INTRODUCTION TO SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

Here’s a simplified and well-structured version of your content for better readability:

Basics of Single-Board Computer (SBC)

A Single-Board Computer (SBC) is a compact computer built on a single circuit board. It includes
essential components such as:

• Microprocessor(s) – The brain of the computer.

• Memory (RAM & Storage) – For running and storing programs.

• Input/Output (I/O) ports – For connecting peripherals like USB devices, displays, and
networks.

Uses of Single-Board Computers

SBCs are commonly used for:

Development & Prototyping – Used by engineers and developers for testing new technology.
Education – Helps students learn programming and hardware concepts.
Embedded Systems – Used in smart devices, automation, and robotics.
Compact Computing – Some home and portable computers use SBCs for an all-in-one design.

Key Features of SBCs

Standalone Design – Unlike traditional desktop PCs, SBCs do not require extra expansion slots for
basic functions.
Different Microprocessors – Ranges from low-cost 32-bit or 64-bit ARM processors (for
hobbyists) to powerful ones used in industrial applications.
Compact & Efficient – Some SBCs, like blade servers, work like regular servers but in a smaller
size.

Popular examples of SBCs include Raspberry Pi, BeagleBone, and Arduino (with processing shields).

Here’s the formatted version of your text for better readability:

Raspberry Pi
Introduction
Raspberry Pi is a series of single-board computers developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, a UK-
based charity dedicated to making computing education more accessible.

History & Development

The first Raspberry Pi was launched in 2012, and since then, multiple iterations and variations have
been released. The original model featured:

• CPU: Single-core 700MHz processor

• RAM: 256MB

The latest models have significantly improved hardware, with:

• CPU: Quad-core processor clocked at 1.5GHz+

• RAM: Up to 4GB

Despite these advancements, Raspberry Pi devices remain affordable, typically priced under $100,
with the Pi Zero being the most budget-friendly model at just $5.

Applications & Uses

Raspberry Pi is widely used for various purposes, including:

• Learning programming skills

• Building hardware projects

• Home automation

• Kubernetes clusters & Edge computing

• Industrial applications

Features
Raspberry Pi is a cost-effective computer that runs Linux and offers GPIO (General Purpose
Input/Output) pins, enabling users to:

• Control electronic components for physical computing

• Explore and develop Internet of Things (IoT) projects

Here’s the formatted version of your text for better clarity and readability:

Raspberry Pi Models

Over the years, several generations of Raspberry Pi have been released, from Pi 1 to Pi 4, and even
the Pi 400. Most generations include a Model A and a Model B, where:
 • Model A is a cheaper variant with reduced RAM and fewer ports (USB, Ethernet, etc.).

• Model B is a full-featured version with better connectivity and performance.

The Pi Zero series is a smaller and more affordable spinoff of the original Pi 1.

Raspberry Pi Model Lineup

• Pi 1 Model B (2012)

• Pi 1 Model A (2013)

• Pi 1 Model B+ (2014)

• Pi 1 Model A+ (2014)

• Pi 2 Model B (2015)

• Pi Zero (2015)

• Pi 3 Model B (2016)

• Pi Zero W (2017)

• Pi 3 Model B+ (2018)

• Pi 3 Model A+ (2019)

• Pi 4 Model A (2019)

• Pi 4 Model B (2020)

• Pi 400 (2021)

Here’s a well-formatted version of your text for better readability:

Raspberry Pi Foundation

The Raspberry Pi Foundation is a nonprofit organization dedicated to making computing and digital
creation accessible to people worldwide. It achieves this by offering low-cost, high-performance
computers that help individuals learn programming, solve problems, and explore creative projects.

Mission & Initiatives

The foundation supports computing education through:

• Developing free learning resources to teach coding and digital making.

• Training educators to guide others in learning computing.

 • Providing outreach programs to expand access to computing education.

Educational Programs & Community

The foundation also supports several global initiatives:

• Code Club & CoderDojo:

o Platform-independent coding programs for young learners.

o Encourages programming skills without requiring Raspberry Pi hardware.

• Raspberry Jams:

o Community-driven events focused on Raspberry Pi.

o Open to all ages for learning, sharing ideas, and showcasing projects.

Through these efforts, the Raspberry Pi Foundation aims to ensure that every child has access to
computing education and digital creativity.

