SET THEORY

ALGEBRA NDA MATH

 Introduction
Representation
Types of sets
Venn Diagrams
Agenda Operations on sets
Laws of algebra on sets
Important properties

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Introduction
In mathematics, a set is defined as a well-defined
collection of objects. Sets are named and
represented using capital letters. The members of
a set are called its elements and are usually
denoted by small letters, a b c , etc.

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 Representation of sets
METHOD 1 : SEMANTIC FORM METHOD 2 : ROSTER FORM METHOD 3: SET BUILDER FORM

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 Cardinality of a set
• The cardinal number, cardinality, or order of a set denotes the total number of elements in
the set. For natural even numbers less than 10, n(A) = 4. Sets are defined as a collection of
unique elements. One important condition to define a set is that all the elements of a set
should be related to each other and share a common property. For example, if we define a
set with the elements as the names of months in a year, then we can say that all the
elements of the set are the months of the year.

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TYPES OF SETS
UNDERSTANDING THEM BETTER
There are different types of sets in set theory. Some of these are singleton, finite, infinite, empty, etc.
Singleton Sets
A set that has only one element is called a singleton set or also called a unit set. Example, Set A = { k | k is an
integer between 3 and 5} which is A = {4}.
Finite Sets
As the name implies, a set with a finite or countable number of elements is called a finite set. Example, Set B =
{k | k is a prime number less than 20}, which is B = {2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19}
Infinite Sets
A set with an infinite number of elements is called an infinite set. Example: Set C = {Multiples of 3}.
Empty or Null Sets
A set that does not contain any element is called an empty set or a null set. An empty set is denoted using the
symbol '∅'. It is read as 'phi'. Example: Set X = { }.
Equal Sets
If two sets have the same elements in them, then they are called equal sets. Example: A = {1,2,3} and B = {1,2,3}. Here,
set A and set B are equal sets. This can be represented as A = B.
Unequal Sets
If two sets have at least one different element, then they are unequal sets. Example: A = {1,2,3} and B = {2,3,4}. Here,
set A and set B are unequal sets. This can be represented as A ≠ B.

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Equivalent Sets
Two sets are said to be equivalent sets when they have the same number of elements, though the elements are
different. Example: A = {1,2,3,4} and B = {a,b,c,d}. Here, set A and set B are equivalent sets since n(A) = n(B)
Overlapping Sets
Two sets are said to be overlapping if at least one element from set A is present in set B. Example: A = {2,4,6} B =
{4,8,10}. Here, element 4 is present in set A as well as in set B. Therefore, A and B are overlapping sets.
Disjoint Sets
Two sets are disjoint if there are no common elements in both sets. Example: A = {1,2,3,4} B = {5,6,7,8}. Here, set A
and set B are disjoint sets.
Subset and Superset
For two sets A and B, if every element in set A is present in set B, then set A is a subset of set B(A ⊆ B) and in this case,
B is the superset of set A(B ⊇ A).
Example: Consider the sets A = {1,2,3} and B = {1,2,3,4,5,6}. Here:
•A ⊆ B, since all the elements in set A are present in set B.
•B ⊇ A denotes that set B is the superset of set A.
Universal Set
A universal set is the collection of all the elements regarding a particular subject. The universal set is denoted by the
letter 'U'. Example: Let U = {The list of all road transport vehicles}. Here, a set of cars is a subset for this universal set,
the set of cycles, trains are all subsets of this universal set.
Power Sets
Power set is the set of all subsets that a set could contain. Example: Set A = {1,2,3}. Power set of A is = {∅, {1}, {2}, {3},
{1,2}, {2,3}, {1,3}, {1,2,3}}.

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OPERATIONS ON SETS

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 Venn diagrams
Venn Diagram is a pictorial representation of sets, with each set represented as a circle. The elements
of a set are present inside the circles. Sometimes a rectangle encloses the circles, which represents the
universal sets. The Venn diagram represents how the given sets are related to each other.

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Some important operations on sets in set theory include union, intersection, difference, the complement
of a set, and the cartesian product of a set. A brief explanation of set operations is as follows.
Union of Sets
Union of sets, which is denoted as A U B, lists the elements in set A and set B or the elements in both set
A and set B. For example, {1, 3} ∪ {1, 4} = {1, 3, 4}
Intersection of Sets
The intersection of sets which is denoted by A ∩ B lists the elements that are common to both set A and
set B. For example, {1, 2} ∩ {2, 4} = {2}
Set Difference
Set difference which is denoted by A - B, lists the elements in set A that are not present in set B. For
example, A = {2, 3, 4} and B = {4, 5, 6}. A - B = {2, 3}.
Set Complement
Set complement which is denoted by A', is the set of all elements in the universal set that are not present
in set A. In other words, A' is denoted as U - A, which is the difference in the elements of the universal set
and set A.
Cartesian Product of Sets
The cartesian product of two sets which is denoted by A × B, is the product of two non-empty sets,
wherein ordered pairs of elements are obtained. For example, {1, 3} × {1, 3} = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (3, 1), (3, 3)}.

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LAWS OF ALGERBA ON SETS

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IMPORTANT PROPERTIES

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THANKYOU FAMILY
YAMINI

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