Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals

Vinh Nguyen

De Anza College

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 1 / 26

 Section 15.6: Triple Integrals

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Triple Integrals over Rectangular Boxes

Let’s
first deal with the simplest case where f is defined on a rectangular box:
B = {(x, y , z) | a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d, r ≤ z ≤ s}

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 3 / 26

Triple Integrals over Rectangular Boxes

Let’s
first deal with the simplest case where f is defined on a rectangular box:
B = {(x, y , z) | a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d, r ≤ z ≤ s}
The first step is to divide B into sub-boxes. We do this by
dividing the interval [a, b] into l sub-intervals [xi−1 , xi ] of equal width ∆x
dividing the interval [c, d] into m sub-intervals [yj−1 , yj ] of equal width ∆y
dividing the interval [r , s] into l sub-intervals [zk−1 , zk ] of equal width ∆z
The planes through the endpoints of these sub-intervals
parallel to the coordinate planes divide the box B into lmn sub-boxes
Bijk = [xi−1 , xi ] × [yj−1 , yj ] × [zk−1 , zk ]
Each sub-box has volume ∆V = ∆x∆y ∆z. Then we form the triple
Riemann sum:
l X
X m X
n
∗ ∗ ∗
f (xijk , yijk , zijk )∆V
i=1 j=1 k=1
∗ , y ∗ , z ∗ ) is in B .
where the sample point (xijk ijk ijk ijk

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 3 / 26

Definition of Triple Integrals over Rectangular Boxes

Definition
The triple integral of f over the box B is
ZZZ l X
X m X
n
∗ ∗ ∗
f (x, y , z)dV = lim f (xijk , yijk , zijk )∆V
l,m,n→∞
B i=1 j=1 k=1

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 4 / 26

Definition of Triple Integrals over Rectangular Boxes

Definition
The triple integral of f over the box B is
ZZZ l X
X m X
n
∗ ∗ ∗
f (x, y , z)dV = lim f (xijk , yijk , zijk )∆V
l,m,n→∞
B i=1 j=1 k=1

Fubini’s Theorem for Triple Integrals

If f is continuous on the rectangular box B = [a, b] × [c, d] × [r , s], then
ZZZ Z sZ dZ b
f (x, y , z)dV = f (x, y , z)dxdydz
r c a
B

The iterated integral on the right side of Fubini’s Theorem means that we integrate first with
respect to x ( keeping y and z fixed), then we integrate with respect to y (keeping z fixed), and
finally we integrate with respect to z. There are five other possible orders in which we can
integrate, all of which give the same value.

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 4 / 26

Example 1

Example
xyz 2 dV , where B is the rectangular box given by
RRR
Evaluate the triple integral
B

B = {(x, y , z) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, −1 ≤ y ≤ 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3}

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 5 / 26

Example 1

Example
xyz 2 dV , where B is the rectangular box given by
RRR
Evaluate the triple integral
B

B = {(x, y , z) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, −1 ≤ y ≤ 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3}

3 2 1 3 2 x=1
x 2 yz 2
ZZZ Z Z Z Z Z 
xyz 2 dV = xyz 2 dxdydz = dydz
0 −1 0 0 −1 2 x=0
B
3 2 Z 3  2 2 y =2
yz 2
Z Z
y z
= dydz = dz
0 −1 2 0 4 y =−1
3  3 3
3z 2
Z
z 27
= dz = =
0 4 4 0 4

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Triple Integrals over General Regions

Now we define the triple integral over a general bounded region E in three dimensional space
(a solid) by much the same procedure that we used for double integrals. We enclose E in a box
B. Then we define F so that it agrees with f over E but is O for points in B that are outside E .
By definition, ZZZ ZZZ
f (x, y , z)dV = f (x, y , z)dV
E B
We restrict our attention to continuous functions f and to certain simple types of regions. We
have a total of 6 cases.

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 6 / 26

Type 1 solid region

Definition
A solid region E is said to be of type 1 if it lies between the graphs of two continuous functions
of x and y , that is
E = {(x, y , z) | (x, y ) ∈ D, u1 (x, y ) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y )}
where D is the projection of E onto the xy −plane as shown in figure.