Here’s a well-formatted version of your text for better readability:

Is the Raspberry Pi Open Source?

The Raspberry Pi operates within the open-source ecosystem, but it is not fully open hardware.

Open-Source Software

• Runs Linux (supports multiple distributions).

• The primary operating system, Raspberry Pi OS, is open source and includes a suite of open-
source software.

• The Raspberry Pi Foundation actively contributes to the Linux kernel and other open-source
projects.

• Many of the foundation’s own software projects are released as open source.

Hardware & Documentation

• The schematics of Raspberry Pi boards are publicly available as documentation.

• However, the hardware itself is not fully open source.

Business Model & Funding

• The Raspberry Pi Foundation generates income from Raspberry Pi sales to fund its
charitable initiatives in computing education.
Here’s a well-formatted comparison of the Raspberry Pi models based on your uploaded chart:

Raspberry Pi Model Comparison

General Specifications

Processor CPU
Model Dimensions SoC RAM Ports GPIO
Core Speed

66 × 56 × 14 700
Pi A+ BCM2835 ARM11 256 MB 1 × USB 2.0 40
mm MHz

85 × 56 × 17 700 4 × USB 2.0, 1 ×

Pi B+ BCM2835 ARM11 512 MB 40
mm MHz 10/100 Ethernet

85 × 56 × 17 ARM Cortex- 900 4 × USB 2.0, 1 ×

Pi 2 B BCM2836 1 GB 40
mm A7 MHz 10/100 Ethernet

85 × 56 × 17 ARM Cortex- 1 GB 4 × USB 2.0, 1 ×

Pi 3 B BCM2837 1.2 GHz 40
mm A53 LPDDR2 10/100 Ethernet

Compute 700
67.5 × 30 mm BCM2835 ARM11 512 MB N/A N/A
Module MHz

Advanced Raspberry Pi Models

RAM Storage Power

Model Processor Connectivity Video & Sound
Options Support Input

Pi 3 Broadcom 2.4GHz WiFi, 1 × HDMI, MIPI

1GB 5V/2.5A
Model BCM2837 Bluetooth 4.1, 4 × USB DSI, MIPI CSI, MicroSD
LPDDR2 micro USB
B (1.2GHz) 2.0 3.5mm audio

Pi 3 Broadcom 2.4/5GHz WiFi, 1 × HDMI, MIPI 5V/2.5A

1GB
Model BCM2837B0 Bluetooth 4.2, Gigabit DSI, MIPI CSI, MicroSD micro
LPDDR2
B+ (1.4GHz) Ethernet 3.5mm audio USB, PoE

2.4/5GHz WiFi, 2 × micro HDMI

Pi 4 1GB, 2GB, 5V/3A USB
Broadcom 2711 Bluetooth 5.0, 2 × USB (4K support), MIPI
Model 4GB MicroSD Type-C,
(1.5GHz) 2.0, 2 × USB 3.0, DSI, MIPI CSI,
B LPDDR4 PoE
Gigabit Ethernet 3.5mm audio

Key Takeaways
 • Pi 4 Model B is the most powerful, supporting 4K video, USB 3.0, and Gigabit Ethernet.

• Pi 3 Model B+ offers dual-band WiFi and PoE (Power over Ethernet) support.

• Pi A+ is the smallest and most power-efficient model but has limited connectivity.

• Compute Module is designed for embedded applications and lacks standard ports.

Here’s a well-structured and formatted specification sheet for the Raspberry Pi 3B+ for better
readability and clarity:

Raspberry Pi 3B+ - Detailed Specifications

Introduction

The Raspberry Pi 3B+ is a single-board computer developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation,

launched on March 14, 2018. It is an enhanced version of the Raspberry Pi 3B (2016) with several
key improvements in performance, connectivity, and power efficiency.

While it retains most of the features of its predecessor, it introduces:

• USB boot support

• Network boot capability

• Power over Ethernet (PoE) support

These upgrades make the Pi 3B+ a more versatile and powerful choice for various applications,
including IoT, automation, and lightweight computing.

