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rizeTek: A Decision Support System using Decision Tree Algorithm

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 Solid State Technology
Volume: 64 Issue: 2
Publication Year: 2021

rizeTek: A Decision Support System using

Decision Tree Algorithm
Jennyfer D. Alasaas1, Shareen A. Navarro 2, Daryl V. Buen3
1,2,3
University of Northern Philippines, Vigan City, Philippines
Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
1

Abstract— Innovations have changed the way people live. Information technology touches almost
every aspect of life; the things that were a mere vision before is now slowly turning into reality. The
incorporation of information technology will increase productivity in agriculture. Providing farmers
with the latest information and inputs necessary for decision making can make them productive in
farming. The developed application aims to guide the rice growers in their farming activities,
particularly pest management and decision making concerning rice farming. In the development of
the study, the Rapid Application Development software process was adapted as a methodology. The
research had undergone four phases: Requirements Planning, User Design, Construction Phase, and
Cutover Phase. A series of interviews were conducted with the agriculturist and with the 120 rice
growers to gather data necessary to develop the system. The data collected from the participants were
tabulated, analyzed, interpreted, and summarized using descriptive statistics. Frequency counts and
mean were utilized to evaluate the efficiency level and assess the system developed. Based on the
evaluation results, the developed system was found to be of a "very great extent" in terms of
functionality, efficiency, compatibility, usability, reliability, security, maintainability, and portability.
Keywords— decision support, pest management, technology, rice

I. INTRODUCTION
Agriculture has been one of man's most significant economic practices and has been regarded as
one of the world's largest and most important industries. It is perhaps because the agriculture industry
provides human beings with necessities, particularly sustainable foods.
Agriculture plays a very significant role in the achievement of the economic development of
countries [1]. The Philippines has been a rice exporter in the late 1970s; however, the rice production
shortage has been experienced in the late 1990s, which resulted in importing rice from other countries.
With the continuous increase in population, there is also an increasing demand for rice production. It is
for this reason that priority and importance should be given to rice productivity. Aside from improving
irrigation systems, it is essential to enhance the application of technologies to help farmers.
Information and knowledge have become the primary input in agriculture. These two play a central
role in improving agricultural productivity and for the farmers to respond to opportunities [2] .
According to [3], agricultural information technology should be strengthened to transform
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traditional agriculture and encourage agrarian modernization. The government should support the
training of farmers information skills, establish an auxiliary mechanism for achievement feedback of
information-based agricultural production, increase the contribution rate of informationization to the

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farm operation and management, and promote the contribution of informationization to the growth of
the farming economy to increase the agricultural income of the farmers.
[4] stated that the increase in agricultural output and productivity tends to contribute to the country's
overall economic development. For this reason, priority and attention must be given to further
developments in the agricultural sector. Innovation is now the trend in almost all aspects of man's life.
Information Technology (IT) has created systems that help respond to the needs of society. IT's
significant impact has been widely realized and felt in transportation, communication, health,
education, and infrastructures. IT's role in the agricultural sector should not be overlooked since it
plays a significant role in the maximization of goods. As [5] said, ICT plays a very significant role in
the development and contemporary issue for agriculture; therefore, the government action must
address infrastructure development to achieve the objective of food security for all.
IT is a potential tool to improve decision making in agriculture. Through farming technologies,
farm management can be enhanced and become efficient. The use and benefit of IT in the field of
agriculture are incrementally realized. The fostering of the agricultural informatization construction
has been an ongoing development to solve the farming problem. A direct contribution to agricultural
production is rendered by the extensive use of information technology [5-6]. Its adoption could be a
contributing factor to increasing productivity in developing countries.
In the first district of Ilocos Sur, Philippines, one of the crops being planted is rice. Rice farming is
mostly the source of living for many Ilocanos (persons residing in the Ilocos Region). According to the
Department of Agriculture, the Province of Ilocos Sur, aside from calamities such as typhoons, pests,
and rice diseases, had usually been the problems encountered by most rice growers in the province.
With this, farmers need to be educated on what kind of pests attack their crops and control and manage
the problem. Famers may lack knowledge still in modernized farming, and what they know may
already be outdated. As for the observation, farmers do only rely on the information they get from
their fellow farmers. With this, there is no guarantee that the information received also applies to them.
According to [7], most farmers have little knowledge of their farm, and they are unaware of the
methods to improve their productivity of agricultural practices. All these conflicts make it necessary to
think of resolve support systems for agriculture. The agricultural industry must be modernized to
increase production yield and quality [8].
The integration of information technology in agriculture facilitates and improves farmers'
productivity by providing them timely data inputs for decision making. The need to have always
updated with the latest information and farming issues is necessary to become effective. It is in this
regard that the development of a farming guide application has been proposed. The application aims to
guide the farmers in their farming activities. Aside from being a guide to the farmers, the application
also has a decision support feature. It gives the farmers an idea of what variety of rice can be planted in
a certain cropping period. It also explains what pests and diseases usually attack the rice crops and the
possible yield. Also included in the system is a chat support feature for a consultation to experts.
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Objectives of the Study