Notice that the upper boundary of the solid E is the surface with equation z = u2 (x, y ), while
the lower boundary is the surface z = u1 (x, y ). By the same sort of argument in section 15.2
ZZ Z Z "Z #
u2 (x,y )
f (x, y , z)dV = f (x, y , z)dz dA
u1 (x,y )
E D

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 7 / 26

Type 1 solid region E , type I plane D

ZZ Z Z "Z u2 (x,y )
#
f (x, y , z)dV = f (x, y , z)dz dA
u1 (x,y )
E D
The meaning of the inner integral on the right side of the equation is that x and y are held fixed,
and therefore u1 (x, y ) and u2 (x, y ) are regarded as constants, while f (x, y , z) is integrated with
respect to z.
In particular, if the projection D
of E onto the xy −plane is a type I plane region ( as in left figure), then
E = {(x, y , z) | a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x), u1 (x, y ) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y )}
and the integration becomes:
ZZ Z b Z g2 (x) Z u2 (x,y )
f (x, y , z)dV = f (x, y , z)dzdydx
a g1 (x) u1 (x,y )
E

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 8 / 26

Type 1 solid region E, type II plane D

If, on the other hand, D is a type II plane region ( as in right figure), then
E = {(x, y , z) | c ≤ y ≤ d, h1 (y ) ≤ x ≤ h2 (y ), u1 (x, y ) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y )}
and the integration becomes:
ZZ Z d Z h2 (y ) Z u2 (x,y )
f (x, y , z)dV = f (x, y , z)dzdxdy
c h1 (y ) u1 (x,y )
E

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 9 / 26

Example 2

Example
RRR
Evaluate zdV where E is the solid in the first octant bounded by the surface z = 12xy and
E
the planes y = x, x = 1.

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Example 2

Example
RRR
Evaluate zdV where E is the solid in the first octant bounded by the surface z = 12xy and
E
the planes y = x, x = 1.

When we set up a triple integral, it’s good to draw two diagrams: one of the solid region E , and
for a type 1 region, one of its projection D onto xy −plane.

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 10 / 26

Example 2

Example
RRR
Evaluate zdV where E is the solid in the first octant bounded by the surface z = 12xy and
E
the planes y = x, x = 1.

When we set up a triple integral, it’s good to draw two diagrams: one of the solid region E , and
for a type 1 region, one of its projection D onto xy −plane.

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 10 / 26

Example 2

The lower boundary of the solid E is the plane z = 0 and the upper boundary is the surface
z = 12xy , so we use u1 (x, y ) = 0 and u2 (x, y ) = 12xy .

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Example 2

The lower boundary of the solid E is the plane z = 0 and the upper boundary is the surface
z = 12xy , so we use u1 (x, y ) = 0 and u2 (x, y ) = 12xy . Notice that the projection of E onto the
xy -plane is the triangular region, and we have:
E = {(x, y , z) | (x, y ) ∈ D, u1 (x, y ) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y )}
E = {(x, y , z) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x, 0 ≤ z ≤ 12xy }
ZZZ Z 1 Z x Z 12xy Z 1 Z x  2 z=12xy
z
zdV = zdzdydx = dydx
0 0 0 0 0 2 z=0
E
1
Z 1 Z x Z 1 Z x
= (12xy )2 dydx = 72 x 2 y 2 dydx
2 0 0 0 0
1 y =x 1
y3
Z  Z
= 72 x2 dx = 24 x 5 dx
0 3 y =0 0
x=1
x6

= 24 =4
6 x=0
Example 2

The lower boundary of the solid E is the plane z = 0 and the upper boundary is the surface
z = 12xy , so we use u1 (x, y ) = 0 and u2 (x, y ) = 12xy . Notice that the projection of E onto the
xy -plane is the triangular region, and we have:
E = {(x, y , z) | (x, y ) ∈ D, u1 (x, y ) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y )}

1 x 12xy 1 x z=12xy
z2
ZZZ Z Z Z Z Z 
zdV = zdzdydx = dydx
0 0 0 0 0 2 z=0
E
1
Z 1 Z x Z 1 Z x
= (12xy )2 dydx = 72 x 2 y 2 dydx
2 0 0 0 0
1 y =x 1
y3
Z  Z
= 72 x2 dx = 24 x 5 dx
0 3 y =0 0
x=1
x6

