IOT NOTES

IOT DEFINTATION
IoT stands for Internet of Things. It refers to the interconnectedness of physical devices, such
as appliances and vehicles, that are embedded with software, sensors, and connectivity
which enables these objects to connect and exchange data. This technology allows for the
collection and sharing of data from a vast network of devices, creating opportunities for
more efficient and automated systems.

CHARACTERSTIC OF IOT
The Internet of Things (IoT) has many characteristics, including connectivity, intelligence,
security, and scalability.

Connectivity

 IoT allows devices like laptops and mobile phones to connect to the internet.

. IoT devices can communicate with each other, regardless of their brand or type.

Intelligence

 IoT devices use sensors to gather data, which can be analyzed to make predictions.

 IoT devices can use big data analytics and artificial intelligence to gather intelligence.

Security

 IoT security is important to protect data and prevent unauthorized access to devices.

 Data security is a challenge because sensitive personal details could be

compromised.

Scalability

 IoT devices can be scaled to handle more data without affecting their performance.

 More hardware or software can be added to the existing system

Iot conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework of the Internet of Things (IoT) includes layers for connectivity,
access, abstraction, and service. It also includes physical objects, sensors, actuators, and the
internet.

IoT frameworks are sets of tools, protocols, and standards that help develop and deploy IoT
applications and services. They can be open-source or proprietary.

Layers of the IoT conceptual framework

 Connectivity layer: Includes physical devices, networking tools, and resource

management

 Access layer: Includes network initiation, topology definition, and domain creation

 Abstraction layer: Simplifies the process and provides an interface for different
components to interact

 Service layer: Stores and secures data, and enables data accessibility

Architecture of IoT
The architecture of IoT is divided into 4 different layers i.e. Sensing Layer, Network Layer,
Data processing Layer, and Application Layer.

 Sensing Layer: The sensing layer is the first layer of the Internet of
Things architecture and is responsible for collecting data from different sources. This
layer includes sensors and actuators that are placed in the environment to gather
information about temperature, humidity, light, sound, and other physical
parameters.

Network Layer: The network layer of an IoT architecture is responsible for providing
communication and connectivity between devices in the IoT system. It includes protocols
and technologies that enable devices to connect and communicate with each other and with
the wider internet.

Data processing Layer: The data processing layer of IoT architecture refers to the software
and hardware components that are responsible for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting
data from IoT devices. This layer is responsible for receiving raw data from the devices,
processing it, and making it available for further analysis or action.

Application Layer: The application layer of IoT architecture is the topmost layer that
interacts directly with the end-user. It is responsible for providing user-friendly interfaces
and functionalities that enable users to access and control IoT devices. This layer includes
various software and applications such as mobile apps, web portals,
 

Physical Design of IoT

A physical design of an IoT system refers to the individual node devices and their protocols
that are utilized to create a functional IoT ecosystem.

Things/Devices
Things/Devices are used to build a connection, process data, provide interfaces, provide
storage, and provide graphics interfaces in an IoT system.

Connectivity : Devices like USB hosts and ETHERNET are used for connectivity between the
devices and the server.
Processor:
Processors like CPU and other units process the data. This is used to improve the decision
quality of an IoT system.

Audio/Video Interfaces :

An interface like HDMI and RCA devices is used to record audio and videos in a system.

Input/Output interface: Devices like UART, SPI, CAN, etc give input and output signals to
sensors and actuators in iot.

Storage Interfaces: IoT devices like SD, MMC, and SDIO generate data. Storage interfaces
store those data.

IoT Protocols
IoT communication protocols establish between a node device and a server over the
internet by sending commands to an IoT device and receiving data from an IoT device.

Some of the protocols are

 HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)- This protocol for transmitting media documents
in an application layer by communicating between web browsers and servers.

 WebSocket- it enables two-way communication between a client and a host and is

mostly web browsers use it.

 Transport Layer- it controls the flow of data segments. It also handles error control
and provides end-to-end message transfer capability.

 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)- It establishes and maintains a network that can
exchange data using the internet protocol.
Logical Designs of IoT

The logical designs of IoT is composed of:

1. IoT functional blocks

2. IoT communications models

3. IoT communication APIs

1. IoT functional blocks

The functional blocks of IoT systems provide sensing, identification, actuation, management,
and communication capabilities to the IoT ecosystem. The devices of the functional blocks
handle the communication between the server and the host.