Key Features & Enhancements

✔ Quad-core Cortex-A53 Processor (1.4GHz)

✔ Dual-band WiFi (2.4GHz & 5GHz)
✔ Faster Ethernet (300 Mbps over USB 2.0)
✔ Bluetooth 4.2 & BLE (Low Energy)
✔ USB Boot & Network Boot Support
✔ Power over Ethernet (PoE) support via HAT
✔ Improved thermal management

Technical Specifications

1. Processor & Performance

Component Specification

SoC (System-on-Chip) Broadcom BCM2837B0

CPU Quad-core Cortex-A53 (64-bit)

Clock Speed 1.4 GHz

GPU Broadcom VideoCore IV

RAM 1GB LPDDR2 SDRAM

2. Connectivity & Networking

Feature Specification

WiFi Dual-band 2.4GHz & 5.0GHz IEEE 802.11 b/g/n/ac

Bluetooth Bluetooth 4.2, BLE

Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet (300 Mbps max, over USB 2.0)

USB Ports 4 × USB 2.0

PoE (Power over Ethernet) Supported via PoE HAT

3. Storage & Boot Options

Storage Type Specification

Primary Storage MicroSD card slot

USB Boot Support Yes

Network Boot (PXE Boot) Yes

4. Display & Multimedia

Feature Specification

HDMI Output 1 × Full-size HDMI

Feature Specification

Camera Support 1 × MIPI CSI Camera Port

Display Support 1 × MIPI DSI Display Port

Audio Output 3.5mm audio jack, HDMI audio

Graphics Support H.264, MPEG-4 decode (1080p30), OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0

5. GPIO & Expansion

Feature Specification

GPIO Pins 40-pin header

Expansion Headers Yes (for PoE HAT, HATs, and other add-ons)

6. Power & Thermal Management

Feature Specification

Power Input 5V/2.5A via micro USB

Power Over Ethernet (PoE) Available via PoE HAT

Thermal Performance Improved heat dissipation with metal heatsink on the SoC

Comparison: Raspberry Pi 3B vs. 3B+

Feature Raspberry Pi 3B Raspberry Pi 3B+

CPU Cortex-A53 @ 1.2GHz Cortex-A53 @ 1.4GHz

WiFi 2.4GHz only Dual-band 2.4/5.0GHz

Bluetooth Bluetooth 4.1 Bluetooth 4.2

Ethernet 100 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet (300 Mbps over USB 2.0)

PoE Support No Yes (via PoE HAT)

Feature Raspberry Pi 3B Raspberry Pi 3B+

USB Boot No Yes

Network Boot No Yes

Conclusion

The Raspberry Pi 3B+ is a significant upgrade over its predecessor, offering better performance,
improved networking, and PoE support. It is ideal for projects that require faster network speeds,
better wireless connectivity, and USB booting.
Improvements in Raspberry Pi 3B+

The Raspberry Pi 3B+ introduces several significant improvements over its predecessor, enhancing
processing speed, networking capabilities, and thermal management. Below are the key
enhancements:

1. Processing & Performance Enhancements

Faster Processing Speed: The quad-core Cortex-A53 CPU now runs at 1.4GHz, making it more
efficient than the 1.2GHz in the Raspberry Pi 3B.
Three Times Faster Than Pi 2 & 3: Improved performance allows for smoother multitasking and
execution of complex applications.
Metal Shielding for Heat Dissipation: The top side of the SoC is now covered with metal
shielding, acting as a heat sink to manage excessive heat efficiently.

2. Improved Wireless & Networking Features

Dual-Band WiFi (2.4GHz & 5GHz):

• Supports 802.11ac WiFi, providing better range and performance in challenging wireless
environments.
Upgraded Bluetooth 4.2 with BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy):

• Better connectivity with IoT and smart devices.

Gigabit Ethernet (300 Mbps over USB 2.0):

• The Ethernet port now supports 300 Mbps, a major upgrade from the 100 Mbps in previous
models.
USB Boot & Network Boot:

• The Pi 3B+ supports booting from USB devices and over the network (PXE boot) without
requiring an SD card.

3. Power Over Ethernet (PoE) Support

New 4-Pin PoE Header:

• Located near the 40-pin GPIO header, this allows the board to receive power via Ethernet
cables instead of a separate power adapter.
PoE Requires a PoE HAT:

• The PoE feature only works if a PoE HAT (Hardware Attached on Top) is used.
Reduces Cable Clutter:
 • Ideal for projects where minimizing power cables is essential, such as remote IoT
deployments.