= 24 =4
6 x=0
Example 2

The lower boundary of the solid E is the plane z = 0 and the upper boundary is the surface
z = 12xy , so we use u1 (x, y ) = 0 and u2 (x, y ) = 12xy . Notice that the projection of E onto the
xy -plane is the triangular region, and we have:
E = {(x, y , z) | (x, y ) ∈ D, u1 (x, y ) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y )}
E = {(x, y , z) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x, 0 ≤ z ≤ 12xy }
ZZZ Z 1 Z x Z 12xy Z 1 Z x  2 z=12xy
z
zdV = zdzdydx = dydx
0 0 0 0 0 2 z=0
E
1
Z 1 Z x Z 1 Z x
= (12xy )2 dydx = 72 x 2 y 2 dydx
2 0 0 0 0
1 y =x 1
y3
Z  Z
= 72 x2 dx = 24 x 5 dx
0 3 y =0 0
x=1
x6

= 24 =4
6 x=0

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 11 / 26

Type 2 solid region

Definition
A solid region E of type 2 if it is of the form
E = {(x, y , z) | (y , z) ∈ D, u1 (y , z) ≤ x ≤ u2 (y , z)}
where D is the projection of E onto yz−plane. The back surface is x = u1 (y , z) , the front
surface is x = u2 (y , z), and we have
ZZZ Z Z "Z #
u2 (y ,z)
f (x, y , z)dV = f (x, y , z)dx dA
u1 (y ,z)
E D

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 12 / 26

Type 3 solid region

Definition
A type 3 region is of the form
E = {(x, y , z) | (x, z) ∈ D, u1 (x, z) ≤ y ≤ u2 (x, z)}
where D is the projection of E onto the xz−plane, y = u1 (x, z) is the left surface and,
y = u2 (x, z) is the right surface. For this type of region we have
ZZZ Z Z "Z #
u2 (x,z)
f (x, y , z)dV = f (x, y , z)dy dA
u1 (x,z)
E D

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Example 3
Example
RRR √
Evaluate x 2 + z 2 dV , where E is the region bounded by the paraboloid y = x 2 + z 2 and
E
the plane y = 4

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 14 / 26

Example 3
Example
RRR √
Evaluate x 2 + z 2 dV , where E is the region bounded by the paraboloid y = x 2 + z 2 and
E
the plane y = 4

The solid E is shown.

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 14 / 26

Example 3
Example
RRR √
Evaluate x 2 + z 2 dV , where E is the region bounded by the paraboloid y = x 2 + z 2 and
E
the plane y = 4

The solid E is shown.

If we regard it as a type 1 region, then we need to consider its projection D1 onto xy −plane,
which is the parabolic region shown below. ( The trace of y = x 2 + z 2 in the plane z = 0 is the
parabola y = x 2 )

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Example 3
p p
From y = x + z 2 ⇒ z = ± py 2 − x 2 , so the lower boundary of E is z = − y 2 − x 2 and the
upper boundary of E z = y 2 − x 2 . Therefore, the description of E as a type 1 region is
p p
E = {(x, y , z) | − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2, x 2 ≤ y ≤ 4, − y 2 − x 2 ≤ z ≤ y 2 − x 2 }
and so we obtain
ZZZ p Z 2 Z 4 Z √y 2 −x 2 p
y 2 − x 2 dV = √ x 2 + z 2 dzdydx
−2 x2 − y 2 −x 2
E

Although, this expression is correct, it is extremely difficult to evaluate. So, let’s consider E as a
region of a different D3 onto the xz−plane, which is the disk x 2 + z 2 ≤ 4 shown below. (The
trace of y = x 2 + z 2 in the plane y = 4 is the circle x 2 + z 2 = 4.)

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Example 3
Then the left boundary of E is the paraboloid y = x 2 + z 2 and the right boundary is the plane
y = 4, so taking u1 (x, z) = x 2 + z 2 and u2 (x, z) = 4, we have
E = {(x, y , z) | (x, z) ∈ D, u1 (x, z) ≤ y ≤ u2 (x, z)}
ZZZ p Z Z Z 4 p 
x 2 + z 2 dV = x 2 + z 2 dy dA
x 2 +z 2
E D3
ZZ p
= (4 − x 2 − z 2 ) x 2 + z 2 dA
D3
p p
D3 = {(x, y ) | − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2, − 4 − x 2 ≤ y ≤ 4 − x 2 }
ZZ p Z 2 Z √4−x 2 p
2 2 2 2
(4 − x − z ) x + z dA = √ (4 − x 2 − z 2 ) x 2 + z 2 dzdx
−2 − 4−x 2
D3

It’s easier to convert to polar coordinates in the xz−plane: x = r cos θ, z = r sin θ. This gives
ZZZ p ZZ p Z 2π Z 2
x 2 + z 2 dV = (4 − x 2 − z 2 ) x 2 + z 2 dA = (4 − r 2 )rrdrdθ
0 0
E D3
2π 2 2
4r 3 r5
Z Z 
128π
= dθ (4r 2 − r 4 )dr = 2π − =
0 0 3 5 0 15

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 16 / 26

Changing the Order of Integration

Example
R R 2R
Express the iterated integral 01 0x 0y f (x, y , z)dzdydx as a triple integral and the rewrite it as
an iterated integral in the following orders.
1 Integrate first with respect to x, then z, and then y .
2 Integrate first with respect to y then x, and then z.

