Lecture on

JAVA
Operators & Flow Controls
by
M. S . B. KASYAPA
Assistant Professor
 Operators
 An operator is a symbol used to perform arithmetic
and logical operations. Java provides a rich set of
operators. Following are different operator types.
 Arithmetic operators
 Relational operators
 Logical operators
 Assignment operators
 Conditional operators
 Bitwise operators
 Special operators
 Operators
Arithmetic Operators
 These operators are used to performing basic mathematical
operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc.,
Operator Meaning Example
+ Addition 10 + 5 = 15
- Subtraction 10 - 5 = 5
* Multiplication 10 * 5 = 50
/ Division 10 / 5 = 2
% Modulus - Remainder of the Division 5 % 2 = 1
++ Increment a++
-- Decrement a--
 Operators
Arithmetic Operators
 The addition operator can be used with numerical data types
and character or string data type.
Ex: Numerical data 2+3 = 5 (Mathematical Operation)
non numerical data ‘o’+’k’ = ‘ok’ (Concatination Operation)
 The increment and decrement operators are used as pre-
increment or pre-decrement and post-increment or post-
decrement.
 When they are used as pre, the value is get modified before it is
used in the actual expression and when it is used as post, the
value is get modified after the actual expression evaluation
 Operators
Sample Arithmetic Operators Program
 Operators
Arithmetic Operators Output
 Operators
Relational Operators
 The relational operators are the symbols that are used to
compare two values.
 So the relational operators are used to check the relationship
between two values.
 Every relational operator has two possible results either TRUE
or FALSE.
 In simple words, the relational operators are used to define
conditions in a program.
 These operators are <, >, <=, >=, ==, !=
 Operators
Relational Operators
Operator Meaning Example

< Returns TRUE if the first value is smaller than second value 10 < 5 is FALSE
otherwise returns FALSE

> Returns TRUE if the first value is larger than second value otherwise 10 > 5 is TRUE
returns FALSE

<= Returns TRUE if the first value is smaller than or equal to second 10 <= 5 is FALSE
value otherwise returns FALSE

>= Returns TRUE if the first value is larger than or equal to second value 10 >= 5 is TRUE
otherwise returns FALSE

== Returns TRUE if both values are equal otherwise returns FALSE 10 == 5 is FALSE

!= Returns TRUE if both values are not equal otherwise returns FALSE 10 != 5 is TRUE
 Operators
Sample Relational Operators Program
 Operators
Relational Operators Program Output
 Operators
Logical Operators
 Logical operators are used to perform logical “AND”, “OR” and
“NOT” operations.
 They are used to combine two or more conditions/constraints
assume x=5,y=2,a=2

Operator Meaning Example

&& logical AND (Both should be true) If(X==a&& y==a) is FALSE

|| logical OR (Anyone can be True) If(X==a|| y==a) is TRUE

! logical NOT (Not equal) If (!(x==y)) is TRUE

 Operators
Assignment Operators
 Assignment operators are used to assign the value of an
expression to a variable. The most common assignment
operator is the equals sign (=).
 Operators: =, +=, -=, *=,/=
assume x=5,y=2
Operator Meaning Example

= Assigns the value of the right operand to the left operand y=x ; x=5,y=5

+= Adds the values of the left and right operands and assigns the y+=x ; x=5,y=7
result to the left operand

-= Subtracts the value of the right operand from the left operand and Y-=x ; x=5,y=-3
assigns the result to the left operand
 Operators
Conditional Operators
 conditional operators check the condition and decides the
desired result on the basis of both conditions.
 ternary operator (? :) is the example for this operator.
 It is used to evaluate Boolean expressions.
variable = (condition) ? expression1 : expression2
If condition true expression 1 will be executed but if False
Expression 2 will execute.
 Operators
Sample Program
 Operators
Program Output
 Operators
Bitwise Operators
 Bitwise Operators are used to perform the manipulation of
individual bits of a number and with any of the integer types.

Operator Meaning Example

~ Unary bitwise complement ~a

<< Signed left shift a<<2

>> Signed right shift a>>2

>>> Unsigned right shift a>>>2

& Bitwise AND a&b
^ Bitwise exclusive OR a^b
 Operators
Special Operators
 Can be used for special purpose.

Operator Meaning Example

new used to create new instances of objects. When the new operator is Int arr=new int[5]
used, it allocates memory for the object and returns a reference to
that memory.