2. IoT Communication Models

The communication models of IoT are used for communicating between the system and the
server. The types of IoT communication models are

 Request-Response Model

 Publisher-Subscriber Model
  Push-Pull Model
 Exclusive Pair

3. IoT communication API

 There are two types of communication APIs –

1.REST-based communication APIs

REST stands for Representational State Transfer.

 2. Web Socket-Based Communication APIs

APPLICATION IOF IOT

1. Smart Agriculture

2. Smart Vehicles

3. Smart Home

4. Smart Healthcare

5. Smart Cities

6. Traffic Management

7. Energy Saving

8. Wearable Devices.

UNIT -2

M2M
2. Machine to Machine : This is commonly known as Machine to machine communication. It
is a concept where two or more than two machines communicate with each other without
human interaction using a wired or wireless mechanism. M2M communications offer several
applications such as security, tracking and tracing, manufacturing and facility management.

M2M is also named as Machine Type Communication (MTC) in 3GPP ( 3rd Generation
Partnership Project).
In M2M communication, the role of mobile networks is largely confined to server as a
transport networks.

What is SDN?
SDN stands for Software-Defined Networking. It is a network architecture that allows
network administrators to manage network services through abstraction of lower-level
functionality. This means that network management can be done through software, rather
than hardware alone. Some of the key Features of SDN are:
 Centralized Control: SDN uses a central controller to manage the network, providing
a global view of the network and its traffic.

 Programmability: Networks can be easily programmed and adjusted based on

current needs without changing hardware.

 Flexibility: SDN allows for rapid adjustments to the network in response to changing
conditions or requirements.

What Is IoT Storage?

Internet of Things (IoT) storage involves managing and processing the immense volumes of
data generated by connected devices. These devices, ranging from simple sensors to
complex industrial machinery, produce diverse, continuous streams of data that need to be
stored for further analysis and real-time decision making. Efficient IoT storage solutions help
maximize the value of IoT data.

Types of Data Generated by IoT

IoT devices can generate different types of data.

sensor Data

It refers to the information gathered by devices within the Internet of Things (IoT). These
devices, equipped with various sensors, collect data such as temperature, humidity,
pressure, or motion and send it across networks for analysis and action.

Operational Data

Data generated from the operation of devices themselves includes logs, system health data,
and usage statistics. This data is crucial for monitoring, maintenance, and optimization of
device performance. It typically requires storage that supports fast writing and reading
speeds and can handle large volumes of data writes without degradation of performance.
For example, NoSQL databases and in-memory data grids.

User Data
Information related to the users of IoT devices includes personal preferences, usage
patterns, and interaction histories. This data aids in enhancing user experience and
personalizing services

IoT Data Storage Approaches

There are several technical approaches to store IoT data:

Edge Storage

Edge storage involves storing data on local devices or near the data source, rather than
transmitting it to a centralized data center. This mitigates latency issues by processing data
close to where it is generated, reducing bandwidth usage on networks. Examples of use
cases include manufacturing plants and autonomous vehicles.

Cloud Storage

Cloud storage is scalable and flexible, leveraging the cloud’s resources to store data
remotely. This allows IoT deployments to expand storage capacity as needed without
investing in physical infrastructure. However, relying solely on cloud storage can introduce
latency issues due to data having to travel from the IoT devices to the cloud. Data caching
and choosing cloud data centers located nearer to the data sources can help mitigate these
latency problems.

Hybrid Storage

Hybrid storage combines the advantages of edge and cloud storage, allowing data to be
stored and processed both locally and in the cloud. This enables a balance between reducing
latency and leveraging the scalable storage and advanced analytics capabilities of the cloud.
It is useful for local decision-making, but where long-term data analysis can be offloaded to
the cloud.

IOT BASED CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud Computing can be defined as the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted
on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal
computer.
Types of Cloud Computing

Most cloud computing services fall into five broad categories:

1. Software as a service (SaaS)

2. Platform as a service (PaaS)

3. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

4. Anything/Everything as a service (XaaS)

5. Function as a Service (FaaS)

1. Software as a Service(SaaS)
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a way of delivering services and
applications over the Internet. Instead of installing and
maintaining software, we simply access it via the Internet,
freeing ourselves from the complex software and hardware
management.