This research study aims to meet the following objectives: determine the problems, issues, and
challenges encountered by the rice growers, develop a system that guides the rice growers in their

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farming activities, and assess the level of compliance with the ISO 25010 software quality standards of
the established application concerning to functional suitability, performance efficiency, compatibility,
usability, reliability, security, maintainability, and portability.
II. METHODOLOGY
This study used descriptive and developmental research designs. It was based on the methodology
used by the research of [9]. The interview method was used in determining the problems encountered
by the rice growers. A survey method utilizing the ISO 25010:2011 software quality evaluation
questionnaire was used in determining the level of compliance of the developed system. ISO
25010:2011 is an international standard for the evaluation of software quality. It is subdivided into
eight criteria: Functional Suitability, Performance Efficiency, Compatibility, Usability, Reliability,
Security, Maintainability, and Portability.
A. Software Methodology
In developing the system, the researchers used Rapid Application Development because this
software process perceives best to fit the development of the research study's requirement. Rapid
Application Development, according to [10], is a development model that prioritizes rapid prototyping
and quick feedback over long drawn out development and testing cycles. In the Rapid Application
Development software process, multiple iterations can be done, which leads to faster development. A
high-quality system is also achieved by gathering requirements, prototyping, and early reiterative user
testing of designs.
The next figure illustrates the four phases of the RAD Methodology.

Figure 1. RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT PHASES

A.1. Requirements Planning Phase
The priorities, objectives, and possible issues that will need to be resolved during the construction,
are decided during this process. It involves the following activities: researching the current problem,
defining the requirements of the project, and finalizing the requirements.
In Requirements planning, the researchers used the interview method in gathering data, particularly
on rice information, and in determining the problems met by the agriculturist and the rice growers
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during the cropping period. During the interview, the researchers identified the system procedures,
concerns, and needs of the users.

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A.2. User Design Phase

This phase is commonly known as the ‘Functional Design Stage.’ This phase converts the
components of the information flow into a set of data objects. Each object is referred to as an Entity. In
the user design phase, a version of the product called a prototype, which mimics the actual product, is
being created. The initial product is also tested in this phase, which helps refine and complete the final
product.
The researchers used this phase to formalize the system requirements, rules, and layouts for the
system's essential parts. Requirements are transformed and translated into a model or diagram to
describe and understand the procedure. These models and diagrams serve as the system's visual
representation: the target user or any individual who does not know programming to know how the
system works fully.
A.3. Construction Phase
This stage completes the physical application construction, constructs the conversion system, and
creates user aids and work plans for implementations. It is in this phase where the designing and
coding of the system takes place.
In the construction phase, the researchers implemented all the designs and plans made in the
previous stage into the system.
A.4. Cutover Phase
In this phase, every aspect of the system is validated and modified before and after delivery. Errors
and faults are being reviewed to verify that the system can perform under expected normal conditions
and abnormal situations.
B. Research Participants
The study participants were the rice growers of the First District of Ilocos Sur, agriculturists, and IT
Experts.
This study (n=145) were categorized into three (3) groups. Participants of the study included the
rice growers in selected municipalities of the First District of Ilocos Sur, IT experts who tested and
evaluated the system's efficiency, and Agricultural Technologists. One-hundred twenty (120) were rice
growers, 15 were agriculturists, and 10 were IT Experts.
C. Locale of the Study
This study uses simple random sampling because individuals were chosen entirely by chance. The
participants were from municipalities of Bantay, Sto. Domingo, Cabugao, Caoayan, San Ildefonso, and
Sta. Catalina. Twenty rice growers from each of the selected towns became the participants of the
study. The researchers personally interviewed One-hundred twenty (120) rice growers.
D. Data Gathering Procedures
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The researchers used an open-ended interview in gathering information from the rice growers and
agriculturists. The interview covered the rice growers' problems during the cropping period, the variety

