it is subjected to compressive
force and timber is strong in resisting compressive stress.
III. Experimental set up:

IV. Required resources/equipment:


Sr. No. Name of Resource Specification Quantity

1 UTM Universal Testing machine of 01


capacity l000kN

2 Vernier caliper - 01

3 Specimen Timber specimen 01

V. Procedure:
1. Measure the cross-sectional dimensions and length of the test specimen
2. Place beam assembly on lower cross head of UTM.
3. Fix point load attachment on middle cross head of UTM.
4. Adjust the required span and place the specimen on roller supports.
5. Lower the middle cross head so that point load just touches the beam at mid-span.
6. Apply the load at the center of specimen at constant rate till the specimen fails. Note down
the load at failure.

VI. Observation Table:


Sr.No. Breadth (b) Depth (d) in Span (L) Load at Max.
in mm mm in mm Failure Deflection (δ)
(W) in
N

Sample Calculations:
WL
Bending Moment M 
4
bd 3
Moment of Inertia I 
12
M .y
Bending Stress  
I
WL3
Modulus of elasticity E        N / mm 2
4 bd 3

VII.Result:
1. Maximum bending stresses for the given sample are found to be= ___________ N/mm2
2. Modulus of elasticity of material is ___________ N/mm2

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