2. Platform as a Service

PaaS is a category of cloud computing that provides a platform and environment to allow
developers to build applications and services over the internet. PaaS services are hosted in
the cloud and accessed by users simply via their web browser.

4. Anything as a Service

It is also known as Everything as a Service. Most of the cloud service providers nowadays
offer anything as a service that is a compilation of all of the above services including some
additional services.

Cloud-based services are crucial for IoT, offering platforms like AWS IoT, Azure IoT Hub, and
Google Cloud IoT to manage devices, process data, and enable real-time analytics, ultimately
driving efficiency and innovation in various applications.

 Amazon Web Services (AWS) IoT:

A managed cloud platform for connecting and managing IoT devices, enabling secure
communication with cloud applications.

 Microsoft Azure IoT Hub:

A robust platform for device management, enabling seamless provisioning, configuration,

and monitoring of IoT devices at scale.

 Google Cloud IoT:

A platform for connecting, processing, storing, and analyzing data from IoT devices, offering
tools for edge and cloud computing.

Unit-3

IoT Communication Protocols?

IoT devices are connected by wireless networks and sets of rules known as IoT
communication protocols, or simply IoT protocols. IoT devices can communicate with one
another using IoT protocols.

soap
SOAP is an acronym for Simple Object Access Protocol. It is an XML-based messaging
protocol for exchanging information among computers. SOAP is an application of the XML
specification.

Points to Note

 SOAP is a communication protocol designed to communicate via Internet.

 SOAP can extend HTTP for XML messaging.

 SOAP provides data transport for Web services.

 SOAP can be used for broadcasting a message.

 SOAP is platform- and language-independent.

Rest
In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT), REST (Representational State Transfer) is an
architectural style, not a protocol, that provides a standardized way for devices and
applications to communicate and exchange data, making it a suitable choice for building
scalable and reliable IoT systems.

Http
An application-level protocol designed for interconnected, collaborative, hypermedia
information systems is called HTTP. HTTP is a generic, stateless protocol that can be
extended for additional uses by manipulating its headers, error codes, and request
methods. In simple terms, HTTP is a TCP/IP based communication protocol that is used to
send data across the World Wide Web, including picture files, HTML files, and query
results.
Web Sockets
Web sockets are defined as a two-way communication between the servers and the
clients, which mean both the parties communicate and exchange data at the same time.

The key points of Web Sockets are true concurrency and optimization of performance,
resulting in more responsive and rich web applications.

 Web socket protocol is being standardized, which means real time communication
between web servers and clients is possible with the help of this protocol.

Internet connectivity in iot

ioT connectivity refers to the technologies and infrastructure enabling IoT devices to connect
to the internet and exchange data, facilitating remote monitoring, control, and management
of these devices.

Types of IoT Connectivity Technologies:

 Wireless Technologies:

 Wi-Fi: Suitable for high data rate applications within a limited range, like
smart homes or offices.

 Bluetooth: Ideal for short-range communication between devices, like

smartphones and fitness trackers.

 Cellular Networks (2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, LTE-M, NB-IoT): Offer broader coverage
and higher bandwidth, suitable for various IoT applications.

 Zigbee: Known for low-power mesh networking, enabling devices to

communicate efficiently over longer distances.

 LoRaWAN: A low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology that

facilitates long-range communication between IoT devices and base stations.
IP Address in IoT
An IP address represents an Internet Protocol address. A unique address that identifies the
device over the network. It is almost like a set of rules governing the structure of data sent
over the Internet or through a local network. An IP address helps the Internet to
distinguish between different routers, computers, and websites. It serves as a specific
machine identifier in a specific network and helps to improve visual communication
between source and destination.

The version of The IP Address

IPV4 (Internet Protocol Version 4): It is the first version of the Internet Protocol address.
The address size of IPV4 is a 32-bit number.

IPV6 (Internet Protocol Version 6): It is the recent version of the Internet Protocol address.
The address size of IPV6 is 128-bit number. I

Types of IP Addresses

There are 4 types of IP Addresses- Public, Private, Fixed, and Dynamic

Public IP address:

A public IP address is an Internet Protocol address, encrypted by various servers/devices.

