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Tensile Test

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manoharigadapu2006
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26 views9 pages

Tensile Test

Uploaded by

manoharigadapu2006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name: Manohari

Roll no: ce23b010


Experiment 1: Tension Test
Objective:
 To study the Engineering Stress–Strain behavior of flat & round steel specimen

under uniaxial tensile loading.

 To evaluate the yield strength, Young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength, %

elongation, fracture strain, measure of ductility, modulus of resilience and

toughness of metal when subjected to uniaxial tensile loading.

 To study the deformation and fracture characteristics of steel specimen under

uniaxial loading to identify the ductile/ brittle nature of failure in metals.

THEORY:
The Universal Testing Machine (UTM) is used to perform the uniaxial tensile test on metal

specimens.

Stress- Strain Relationship:

When a specimen is gradually loaded under tensile loading, the material will undergo elastic

and inelastic / plastic deformation. The load and extension over the gauge length of the steel

specimen can be used to calculate engineering stress and engineering strain using Eq. 1 and

Eq. 2. A typical stress-strain curve of the tensile test coupon with sharp yielding structural steel

is shown in FIGURE.
Young’s Modulus, E:
During this elastic deformation, the engineering stress-strain follows the linear relationship and

the slope of the curve indicates the Young's modulus (E)

Yield Strength, 𝝈𝒚:


Beyond elastic deformation in the stress-strain behavior of metal, a sharp yielding occurs at the

beginning of plastic deformation. The yield stress, σy, can be obtained by dividing the load at

yielding (Py) by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen


Some material exhibits smooth engineering stress strain curve without clearly show the definite

yield point between the elastic and plastic region. The yield strength therefore has to be

calculated from the load at 0.2% strain divided by the original cross-sectional area as follows

Ultimate tensile strength, 𝝈𝒖


The tensile strength (or ultimate tensile strength) is the maximum load divided by the original

cross-sectional area of the specimen

Modulus of Resilience:
The ability of a material to absorb energy when deformed elastically and to return it when

unloaded is called resilience. This is usually measured by the modulus of resilience, which is

the strain energy per unit volume required to stress the material from zero stress to the yield

stress. Hence by definition, the modulus of resilience is

Toughness:
The toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy in the plastic range. Toughness can
be expressed as the total area under the stress-strain curve (Figure 1.7). This area is an

indication of the amount of work per unit volume which can be done on the material without

causing it to rupture.

The stress-strain curve behavior of the structural steel can be idealized with elastic-perfectly

plastic model and the area under the trapezoidal curve can be used to approximately evaluate

toughness. The expression to evaluate approximate toughness is given in

Tensile ductility:
The tensile ductility of the specimen can be represented as % elongation or % reduction in the

area as expressed in Eq. 11 & 12 below.

The fractured specimen was kept together and the measurements were taken for the final length,

Lf and area of cross section, Af

Apparatus:
MTS Universal Tes ng Machine (UTM), Digital calipers, Extensometer, DAQ and a computer
Experimental Procedure:
1. Measure the dimensions (Length, L0 & diameter, Do) of the round bar test specimen by

using Vernier caliper and record the values in the observation.

2. Mark the gauge length (as extensometer 25mm) in the test specimen.

3. Attach the test specimen firmly to the bottom jaw of UTM, and lower the top loading

Jaw to the connect the other end of the specimen to the top part.

4. Apply a small load (0.5 kN) to the test specimen to overcome the slackness in the test

specimen.

5. Attach the extensometer (exactly at gauge length locations) and connect it to the MTS

controller to acquire strain data.

6. Make sure that all connections are right in position and display unit is showing the
force, displacement readings in required unit system.

7. Preset all the measurements to read zero.

8. Apply displacement at loading rate 0.01mm/sec and acquire the force, displacement

and strain data similar to that shown in Table 1. Make a note on load at yielding and

onset of necking in the test specimen.

9. After reaching the yield limit unmount the extensometer from the test specimen.

10. After failure of the test specimen, remove the test specimen from the UTM

11. Keeping the fractured specimen together, measure and record the final length, Lf and

area of cross section, Af.

Observations:

Length of the specimen, L0 = 1000 mm

Diameter of the specimen, D0 =198.5 mm

Ultimate load, Pmax =221.635 kN


There are errors in readings because of machinery issues and also due to human errors.

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