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Numerical_Methods_Notes_Final

The document covers numerical methods including floating point representation, arithmetic operations, and errors in numbers. It discusses various methods for solving transcendental equations, simultaneous algebraic equations, interpolation techniques, and curve fitting approaches. Key methods include Bisection, Newton-Raphson, Gauss Elimination, and different fitting techniques like linear and polynomial fits.

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9 views

Numerical_Methods_Notes_Final

The document covers numerical methods including floating point representation, arithmetic operations, and errors in numbers. It discusses various methods for solving transcendental equations, simultaneous algebraic equations, interpolation techniques, and curve fitting approaches. Key methods include Bisection, Newton-Raphson, Gauss Elimination, and different fitting techniques like linear and polynomial fits.

Uploaded by

ks264028
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Numerical Methods - Notes

1. Basic Number System

Floating Point Representation:


- Represented as m ^e (m = mantissa, = base, e = exponent)
- Normalized form: Only one non-zero digit before decimal

Arithmetic Operations & Consequences:


- Addition/Subtraction: Align exponents, loss of significance possible
- Multiplication/Division: Add/Subtract exponents
- Consequences: Rounding errors, overflow/underflow, precision loss

Errors in Numbers:
- Absolute Error = |True - Approx|
- Relative Error = Absolute Error / True
- Round-off Error: Due to limited precision
- Truncation Error: From ignoring higher-order terms

2. Solution of Transcendental Equations

Bisection Method:
- Brackets root between [a, b], f(a)f(b) < 0, halves interval

Regula-Falsi Method:
- Estimate: x = (a*f(b) - b*f(a)) / (f(b) - f(a))
- Faster than bisection but can stagnate

Newton-Raphson Method:
- x = x - f(x)/f'(x)
- Fast convergence but needs derivative

Secant Method:
- x = x - f(x)*(x - x)/(f(x) - f(x))
- Doesnt need derivative, faster than bisection

3. Solution of Simultaneous Algebraic Equations

Gauss Elimination Method:


- Converts system to upper triangular form, uses back-substitution

Pivoting:
- Swapping rows for numerical stability

Ill-conditioned Equations:
- Small changes in coefficients cause large solution changes

Gauss-Seidel Iterative Method:


Numerical Methods - Notes

- Iterative approach, faster than Jacobi, needs diagonal dominance

Direct vs Iterative Methods:


- Direct: Exact, more memory; Iterative: Approx, low memory, scalable

4. Interpolation

Newtons Divided Difference:


- Works for unequal x-values
- Uses recursive divided differences

Lagranges Interpolation:
- Formula: [y (x - x)/(x - x)], j i
- Doesnt require equal spacing

5. Curve Fitting

Linear Fit:
- y = a + bx, uses least squares method

Polynomial Fit:
- y = a + ax + ax + ..., fits complex trends

Exponential Fit:
- y = ae^(bx), transformed as ln(y) = ln(a) + bx for linear fitting

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