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of rice being planted, the possible yield and expenses, and how they manage pests and weeds of the
rice crops.
The data collected from the study participants were tabulated, analyzed, interpreted, and
summarized using descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics such as frequency counts and mean were
used to determine the efficiency and evaluate the developed system. The data gathered were treated
using the weighted mean.
E. Data Analysis
The Likert Scale of Interpretation was used to determine the description rating of the extent of
compliance of the developed system using the ISO 25010 evaluation tool. Table 1 below shows the
Likert Scale range used to describe the extent of compliance of the developed system to ISO 25010
software quality standards.
TABLE 1. LIKERT SCALE RANGE FOR THE EXTENT OF COMPLIANCE OF THE DEVELOPED
SYSTEM
Range Descriptive Rating
4.20 – 5.00 Very Great Extent
3.40 – 4.19 Great Extent
2.60 – 3.39 Moderately Extent
1.80 – 2.59 Low Extent
1.00 – 1.79 Very Low Extent
This research was subject to an ethical review to ensure compliance with the criteria for proper
clearance and protect the study participants' well-being. The participants of the study participated
voluntarily, and there is neither compensation nor monetary value involved. The participants'
responses to the survey questionnaire were considered certain and not used for any other reason. For
their safety and well-being, participants' identities remain confidential.
III. RESUTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Problems, Issues, and Challenges Encountered by the Rice Growers
The agriculturist and rice growers' interviews revealed inevitable issues and challenges encountered
in rice production. Problems include attacks of diseases and insects on rice crops during the cropping
period, the high price of agricultural inputs, and lack of pest management knowledge. The high price
of inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides is a very significant challenge and issue faced by the rice
growers since it increases production cost, hence, resulting in a reduction in profit. Calamities such as
typhoons, heavy rains, and windy weather are also some of the rice growers' problems. Lack of
knowledge on pest management was a constraint raised, especially the farmers who were new in rice
farming. They used to ask their fellow farmers how to control pests, what pesticides to use, what
varieties could be planted during a certain cropping period, and the possible cost they will be spending.
Problems with diseases, insects, and weeds are also the main problem encountered by the rice
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growers since it reduces yield if not controlled and managed immediately. Some of the identified
insect attacking rice crops include stemborer (scientific name: scirpohaga incertulas, local name:
gitagit), rice leaf folder (scientific name: cnaphalocrocis medinalis, local name: balbalkot), rice bug

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(scientific name: leptocorisa acuta, local name: dangaw), armyworm (scientific name: mythimna
unipuncta, local name: arabas), green semi looper (scientific name: naranga aenescens, local name:
dangan-dangan), green leafhopper (scientific name: nepthotettix virescens, local name:sepsep a
berde), and brown planthopper (scientific name: nilaparvata lugens, local name: sepsep a kiyote).
Weeds are also a problem for rice growers.
The massive weeds that grow in the rice fields are also one of the rice growers' problems, and it is a
challenge for them to control these weeds. The following were the identified weeds that commonly
grow in the rice fields: saltmarsh bulrush (scientific name: bolboschoenus maritimus, local name:
businet), horse porselane (tabukol), jungle-rice (scientific name: echinochloa colona, local name:
dukdukayyang), barnyard grass (scientific name: echinochlo, local name: apagay-pagay), goosegrass
(scientific name: eleusine indica, local name: gabot-gabot), wrinkled grass (scientific name:
ischaemum rugosum salisb, local name: Lapu-Lapu), small flower umbrella sedge (scientific name:
cyperus difformis, local name: luh-luhmo), purple nutsedge (barsanga), and globe fringe-rush(scientific
name: rhynchospora globularis, local name: siraw-siraw). Aside from pests and weeds, problems on
rice crops' diseases are also encountered; most of the diseases encountered is the tungro. Tungro,
which is transmitted by the green leafhopper, is one of the viral diseases of rice.
B. The Developed Decision Support System
To address some of the identified problems, the researchers developed a farming guide application
that aims to guide the rice growers on their farming activities, especially pest management. The
developed system is knowledge-based, which aims to provide information to the rice growers about
rice varieties and pests that attack rice crops and manage them. The knowledge-based interface of the
application provides information about rice varieties, pests, and rice diseases. The page allows the user
to choose from the given options: Rice Variety, Pests, or Rice Diseases. On the other hand, the pest
management interface allows the user to view the different pest images by swiping and tapping the
picture. By tapping on the selected pest, detailed information about the problems and how to manage
them will show.