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 17 / 26

Changing the Order of Integration

Example
R R 2R
Express the iterated integral 01 0x 0y f (x, y , z)dzdydx as a triple integral and the rewrite it as
an iterated integral in the following orders.
1 Integrate first with respect to x, then z, and then y .
2 Integrate first with respect to y then x, and then z.

we can write
Z 1 Z x2 Z y ZZZ
f (x, y , z)dzdydx = f (x, y , z)dV
0 0 0
E
where E = {(x, y , z) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x 2 , 0 ≤ z ≤ y }. From this description pf E , as a type
1 region, we see that E lies between the lower surface z = 0 and the upper surface z = y , and it
projection onto the xy −plane is {(x, y ) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x 2 } as shown

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 17 / 26

Changing the Order of Integration

So, E is the solid enclosed by the planes z = 0, x = 1, y = z and the parabolic cylinder y = x 2 or
√
x = y . Now we can write projections onto the three coordinate planes as follows:

onto the xy −plane: D1 = {(x, y ) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x 2 } type 1 of E and type I of D

√
= {0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y ≤ x ≤ 1} type 1 of E and type II of D
onto the yz−plane: D2 = {(y , z) | 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ y } type 2 of E and type I of D
= {(y , z) | 0 ≤ z ≤ 1, z ≤ y ≤ 1} type 2 of E and type II of D
onto the xz−plane: D3 = {(x, z) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ x 2 } type 3 of E and type I of D
√
D3 = {(x, z) | 0 ≤ z ≤ 1, z ≤ x ≤ 1} type 3 of E and type II of D

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 18 / 26

Changing the Order of Integration

(a) In order to integrate first with respect to x, then z, and then y , we need to consider E as a
√
type 2 region where the back boundary is the surface x = y and the front boundary is the
plane x = 1; the projection onto the yz−plane is D2 . We describe E by:
√
E = {(x, y , z) | 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ y , y ≤ x ≤ 1}
and then
ZZZ Z 1 Z y Z 1
f (x, y , z)dV = √
f (x, y , z)dxdzdy .
0 0 y
E

(b) In order to integrate first with respect to y , then x, and then z, we need to consider E as a
type 3 region where the left boundary is the plane y = z and the right boundary is the surface
y = x 2 . The projection onto the xz−plane is D3 and
√
E = {(x, y , z) | 0 ≤ z ≤ 1, z ≤ x ≤ 1, z ≤ y ≤ x 2 }
ZZZ Z 1 Z 1 Z x2
f (x, y , z)dV = √
f (x, y , z)dydxdz.
0 z z
E

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Applications of Triple Integrals
Let’s begin with the special case where f (x, y , z) = 1 for all points in E . Then the triple integral
does represent the volume of E: ZZZ
V (E ) = dV
E

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Applications of Triple Integrals
Let’s begin with the special case where f (x, y , z) = 1 for all points in E . Then the triple integral
does represent the volume of E: ZZZ
V (E ) = dV
E

Example
Use a triple integral to find the volume of the tetrahedron T bounded by the planes
x + 2y + z = 2, x = 2y , x = 0 and z = 0

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 20 / 26

Applications of Triple Integrals
Let’s begin with the special case where f (x, y , z) = 1 for all points in E . Then the triple integral
does represent the volume of E: ZZZ
V (E ) = dV
E

Example
Use a triple integral to find the volume of the tetrahedron T bounded by the planes
x + 2y + z = 2, x = 2y , x = 0 and z = 0

The tetrahedron T and its projection D onto the xy −plane are shown below:

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 20 / 26

Example 4

The lower boundary of T is the plane z = 0 and the upper boundary is the plane x + 2y + z = 2
, that is z = 2 − x − 2y .
Therefore, we have
ZZZ Z 1 Z 1−x/2 Z 2−x−2y
1
V (T ) = dV = dzdydx =
0 x/2 0 3
T

