Advance Web-development

Nodejs :
1.1 Introduction to Node.js
What is Node.js?

Node.js is an open-source, cross-platform JavaScript runtime environment

that executes JavaScript code outside a web browser.

It is built on Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine.

Node.js uses an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model, making it lightweight

and efficient.

Node.js Process Model

Node.js operates on a single-threaded event loop model.

It handles multiple clients using asynchronous I/O operations.

This model is highly scalable and efficient for I/O-bound operations.

Advantages of Node.js

Fast Execution: Built on V8 engine, Node.js executes code quickly.

Asynchronous and Event-Driven: All APIs are non-blocking.

Single Programming Language: JavaScript is used for both client-side and

server-side.

Highly Scalable: Supports horizontal and vertical scaling.

Rich Ecosystem: NPM (Node Package Manager) provides a vast library of

packages.

1.2 Setup Development Environment

Install Node.js on Windows

1. Download the Node.js installer from the official website.

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 2. Run the installer and follow the prompts.

3. Verify installation by opening Command Prompt and typing:

node -v
npm -v

Working in REPL

REPL stands for Read-Eval-Print Loop.

It is an interactive shell for executing Node.js code.

Start REPL by typing node in the terminal.

$ node
>1+2
3
> console.log("Hello, World!")
Hello, World!

Node.js Console

The console object is used to print messages to stdout and stderr.

console.log("This is a log message");

console.error("This is an error message");

1.3 Node.js Modules

Functions

Functions in Node.js are similar to JavaScript functions.

function add(a, b) {
return a + b;
}
console.log(add(2, 3)); // 5

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 Buffer

Buffer is used to handle binary data directly.

const buf = Buffer.from('Hello', 'utf8');

console.log(buf); // <Buffer 48 65 6c 6c 6f>

Core Modules

Core modules are compiled into the Node.js binary.

const fs = require('fs');
fs.readFile('file.txt', 'utf8', (err, data) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(data);
});

Local Modules

Local modules are user-defined modules.

// myModule.js
exports.add = function(a, b) {
return a + b;
};

// app.js
const myModule = require('./myModule');
console.log(myModule.add(2, 3)); // 5

Module Types

Core Modules

Local Modules

Third-party Modules

Module Exports

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 module.exports is used to export functions, objects, or values from a module.

// myModule.js
module.exports = {
add: function(a, b) {
return a + b;
}
};

// app.js
const myModule = require('./myModule');
console.log(myModule.add(2, 3)); // 5

1.4 Node Package Manager (NPM)

What is NPM?

NPM is the default package manager for Node.js.

It is used to install, share, and manage dependencies.

Installing Packages Locally

Install a package locally:

npm install lodash

Installing Packages Globally

Install a package globally:

npm install -g nodemon

Adding Dependency in package.json

Add a dependency to package.json :

npm install lodash --save

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 1.5 Creating Web Server
Creating Web Server

Use the http module to create a web server.

const http = require('http');

const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'});
res.end('Hello, World!\\n');
});
server.listen(3000, () => {
console.log('Server running at <http://localhost:3000/>');
});

Handling HTTP Requests

Handle different HTTP methods and routes.

const http = require('http');

const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
if (req.url === '/') {
res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'});
res.end('Home Page\\n');
} else if (req.url === '/about') {
res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'});
res.end('About Page\\n');
} else {
res.writeHead(404, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'});
res.end('Page Not Found\\n');
}
});
server.listen(3000, () => {
console.log('Server running at <http://localhost:3000/>');
});

Sending Requests

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 Use the http module to send HTTP requests.

const http = require('http');

const options = {
hostname: 'www.example.com',
port: 80,
path: '/',
method: 'GET'
};
const req = http.request(options, (res) => {
console.log(`STATUS: ${res.statusCode}`);
res.on('data', (chunk) => {
console.log(`BODY: ${chunk}`);
});
});
req.end();

1.6 File System

Fs.readFile

Read a file asynchronously.

const fs = require('fs');
fs.readFile('file.txt', 'utf8', (err, data) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(data);
});

Writing a File

Write to a file asynchronously.

const fs = require('fs');
fs.writeFile('file.txt', 'Hello, World!', (err) => {
if (err) throw err;

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 console.log('File written successfully');
});

Opening a File

Open a file and read its contents.

const fs = require('fs');
fs.open('file.txt', 'r', (err, fd) => {
if (err) throw err;
fs.read(fd, Buffer.alloc(1024), 0, 1024, 0, (err, bytesRead, buffer) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(buffer.toString('utf8', 0, bytesRead));
});
});