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Figure 2. KNOWLEDGE-BASED FEATURE OF RIZETEK

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A decision support feature of the system also aims to help the farmers make decisions regarding
rice farming. One of the agriculturist's identified challenges is on how they reach out to farmers and
help them when a problem arises. With the developed system's chat support feature, the farmer needs
not to travel to the office and report the problem; the rice grower may only send a message received by
the agriculturist.

Figure 3. DECISION SUPPORT FEATURE OF RIZETEK

On the decision support feature of the developed system, the decision tree algorithm was utilized to
extract knowledge from the data entered into the system by the rice growers. The algorithm employed
in the system was used to mine useful knowledge from the information summarized by the developed
system. Information entered in the system includes the farming records which are entered by the rice
growers. The entered data was summarized and mined by the system applying the concept of decision
tree algorithm. The knowledge generated from drilling the information can be useful to the rice
growers, particularly in making decisions.
One of the agriculturist's identified challenges is on how they reach out to farmers and help them
when a problem arises. With the developed system's chat support feature, the farmer needs not to
travel to the office and report the problem; the rice grower may only send a message received by the
agriculturist. The system also uses vernacular language so that rice growers can easily understand the
information provided by the system. 2413

Figure 4. CHAT SUPPORT FEATURE OF RIZETEK

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C. Level of Compliance f the Developed Application

Based on the ISO 25010:2011 Software Quality Assessment Tool, the developed system was
assessed by rice growers, IT experts, and agriculturists. The system's overall features were evaluated
in terms of the following criteria: Functional Suitability, Performance Efficiency, Compatibility,
Usability, Reliability, Security, Maintainability, and Portability.
TABLE 2. THE EXTENT OF COMPLIANCE OF THE DEVELOPED SYSTEM TO ISO 25010:2011
IN TERMS OF FUNCTIONAL SUITABILITY AS ASSESSED BY THE PARTICIPANTS
Indicators Mean Descriptive Rating
1 Functional Completeness. The system covers all the
4.44 Very Great Extent
specified tasks and user objectives.
2 Functional Correctness. With the required degree of
4.39 Very Great Extent
precision, the system provides the correct results.
3 Functional Appropriateness. The system facilitates the
4.38 Very Great Extent
accomplishment of specified tasks and objectives.
Category Mean 4.40 Very Great Extent
As evaluated by the study participants, the indicator functional completeness has a weighted mean
rating of 4.44, functional correctness with a mean rating of 4.39, and functional appropriateness has a
mean rating of 4.38, respectively. The developed system has a category mean of 4.40, under functional
suitability, which means that the system covers all defined tasks and user goals, delivers the correct
outcome with the necessary degree of accuracy, and promotes defined tasks and goals. The table
reveals that the developed system is compliant with a “Very Great Extent” for functional suitability. It
implies that the developed system is operating, complete, and appropriate.
TABLE 3. THE EXTENT OF COMPLIANCE OF THE DEVELOPED SYSTEM TO ISO 25010:2011
IN TERMS OF PERFORMANCE EFFICIENCY AS ASSESSED BY THE PARTICIPANTS
Indicators Mean Descriptive Rating
1 Time Behavior. The system’s response and processing times and
throughput rates meet requirements when performing its 4.34 Very Great Extent
functions.
2 Resource Utilization. The quantities and types of resources used
4.29 Very Great Extent
by the system meet specifications when performing its functions.
3 Capacity. The system’s maximum limits parameter meets
4.25 Very Great Extent
requirements.
Category Mean 4.29 Very Great Extent
The indicator Time Behavior - The response and processing time and throughput rates of the device
have a weighted mean of 4.34 when performing its function. It means that the developed system has a
fast response time to achieve the desired task. The resource utilization indicator had a weighted mean
of 4.29 and Capacity with a weighted mean of 4.25. The Performance Efficiency criterion, as a whole,
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had a category mean of 4.29, which implies that the developed system is efficient enough in
performing tasks.