4. GPIO Header & Pinout Enhancements

40-Pin GPIO Header (Same as Previous Versions):

• Ensures backward compatibility with accessories and projects designed for earlier models.
Pin Repositioning for Additional Mounting Space:

• The GPIO header is slightly repositioned to accommodate an extra mounting hole.

Dedicated & Digital I/O Pins:

• 26 pins are digital I/O.

• 9 out of the remaining 14 pins are dedicated I/O (they do not have alternative functions).
Onboard Pull-Up Resistors:

• Pin 3 & 5 include a 1.8kΩ pull-up resistor.

ID EEPROM Support:

• Pins 27 & 28 are dedicated to ID EEPROM, which allows hardware detection and
configuration.

Conclusion

The Raspberry Pi 3B+ is a major improvement over the Pi 3B, especially in terms of processing
power, networking, and power management. These upgrades make it an excellent choice for:
✔ IoT applications
✔ Robotics projects
✔ Media streaming
✔ Smart home automation
✔ Educational purposes
Here’s a pinout diagram and a comparison table for the Raspberry Pi 3B+ to help you understand its
specifications better.

Raspberry Pi 3B+ Pinout Diagram

Below is the 40-pin GPIO layout of the Raspberry Pi 3B+:

3.3V (1) (2) 5V

GPIO2 (3) (4) 5V

GPIO3 (5) (6) GND

GPIO4 (7) (8) GPIO14

GND (9) (10) GPIO15

GPIO17 (11) (12) GPIO18

GPIO27 (13) (14) GND

GPIO22 (15) (16) GPIO23

3.3V (17) (18) GPIO24

GPIO10 (19) (20) GND

GPIO9 (21) (22) GPIO25

GPIO11 (23) (24) GPIO8

GND (25) (26) GPIO7

GPIO0 (27) (28) GPIO1

GPIO5 (29) (30) GND

GPIO6 (31) (32) GPIO12

GPIO13 (33) (34) GND

GPIO19 (35) (36) GPIO16

GPIO26 (37) (38) GPIO20

GND (39) (40) GPIO21

• Power Pins: 5V (pins 2, 4), 3.3V (pins 1, 17), Ground (pins 6, 9, 14, 20, 25, 30, 34, 39).

• I2C: GPIO2 (SDA), GPIO3 (SCL).

• SPI: GPIO10 (MOSI), GPIO9 (MISO), GPIO11 (SCLK), GPIO8 (CE0), GPIO7 (CE1).

• UART: GPIO14 (TX), GPIO15 (RX).

• PWM & GPIO Pins: Multiple available for project customization.

Raspberry Pi 3B+ vs Previous Models

Feature Raspberry Pi 3B+ Raspberry Pi 3B Raspberry Pi 2B

Broadcom BCM2837B0, Broadcom BCM2837, Broadcom BCM2836,

Processor Quad-core Cortex-A53 @ Quad-core Cortex-A53 @ Quad-core Cortex-A7 @
1.4GHz 1.2GHz 900MHz

RAM 1GB LPDDR2 1GB LPDDR2 1GB LPDDR2

Dual-band 2.4GHz & 5GHz

WiFi 2.4GHz 802.11n No WiFi
802.11ac

Bluetooth Bluetooth 4.2 (BLE) Bluetooth 4.1 No Bluetooth

Gigabit Ethernet (300Mbps

Ethernet 100Mbps 100Mbps
over USB 2.0)

USB Ports 4 x USB 2.0 4 x USB 2.0 4 x USB 2.0

Power Over
PoE via PoE HAT No PoE No PoE
Ethernet (PoE)
Feature Raspberry Pi 3B+ Raspberry Pi 3B Raspberry Pi 2B

USB Boot &

Supported Not supported Not supported
Network Boot

1 x Full-size HDMI, MIPI DSI 1 x Full-size HDMI, MIPI 1 x Full-size HDMI, MIPI
Video Output
Display Port DSI Display Port DSI Display Port

GPIO Header 40-Pin (same as Pi 3B & Pi 2) 40-Pin 40-Pin

Operating Raspberry Pi OS (Linux-

Raspberry Pi OS Raspberry Pi OS
System based)

Power Input 5V/2.5A via Micro USB 5V/2.5A via Micro USB 5V/2A via Micro USB

Key Takeaways

Best Performance Yet: The Pi 3B+ is the fastest Raspberry Pi model before Pi 4.
Improved Networking: Dual-band WiFi & Gigabit Ethernet make it ideal for IoT & networking
projects.
Power Efficiency: The metal shielding reduces heat & improves reliability.
PoE Support: Can be powered via Ethernet (PoE HAT required), reducing cable clutter.
Backwards Compatible: Same 40-pin GPIO header, allowing older accessories to work.