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 21 / 26

Moments and Center of Mass
All the applications of double integrals in Section 15.4 can be extended to triple integrals using
analogous reasoning.
For example, suppose that a solid object occupying a region E has density ρ(x, y , z), in units of
mass per unit volume, at each point (x, y , z) in E . To find the total mass m of E , we use the
formula below:
X l X m X n ZZZ
∗ ∗ ∗
m = lim ρ(xijk , yijk , zijk )∆V = ρ(x, y , z)dV
l,m,n→∞
i=1 j=1 k=1 E

Similarly, the moments of E about the three coordinate planes are:

ZZZ ZZZ ZZZ
Myz = xρ(x, y , z)dV , Mxz = y ρ(x, y , z)dV , Mxy = zρ(x, y , z)dV
E E E

The center of mass is located at the point (x, y , z), where

Myz Mxz Mxy
x= , y = , z=
m m m
If the density is constant, the center of mass of the solid is called the centroid of E . The
moments of inertia about the three coordinate axes are
ZZZ ZZZ ZZZ
2 2 2 2 2 2
Ix = (y + z )ρ(x, y , z)dV , Iy = (x + z )ρ(x, y , z)dV , Iz = (x + y )ρ(x, y , z)dV .
E E E

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 22 / 26

Electric Charge, Joint Density Function, and Probability

As in section 15.4, the total electric charge on a solid object occupying a region E and having
charge density σ(x, y , z) is ZZZ
Q= σ(x, y , z)dV
E
If we have three continuous random variables X , Y and Z , their joint density function is a
function of three variables such that the probability that (X , Y , Z ) lies in E is:
ZZZ
P((X , Y , Z ) ∈ E ) = f (x, y , z)dV
E

In particular,
Z b Z c Z s
P(a ≤ X ≤ b, c ≤ Y ≤, r ≤ Z ≤ s) = f (x, y , z)dzdydx.
a c r

The joint density function satisfies

Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
f (x, y , z) ≥ 0, f (x, y , z)dzdydx = 1
−∞ −∞ −∞

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 23 / 26

Example 5

Example
Find the center of mass of a solid of constant density that is bounded by the parabolic cylinder
x = y 2 and the plane x = z, z = 0 and x = 1.

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 24 / 26

Example 5

Example
Find the center of mass of a solid of constant density that is bounded by the parabolic cylinder
x = y 2 and the plane x = z, z = 0 and x = 1.

The solid E and its projection onto the xy −plane are shown below

The lower and upper surfaces of E are the planes z = 0 and z = x, so we describe E as a type 1
region:
E = {(x, y , z) | − 1 ≤ y ≤ 1, y 2 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ x}

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 24 / 26

Example 5

Then, if the density is ρ(x, y , z) = ρ, the mass is

ZZZ Z 1 Z 1Z x Z 1 Z 1
m= ρ(x, y , z)dV = ρdzdxdy = ρ xdxdy
−1 y2 0 −1 y2
E
1 1 1 1
x2
Z  Z Z
ρ
=ρ dy = (1 − y 4 )dy = ρ (1 − y 4 )dy
−1 2 y2 2 −1 0
1
y5

4ρ
=ρ y− =
5 0 5
Because of the symmetry of E and ρ about the xz−plane, we can immediately say that Mxz = 0
and therefore y = 0. The other moments are
ZZZ Z 1 Z 1Z x Z 1 Z 1
Myz = xρ(x, y , z)dV = xρdzdxdy = ρ x 2 dxdy
−1 y2 0 −1 y2
E
Z 1 
x3 x=1 2ρ
Z 1 2ρ y7
 1
4ρ
=ρ dy = (1 − y 6 )dy = y− =
−1 3 x=y 2 3 0 3 7 0 7

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 25 / 26

Example 5

1 1 x 1 1 z=x
z2
ZZZ Z Z Z Z Z 
Mxy = zρ(x, y , z)dV = zρdzdxdy = ρ
−1 y2 0 −1 y2 2 z=0
E
ρ
Z 1 Z 1 ρ
Z 1 2ρ
= x 2 dxdy = (1 − y 6 )dy =
2 −1 y2 3 0 7
Therefore, the center of mass is
   
Myz Mxz Mxy 5 5
(x, y , z) = , , = , 0,
m m m 7 14

Vinh Nguyen (De Anza College) Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals 26 / 26