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TABLE 4. THE EXTENT OF COMPLIANCE OF THE DEVELOPED SYSTEM TO

ISO 25010:2011 IN TERMS OF COMPATIBILITY AS ASSESSED BY THE PARTICIPANTS
Indicators Mean Descriptive Rating
1 Co-existence. When sharing the same environment and
resources with other products, the system can effectively
4.32 Very Great Extent
perform its necessary functions without any further
development.
2 Interoperability. The system will exchange data and use the
4.40 Very Great Extent
data that has been exchanged.
Category Mean 4.36 Very Great Extent
The criterion on Compatibility consists of two indicators, namely, co-existence and interoperability.
The co-existence indicator had a weighted mean of 4.32, while Interoperability had a weighted mean
of 4.40. The category mean on compatibility criterion is 4.36, which means that the developed system
has a very great extent of compliance to ISO 25010 software quality standard. The users' rating
implies that the developed system is reliable and useful for it performs its desired function efficiently.
As presented in table 5, the system allows users to recognize if appropriate for their needs
(Appropriate Recognizability) had a weighted mean rating of 4.42, Learnability, Operability, and
Accessibility have weighted means of 4.50, 4.48 4.39, respectively. The criterion User Error protection
and User Interaction Aesthetics, on the other hand, have the same weighted mean rating of 4.34. The
Usability criterion category is 4.41, which means that the system is appropriate, easy to operate,
protects the users from errors, user-friendly, accessible, and was evaluated by the system evaluators as
compliant to a “Very Great Extent.”
TABLE 5. THE EXTENT OF COMPLIANCE OF THE DEVELOPED SYSTEM
TO ISO 25010:2011 IN TERMS OF USABILITY AS ASSESSED BY THE PARTICIPANTS
Indicators Mean Descriptive Rating
1 Appropriate Recognizability. The system allows users to
4.42 Very Great Extent
recognize if it is suitable for their needs.
2 Learnability. The system can be sued by specified users to
achieve defined learning objectives to make significant,
4.50 Very Great Extent
efficient, risk-free, and satisfying use of the application in a
specified context.
3 Operability. The system has attributes that make it easy to Very Great Extent
4.48
operate and control.
4 User Error Protection. The system protects users against
4.34 Very Great Extent
making errors.
5 User Interaction Aesthetics. The user interface of the system
4.34 Very Great Extent
allows for fun and fulfilling user interaction.
6 Accessibility. People with the broadest range of characteristics
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and skills will use the system to achieve a specified objective in 4.39 Very Great Extent
a specified context of use.
Category Mean 4.41 Very Great Extent

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TABLE 6. THE EXTENT OF COMPLIANCE OF THE DEVELOPED SYSTEM TO

ISO 25010:2011 IN TERMS OF RELIABILITY AS ASSESSED BY THE PARTICIPANTS
Indicators Mean Descriptive Rating
1 Maturity. The system meets the needs for reliability under
4.39 Very Great Extent
regular operation.
2 Availability. The system is operational and accessible when
4.56 Very Great Extent
required for use.
3 Fault Tolerance. Despite the existence of hardware or software
4.30 Very Great Extent
faults, the system performs as expected.
4 Recoverability. The system can restore directly affected
4.43 Very Great Extent
information and re-establish the desired state.
Category Mean 4.42 Very Great Extent
The reliability criterion consists of four indicators, namely: Maturity, Availability, Fault Tolerance,
and Recoverability. Availability had the highest weighted mean of 4.56, while fault tolerance had the
lowest mean rating, which is 4.30. It means that, under normal circumstances, the developed system
meets the needs for reliability and is operational and usable. As a whole, the reliability criterion was
evaluated compliant to a “Very Great Extent” with the category mean of 4.42.
TABLE 7. THE EXTENT OF COMPLIANCE OF THE DEVELOPED SYSTEM TO
ISO 25010:2011 IN TERMS OF SECURITY AS ASSESSED BY THE PARTICIPANTS
Indicators Mean Descriptive Rating
1 Confidentiality. The system ensures that only those allowed to
4.39 Very Great Extent
have access can access the data.
2 Integrity. The system prohibits unauthorized access to or alteration
4.26 Very Great Extent
of computer programs or data.
3 Non-repudiation. The system can be proven to have taken place so
4.34 Very Great Extent
that it is not possible to repudiate incidents or actions later.
Category Mean 4.33 Very Great Extent
Under the security criterion, the confidentiality indicator had a weighted mean of 4.39, integrity
with a weighted mean of 4.26, and non-repudiation had a mean rating of 4.34. It means that the system
is secure and ensures that it is only accessible to authorized users and prevents unauthorized ones. As a
whole, the security criteria were rated 4.33, which implies that the developed system has a very great
extent of compliance with the set quality standards.
TABLE 8. THE EXTENT OF COMPLIANCE OF THE DEVELOPED SYSTEM TO
ISO 25010:2011IN TERMS OF MAINTAINABILITY AS ASSESSED BY THE PARTICIPANTS
Indicators Mean Descriptive Rating
1 Analyzability. The system determines the effect of the
intended improvement on one or more of its components,
4.41 Very Great Extent
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diagnose defects or causes of failure, or classify the parts to be