Here's a detailed comparison between Raspberry Pi 3B+ and Raspberry Pi 4 Model B to help you
understand their differences.

Raspberry Pi 3B+ vs Raspberry Pi 4 Model B

Feature Raspberry Pi 3B+ Raspberry Pi 4 Model B

Release Date March 14, 2018 June 24, 2019

Broadcom BCM2837B0, Quad-core Broadcom BCM2711, Quad-core

Processor
Cortex-A53 @ 1.4GHz Cortex-A72 @ 1.5GHz

RAM Options 1GB LPDDR2 1GB, 2GB, 4GB, 8GB LPDDR4

WiFi Dual-band 2.4GHz & 5GHz (802.11ac) Dual-band 2.4GHz & 5GHz (802.11ac)

Bluetooth Bluetooth 4.2 (BLE) Bluetooth 5.0 (BLE)

Feature Raspberry Pi 3B+ Raspberry Pi 4 Model B

Gigabit Ethernet (300Mbps over USB

Ethernet True Gigabit Ethernet (1000Mbps)
2.0)

USB Ports 4 x USB 2.0 2 x USB 3.0 + 2 x USB 2.0

Power Over
Supported (with PoE HAT) Supported (with PoE HAT)
Ethernet (PoE)

USB Boot &

Supported Supported
Network Boot

Video Output 1 x HDMI (Full HD 1080p) 2 x micro HDMI (4K 60Hz support)

Broadcom VideoCore VI (500MHz) -

Graphics Broadcom VideoCore IV (400MHz)
H.265 (4Kp60) support

MicroSD Card
Yes Yes
Support

GPIO Header 40-Pin (Same as previous models) 40-Pin (Same as previous models)

Operating System Raspberry Pi OS (Linux-based) Raspberry Pi OS (Linux-based)

Power Input 5V/2.5A via Micro USB 5V/3A via USB-C

Key Differences

Processing Power

• Pi 4 Model B is significantly faster with a quad-core Cortex-A72 @ 1.5GHz, compared to the

Cortex-A53 @ 1.4GHz on the 3B+.

• The Pi 4 has LPDDR4 RAM, which is much faster than the LPDDR2 RAM in the Pi 3B+.

Display & Graphics

• Pi 3B+ supports Full HD (1080p) via HDMI.

• Pi 4 supports 4K resolution with dual micro HDMI ports, making it ideal for media streaming
& desktop use.

USB & Ethernet

• Pi 4 has USB 3.0 ports, allowing faster data transfer.

 • Pi 4 has true Gigabit Ethernet (1000Mbps), whereas Pi 3B+ has a limited Gigabit Ethernet
(300Mbps over USB 2.0).

Wireless & Bluetooth

• Pi 4 has Bluetooth 5.0, offering better range & speed than the Bluetooth 4.2 on Pi 3B+.

• WiFi performance is the same on both models (2.4GHz & 5GHz).

Power & Heat Management

• Pi 3B+ uses Micro USB for power (5V/2.5A).

• Pi 4 uses USB-C (5V/3A), which allows for more power-hungry applications.

• Pi 4 heats up more due to the powerful processor, so a heat sink or cooling fan is
recommended.

# Raspberry Pi 3B+ Technical Specifications

Introduction

The Raspberry Pi 3B+ is a small single-board computer introduced by the Raspberry Pi Foundation on
March 14, 2018. It is an improved version of its predecessor, the Raspberry Pi 3B (introduced in
2016). While both models are similar in terms of functionality and technical specifications, the 3B+
model includes additional features such as USB boot, network boot, and Power over Ethernet
(PoE), which were absent in the earlier version.

This document provides a comprehensive overview of the Raspberry Pi 3B+, including its hardware
specifications, improvements, and key features.