That’s when you connect these devices with your internet connection. This is the same IP
address we show on our homepage. So why the second page, well, not all people speak
the IP language. We want to make it as easy as possible for everyone to get the
information they need. Some even call this their external IP address

Private IP address:

Everything that connects to your Internet network has a private IP address. This includes
computers, smartphones, tablets and Bluetooth-enabled devices such as speakers,
printers, or smart TVs. With the growth in IoT devices, the number of private IP addresses
we have at home is also increasing. Routers need a way to identify these problem
separately, and most things need a way to know each other. Therefore, routers generates
private IP addresses that are unique identifiers for each device that separates the network.

Static IP Address:

A static IP address is an invalid IP address. Conversely, a dynamic IP address will be

provided by the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server, which can change.
The Static IP address does not change but can be changed as part of normal network
management.
Dynamic IP address: It means constant change. A dynamic IP address changes from time to
time and is not always the same

Unit-4

Sensor technology in IOT

IoT sensors are hardware components that detect changes in an environment and collect
data, forming the bridge between the physical and digital worlds. They can measure
variables like temperature, pressure, motion, and more, sharing information across networks
to allow devices to interact and respond effectively. By gathering real-time data, these
sensors enable predictive maintenance, automation, and data-driven insights, making them
essential to IoT solutions.

1. Temperature sensors

Temperature sensors measure the amount of heat generated from an area or an object.
They detect a temperature change and convert the findings to data. Temperature sensors
are used in various industries, including manufacturing, healthcare, and agriculture. Some
examples are thermistors, thermocouples, and resistor temperature detectors (RTD).

 Light sensor:

Light sensor is also known as photo sensors and one of the important sensor.

Light dependent resistor or LDR is a simple light sensor available today.

The property of LDR is that its resistance is inversely proportional to the intensity of the
ambient light i.e when the intensity of light increases, it’s resistance decreases and vise
versa.

 Touch sensor:
Detection of something like a touch of finger or a stylus is known as touch sensor.

It’s name suggests that detection of something.

They are classified into two types:

1. Resistive type

2. Capacitive type

Today almost all modern touch sensors are of capacitive types.

Because they are more accurate and have better signal to noise ratio.

 Mechanical sensor:

Any suitable mechanical / electrical switch may be adopted but because a certain amount
of force is required to operate a mechanical switch it is common to use micro-switches.

 Speed Sensor:

Sensor used for detecting the speed of any object or vehicle which is in motion is known
as speed sensor .For example – Wind Speed Sensors, Speedometer ,UDAR ,Ground Speed
Radar .

Industrial iot
Industrial Internet of Things is a part or we can say a subset of the Internet of Things, i.e.,
IIOT comes under IOT, which mainly focuses on industrial applications. Intelligent devices
plays an important role in IIOT which helps in communicating important information in a
better way and also to analyze and capture data in real time. Using IIOT, business decisions
can be made faster and more accurately and it also helps to grow companies by
understanding their business process in a more better way so that their processes become
more efficient.

 Increased Productivity and Uptime: By enabling real-time monitoring and

predictive maintenance, IIoT helps minimize downtime and improve operational
efficiency.

 Reduced Operating Costs: By optimizing processes and minimizing downtime, IIoT

can lead to significant cost savings.
  What is Automotive IoT?

 It's the application of IoT technology within the automotive industry,

encompassing connected cars, smart sensors, and vehicle-to-everything (V2X)
communication.

 This includes technologies that allow vehicles to communicate with each

other (V2V), with infrastructure (V2I), and with the cloud (V2C).

 It also encompasses the use of sensors to collect data about the vehicle's
performance, location, and surrounding environment.

Actuatator in iot
An IoT device is made up of a Physical object (“thing”) + Controller (“brain”) + Sensors +
Actuators + Networks (Internet). An actuator is a machine component or system that moves
or controls the mechanism of the system. Sensors in the device sense the environment, then
control signals are generated for the actuators according to the actions needed to perform.

A servo motor is an example of an actuator.. We can use servo motors for IoT applications
and make the motor rotate to 90 degrees, 180 degrees, etc., as per our need.

The following diagram shows what actuators do, the controller directs the actuator based on
the sensor data to do the work.

Types of Actuators :
3. Electrical Actuators –

An electric actuator uses electrical energy, is usually actuated by a motor that converts
electrical energy into mechanical torque.

Thermal/Magnetic Actuators –
These are actuated by thermal or mechanical energy. Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) or
Magnetic Shape‐Memory Alloys (MSMAs) are used by these actuators.

Mechanical Actuators –
A mechanical actuator executes movement by converting rotary motion into linear motion.