changed.

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2 Modifiability. The system can be changed quickly and

effectively without introducing defects or deteriorating 4.28 Very Great Extent
existing product quality.
3 Testability. The system's test requirements can be defined, and
tests can be carried out to determine whether those criteria 4.39 Very Great Extent
have been met.
Category Mean 4.36 Very Great Extent
As assessed by the study participants, the analyzability indicator was rated 4.41; modifiability had a
weighted mean of 4.28 and testability with a weighted mean of 4.39. As a whole, criterion
maintainability had a category mean of 4.36, which implies that the developed system is maintainable,
can be effectively and efficiently modified, and is compliant to a “Very Great Extent.”
TABLE 9. THE EXTENT OF COMPLIANCE OF THE DEVELOPED SYSTEM TO
ISO 25010:2011 IN TERMS OF PORTABILITY AS ASSESSED BY THE PARTICIPANTS
Indicators Mean Descriptive Rating
1 Adaptability. For different or changing hardware, software,
or other operating or user conditions, the system can be 4.46 Very Great Extent
adapted quickly and effectively.
2 Installability. The system can be successfully installed and
4.59 Very Great Extent
uninstalled in a specified environment.
3 Replaceability. The system can replace in the same
environment with another specified software product for the 4.48 Very Great Extent
same purpose.
Category Mean 4.51 Very Great Extent
The adaptability, installability, and replaceability indicators had a weighted average of 4.46, 4.59,
and 4.48, respectively. The portability criterion had a category mean of 4.51, which means that the
system can be effectively adapted and installed.
The overall result of evaluating the developed system concerning the software quality evaluation
tool ISO 2502:2011 in terms of functional suitability, performance efficiency, compatibility, usability,
reliability, security, maintainability, and portability is shown in Table 11.
TABLE 10. OVERALL PERFORMANCE RATING OF THE DEVELOPED
SYSTEM AS ASSESSED BY THE PARTICIPANTS
Criteria Mean Descriptive Rating
1 Functional Suitability 4.40 Very Great Extent
2 Performance Efficiency 4.29 Very Great Extent
3 Compatibility 4.36 Very Great Extent
4 Usability 4.41 Very Great Extent
5 Reliability 4.42 Very Great Extent
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6 Security 4.33 Very Great Extent

7 Maintainability 4.36 Very Great Extent
8 Portability 4.51 Very Great Extent
Overall 4.39 Very Great Extent

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Table 11 shows the overall result of the evaluation of the developed system. As a whole, the system
had an overall weighted mean of 4.39, which means that the developed system is compliant to a “Very
Great Extent” concerning the ISO 25010:2011 Software Quality Standards.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The developed system can be of great help to the rice growers, for it provides them enough
information about rice farming. Features of the developed system such as pest management and
decision support can be used as a tool to guide farmers in making decisions. Based on the evaluation
result, the developed application is functional, efficient, compatible, usable, reliable, secured,
maintainable, and portable.
V. RECOMMENDATIONS
It is proposed that further studies be carried out based on the research findings to improve the
existing features of the developed system, such as the integration of image recognition in the
identification of rice pests. It is also recommended that the reliability of the application created should
also be evaluated by plant pathologists and entomologists.
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