. The dot operator is used to access the members of a class, such as arr.length()
methods, variables, and nested classes.
 Expressions
 In any programming language, expression is a
collection of operators and operands that represents
a specific value.
 Operator is a symbol that performs tasks like
arithmetic operations and Operands are the values
on which the operators perform the task.
 Operand can be a direct value or variable or address
of memory location.
 Expressions
 In the java programming language, expressions are
divided into THREE types based on the operator
position in the expression. They are as follows.
 Infix Expression
 Postfix Expression
 Prefix Expression
In Infix Expression operator is used between
operands
 Expressions
In Postfix Expression operator is used after operands

In Prefix Expression operator is used after operands

 Java Flow Control
 The statements in the code are executed according
to the order in which they appear.
 Java provides statements that can be used to
control the flow of Java code. Such statements are
called control flow statements.
 These control flow statements are called control
statements
 Java Flow Control
Control Statements
 Java Flow Control
Selection Statements
 The selection statements are also known as decision
making statements or branching statements.
 The selection statements are used to select a part of
the program to be executed based on a condition.
 Java provides the following selection statements.
 if statement
 if-else statement
 if-elif statement (Ladder if)
 nested if statement
 switch statement
 Java Flow Control
if Statement
 it tests a condition and decide the execution of a
block of statements based on that condition result.
 If the condition is True, then the block of statements
is executed and if it is False, then the block of
statements is ignored.
if(Condition)
{
Statements to Execute
}
 Java Flow Control
if Statement
 Java Flow Control
if-else Statement
 While using if only true case executes the block in false case
nothing will happen.
 If-else has two blocks one for true and another for false. Block
will be choose based on result.
if(Condition)
{
Statements to Execute
}
else
{
Statements to Execute
}
 Java Flow Control
if-else Statement
 Java Flow Control
if-else-if Statement & Nested if
 Writing an if-statement inside else of an if statement
is called if-else-if .
 if-else-if also called as Ladder if.
 Writing an if statement inside another if-statement
is called nested if statement.
 Java Flow Control
Ladder if Program Structure
if(Condition)
{ Statements to Execute }
else if(Condition)
{ Statements to Execute }
--------
--------
else
{ Statements to Execute }
 Java Flow Control
Nested if Program Structure
if(Condition)
{ Statements to Execute
if(Condition)
{ Statements to Execute }
else if(Condition)
{ Statements to Execute }
-------- }
else
{ Statements to Execute }
 Java Flow Control
if-else-if Statement & Nested if Program

If in if So Nested if

If – else-if So Ladder if
Java Flow Control
Program Output
 Java Flow Control
Switch statement
 Using the switch statement, one can select only one
option from more number of options very easily.
 We provide a value that is to be compared with a
value associated with each option.
 Whenever the given value matches the value
associated with an option, the execution starts from
that option.
 In the switch statement, every option is defined as a
case.
 Java Flow Control
switch Program Structure
switch(option)
{
case 1:
Statements to Execute;
break;
--------
case n:
Statements to Execute;
break;
}
Java Flow Control
switch Program
 Java Flow Control
Iterative Statements
 The iterative statements are also known as looping
statements or repetitive statements..
 These are used to execute a statement or a block of
statements repeatedly as long as the given condition
is true.
 Java provides the following iterative statements.
 while statement
 do-while statement
 for statement
 for-each statement
 Java Flow Control
While Statement
 It is used to execute a single statement or block of
statements repeatedly as long as the given condition
is TRUE.
 The while statement is also known as Entry control
looping statement.
while(Condition)
{
Statements to Execute
}
Java Flow Control
while Program
 Java Flow Control
Do-While Statement
 It is also used to execute a single statement or block
of statements repeatedly as long as given the
condition is TRUE.
 The do-while statement is also known as the Exit
control looping statement
do
{
Statements to Execute
} while(Condition);
Java Flow Control
Do-while Program
 Java Flow Control
While vs Do-While Statement
Feature while Loop do-while Loop
Condition Before execution of the loop After execution of the
Check body loop body
Executes at least once,
Execution May not execute at all if the
even if the condition is
Guarantee condition is false initially
false initially
When we don’t want to run When we must execute
Use Case the loop if the condition is the loop body at least
false from the start once
while(condition) do { // loop body }
Syntax
{ // loop body } while(condition);
 Java Flow Control
While vs Do-while Program
 Java Flow Control
For Statement
 It is works same as while, do-while.
 In while or do-while only condition is mentioned
there is no Initialization and updating statement for
exiting the loop.
 in other hand for-statement contains initialization
statement, condition, modification statement.
 First it starts with initialization then checks the
condition if condition satisfies executes for block
statements then modification statement executes.
 Java Flow Control
For Statement
 Later it will go to condition and if it satisfies block
will be executed and then modification.
 This process continues until condition satisfies.
 Initialization executes at starting only remaining will
be executed until condition satisfies.
 In most of the cases modification statements will be increment
or decrement.
for(initialization, Condition, Modification)
{
Statements to Execute
}
Java Flow Control
Foreach loop Program
 Java Flow Control
For each Statement
 The Java for-each statement was introduced since
Java 5.0 version.
 It provides an approach to traverse through an
array or collection in Java.
 It is also known as enhanced for statement.
 It executes the block of statements for each element
of the given array or collection.
 In for-each statement, we can not skip any element
of given array or collection.
 Java Flow Control
For each Statement
Syntax:
for(datatype variable_name : array)
{
Statements to Execute
}

Example:
int arr={10, 20, 30, 40};
for(int a : arr)
{
System.out.println(“Sqare of elemnt is :”+(a*a));
}
Next Lecture on
Elements of Java
by
M. S . B. KASYAPA
Assistant Professor