Sensor data communication protocols

IoT sensor data communication, protocols like MQTT, CoAP, Zigbee, LoRaWAN, and
Bluetooth are commonly used, each optimized for different needs like low power, long
range, or short-range connectivity.

Here's a more detailed look at some of the most popular protocols:

 MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport):

A lightweight, publish-subscribe messaging protocol ideal for machine-to-machine (M2M)

communication, especially in IoT where devices send and receive data efficiently.

 CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol):

A protocol designed for constrained devices and networks, offering a lightweight alternative
to HTTP for IoT applications.

 Zigbee:

A low-power, low-cost wireless protocol designed for short-range data transmission,

commonly used in IoT devices for creating interconnected ecosystems.

 LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network):

A protocol enabling long-range, low-power communication, suitable for applications where

sensors need to transmit data over extended distances.

 Bluetooth:

A short-range communication protocol well-suited for connecting IoT sensors, particularly

for applications with continuous data exchange.
Wireless Sensor Network technology
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), is an infrastructure-less wireless network that is deployed
in a large number of wireless sensors in an ad-hoc manner that is used to monitor the
system, physical, or environmental conditions.

Sensor nodes are used in WSN with the onboard processor that manages and monitors the
environment in a particular area. They are connected to the Base Station which acts as a
processing unit in the WSN System. The base Station in a WSN System is connected through
the Internet to share data. WSN can be used for processing, analysis, storage, and mining of
the data.

WSN Network Topologies

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can be organized into different network topologies based
on their application and network type. Here are the most common types:

 Bus Topology: In a Bus Topology, multiple nodes are connected to a single line or bus.
Data travels along this bus from one node to the next. It’s a simple layout often used
in smaller networks.

 StarTopology: Star Topology have a central node, called the master node, which
connects directly to multiple other nodes. Data flows from the master node to the
connected nodes. This topology is efficient for centralized control.

 Tree Topology: Tree Topology arrange nodes in a hierarchical structure resembling a

tree. Data is transmitted from one node to another along the branches of the tree
structure. It’s useful for expanding coverage in hierarchical deployments.

 Mesh Topology: Mesh Topology feature nodes interconnected with one another,
forming a mesh-like structure. Data can travel through multiple paths from one node
to another until it reaches its destination. This topology offers robust coverage and
redundancy.
IoT Design Methodology
IoT systems require interactions between multiple components, designing them can be a
difficult and complex undertaking. There are numerous options available for every
component. IoT designers frequently tend to create systems with certain goods in mind. The
following the IoT design methodology steps are below:-

Purpose And Requirement

Defining the system’s requirements and purpose is the first stage. This step captures the
requirements, behavior, and purpose of the system. requisites may include:

 requirements for data collecting

 Requirements for data analysis

 prerequisites for system management

 standards for security

 Requirements for user interface

2. Process Specification
The use cases of the IoT system are formally described based on or derived from
the purpose and requirements specifications. The process specification for home
automation system is as shown below.
5. Service Specifications
The service specification defines the following:

 Services in the system

 Service types

 Service inputs/output

 Service endpoints

 Service schedules

 Service preconditions

 Service effects

For each state and attribute in the process specification and information model, we define a
service. Services either change the state of attributes or retrieve their current values. The
service specification for each state in home automation systems are as shown below:

7. Functional View Specification

The functional view defines the functions of the IoT systems grouped into various functional
groups. Each functional group provides functionalities for interacting with concepts in the
domain model and information related to the concepts.

The functional groups in a functional view include: Device, Communication, Services,

Management, Security, and Application.

Operational View Specification

This stage defines the operational view specifications. The deployment and operation of IoT
systems are outlined, including options for service hosting, storage, device hosting,
application hosting, and so on.
Privacy and Security Solutions in IoT (Simple
Explanation)
The Internet of Things (IoT) connects everyday devices like smartwatches, home security
cameras, and industrial machines to the internet. While this makes life easier, it also
creates security and privacy risks. Hackers can break into devices, steal data, or even
control them remotely. To protect IoT systems, we need strong security and privacy
measures.

1. Security Solutions in IoT

Security in IoT means making sure devices, networks, and data are protected from
cyberattacks. Here’s how we can secure IoT systems:

a) Protecting Devices

IoT devices must be built with security in mind. This includes:

 Secure boot – Ensuring only safe and verified software runs on a device.