Hardware Specifications

1. CPU (Central Processing Unit)

• The CPU is the brain of the Raspberry Pi 3B+, responsible for executing instructions and
performing calculations.

• It features a 64-bit Broadcom BCM2837B0 chipset.

• Quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor clocked at 1.4GHz.

• Includes an improved heat-spreader design, enhancing heat dissipation and performance

stability.

2. Clock Speed and RAM

 • Clock Speed: 1.4 GHz (an improvement over the 1.2 GHz in the previous model).

• RAM: 1GB LPDDR2 memory (same as the Raspberry Pi 3B).

3. GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)

• Broadcom VideoCore IV.

• Capable of handling image processing and video rendering.

• Suitable for basic gaming and media playback.

4. USB Ports

• 4 x USB 2.0 ports (two more than the previous version).

• Eliminates the need for an external USB hub when connecting multiple peripherals.

5. Power Source and Connectors

• MicroUSB power connector: Supplies 5V power to the board.

• Draws 170-200mA more power than the Raspberry Pi 3B.

• 2-pin reset header for system reboot.

6. HDMI and Composite Connection

• HDMI port for high-definition video output.

• 3.5mm audio/video composite jack (integrates both audio and video output in a single
connector).

• All power, audio, and video connectors are now placed on one side of the PCB, giving it a
clean layout.

7. USB Hard Drive Support

• Allows USB booting, acting as an external storage medium.

• Functions similarly to a regular hard drive used in computers.

8. Power over Ethernet (PoE)

• Supports PoE, allowing the device to receive electrical power through data cables instead of
power cords.

• Requires a PoE HAT (Hardware Attached on Top) for functionality.

9. Storage and Expansion

• MicroSD slot for primary storage and booting.

 • 40-pin GPIO header (26 General-Purpose Input/Output pins for interfacing with electronic
components).

• CSI (Camera Serial Interface) for connecting the Raspberry Pi Camera Module.

• DSI (Display Serial Interface) connector for official Raspberry Pi screens.

10. Network Connectivity

• Gigabit Ethernet (300 Mbps over USB 2.0).

• WiFi: Dual-band 802.11ac (2.4GHz & 5GHz).

• Bluetooth 4.2 with BLE support.

Improvements Over Raspberry Pi 3B

1. Processing Speed and Efficiency

• Faster 1.4GHz processor (compared to 1.2GHz in the previous model).

• Improved heat dissipation with a metal heat-spreader.

2. Enhanced Wireless Connectivity

• Dual-band WiFi 802.11ac (2.4GHz & 5GHz) for better range and speed.

• Bluetooth 4.2 with BLE support (better power efficiency and security).

3. Upgraded Ethernet Performance

• Gigabit Ethernet via USB 2.0 interface, providing 300 Mbps speed (previously 100 Mbps in
the 3B model).

4. PoE Support

• Power over Ethernet (PoE) added for more flexible power options.

• Requires a PoE HAT for full functionality.

5. Improved Component Layout

• Status LEDs repositioned (now only red and green colors).

• MicroSD slot replaces the SD memory slot, keeping storage compact and efficient.

• GPIO header slightly repositioned for additional mounting space.

Summary of Technical Specifications

Feature Specification

Processor Broadcom BCM2837B0, Quad-Core ARM Cortex-A53 @ 1.4GHz

RAM 1GB LPDDR2

GPU Broadcom VideoCore IV

USB Ports 4 x USB 2.0

Gigabit Ethernet (300 Mbps), WiFi 802.11ac (2.4GHz & 5GHz), Bluetooth
Networking
4.2 (BLE)

Storage MicroSD Slot

GPIO Header 40-Pin (26 GPIOs)

Audio & Video HDMI, 3.5mm AV jack (stereo audio & composite video)

Camera Interface CSI (Camera Serial Interface)

Display Interface DSI (Display Serial Interface)

Power Input MicroUSB (5V/2.5A)

Power Over Ethernet

Supported (Requires PoE HAT)
(PoE)

Conclusion

The Raspberry Pi 3B+ is a significant upgrade over its predecessor, featuring a faster CPU, improved
network performance, and PoE support. It is a reliable and versatile board ideal for a variety of
applications, including IoT, robotics, home automation, and basic computing projects.