 Strong passwords and authentication – Using passwords, fingerprints, or facial

recognition to prevent unauthorized access.

 Regular software updates – Keeping devices up to date with the latest security
patches.

b) Securing the Network

Since IoT devices communicate over the internet, securing the network is important:

 Encryption – Protecting data so that only authorized users can read it.

 Firewalls & security software – Blocking harmful attacks and preventing

unauthorized access.

 Secure Wi-Fi & VPNs – Keeping IoT devices on private, protected networks.

c) Controlling Access

Only authorized people should be able to control IoT devices:

 Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) – Requiring an extra step (like a code sent to a

phone) to log in.

 Access control – Giving different levels of access to different users (e.g., a technician
can access settings, but a guest cannot).

 Zero Trust Security – Always verifying identity, even inside a trusted network.
. Advanced Technologies for Security & Privacy

Some cutting-edge technologies are helping make IoT safer:

 AI-powered security – Detecting unusual behavior and stopping cyberattacks in real-

time.

 Blockchain – Keeping a secure and unchangeable record of data to prevent

tampering.

 Quantum encryption – Future-proofing security to protect against super-powerful

computers.

Arduino
o The Arduino is defined as a simple microcontroller motherboard.

o The Arduino helps us to make the projects simpler.

o It was developed to create microcontroller kits, which was used to build electronic
devices.

o Most Arduinos come with an 8-bit Microcontroller.

o It has 32K bytes and 2K bytes of flash memory and SRAM. The flash memory consists
of a stored sketch of Arduino, while SRAM manipulates the processing variables.

o It promotes C++ as the primary programming language.

o It has no Operating system. The software platform requires Windows, Linux, and
macOS operating system to run the program.

o The types of Arduino are Started kits (for beginners), Arduino shields (printed circuit
expansion boards), Standard Arduino boards, and boards with advanced features.

o The Arduino runs a single piece of code over and over again. Due to this, it starts
quickly as soon as we ON the power.

o It is based on IDE (Integrated Development Environment), which is limited to the

programming interface.

o The connection to the Internet is quite complicated.

o The Arduino project was started in Italy.

o The design of the Arduino board consists of different controllers and

microprocessors. Some board also includes USB (Universal Serial Bus), models, and
serial communication interfaces.
 o The processor speed in Arduino ranges from 8MHz to 400MHz. The average speed of
most of the types of Arduino is 16MHz.

o The projects of Arduino are connected to a computer using the USB port.

o The Analog to Digital converter is inbuilt in the Arduino.

The Arduino UNO has 14 digital Input/Output pins, 6 analog pins, and power pins.

Raspberry Pi
o The Raspberry Pi is defined as the mini computer.

o It is considered superior at software applications.

o It was developed to encourage basic learning for computer science students and
other growing countries.

o It consists of a 64-bit quad-core processor or microprocessor.

o The Raspberry Pi has about 1GiB of RAM. Here, 1 GiB = 1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes =
(1024)^3 bytes.

o It promotes Scratch and Python as the chief programming language.

o The foundation of Raspberry Pi provides an operating system such as Linux. It also

provides a non-Linux operating system, such as OpenBSD, NetBSD, HelenOS, etc.

o The types of Raspberry Pi are Raspberry Pi Alternatives, Raspberry Pi Zero W, and

Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+.

o We can run all types of applications in Raspberry Pi, including Microsoft Office,
emails, or specific code for an electronics project.

o We can run a single or different piece of code in Raspberry Pi.

o The Operating system in all the files is saved in the SD card. For one Raspberry Pi, we
can have multiple SD cards for the different operating system or file system.

o It is consistent in many programming languages.

o It can be easily connected to the Internet.

o The Raspberry Pi Foundation developed the Raspberry Pi in the United Kingdom.

o The design of Raspberry Pi board consists of CPU (Central Processing Unit), GPU
(Graphics Processing Unit), the graphics chip, RAM, Xbee port, Ethernet port, power
source connector, UART (Universal Asynchronous Reciever/Transmitter), and GPIO
(General-Purpose Input/Output) pins.

o The processor speed in Raspberry Pi ranges from 700MHz to 1.5GHz.

o The hard drive for the Raspberry Pi is the slot on the board, in which the SD card is
inserted.

o The Analog to Digital converter is attached externally to the Raspberry Pi.

o The Raspberry Pi3 has 40 Input/Output pins on board.