Deleting a File

Delete a file.

const fs = require('fs');
fs.unlink('file.txt', (err) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('File deleted successfully');
});

Other I/O Operations

Rename a file.

const fs = require('fs');
fs.rename('oldFile.txt', 'newFile.txt', (err) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('File renamed successfully');
});

Writing a File Asynchronously

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 Write to a file asynchronously.

const fs = require('fs');
fs.writeFile('file.txt', 'Hello, World!', (err) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('File written successfully');
});

1.7 Events
Event Emitter Class

The EventEmitter class is used to handle events.

const EventEmitter = require('events');

const myEmitter = new EventEmitter();
myEmitter.on('event', () => {
console.log('An event occurred!');
});
myEmitter.emit('event');

Returning Event Emitter

Return an instance of EventEmitter .

const EventEmitter = require('events');

class MyEmitter extends EventEmitter {}
const myEmitter = new MyEmitter();
myEmitter.on('event', () => {
console.log('An event occurred!');
});
myEmitter.emit('event');

Inheriting Events

Inherit from EventEmitter .

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 const EventEmitter = require('events');
class MyEmitter extends EventEmitter {}
const myEmitter = new MyEmitter();
myEmitter.on('event', () => {
console.log('An event occurred!');
});
myEmitter.emit('event');

1.8 Express.js
Web Development with Express.js

Express.js is a web application framework for Node.js.

It simplifies the process of building web applications.

Example:

const express = require('express');

const app = express();
app.get('/', (req, res) => {
res.send('Hello, World!');
});
app.listen(3000, () => {
console.log('Server running at <http://localhost:3000/>');
});

Practice Questions and Answers

Q1: What is Node.js and what are its advantages?

Answer: Node.js is an open-source, cross-platform JavaScript runtime

environment built on Chrome's V8 engine. Its advantages include fast
execution, asynchronous and event-driven architecture, single programming
language for both client and server, high scalability, and a rich ecosystem of
packages via NPM.

Q2: How do you create a simple web server in Node.js?

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 Answer: You can create a simple web server using the http module:

const http = require('http');

const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'});
res.end('Hello, World!\\n');
});
server.listen(3000, () => {
console.log('Server running at <http://localhost:3000/>');
});

Q3: How do you handle file operations in Node.js?

Answer: File operations can be handled using the fs module. For example, to
read a file:

const fs = require('fs');
fs.readFile('file.txt', 'utf8', (err, data) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(data);
});

Q4: What is the purpose of the EventEmitter class in Node.js?

Answer: The EventEmitter class is used to handle events in Node.js. It allows you
to create, fire, and listen for your own events.

Q5: How do you create a simple Express.js application?

Answer: You can create a simple Express.js application as follows:

const express = require('express');

const app = express();
app.get('/', (req, res) => {
res.send('Hello, World!');
});
app.listen(3000, () => {

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 console.log('Server running at <http://localhost:3000/>');
});

Theoretical Questions and Answers

Q1: What is Node.js, and how does it differ from traditional

server-side technologies?
Answer:
Node.js is an open-source, cross-platform JavaScript runtime environment that
allows developers to execute JavaScript code on the server side. It is built on
Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine, which compiles JavaScript into machine code for
faster execution. Unlike traditional server-side technologies like Apache or PHP,
Node.js operates on a single-threaded, event-driven, non-blocking I/O model. This
architecture makes it highly efficient and scalable for handling a large number of
simultaneous connections, especially for I/O-bound operations such as real-time
applications, APIs, and microservices.
Traditional server-side technologies typically use a multi-threaded model, where
each client request is handled by a separate thread. This approach can lead to
high memory consumption and inefficiency when dealing with a large number of
concurrent connections. In contrast, Node.js uses an event loop to handle multiple
requests asynchronously on a single thread. When an I/O operation (such as
reading a file or querying a database) is initiated, Node.js delegates the task to the
system kernel and continues processing other requests. Once the I/O operation is
complete, a callback function is executed to handle the result. This non-blocking
nature ensures that the server remains responsive and can handle thousands of
concurrent connections with minimal resource usage.
Another key difference is the use of JavaScript for both client-side and server-
side development. This eliminates the need for context switching between
different programming languages, making development more streamlined and
efficient. Additionally, Node.js has a rich ecosystem of packages and modules
available through the Node Package Manager (NPM), which simplifies the
development process and accelerates time-to-market.

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 In summary, Node.js revolutionizes server-side development by leveraging
JavaScript, an event-driven architecture, and a non-blocking I/O model. These
features make it an ideal choice for building scalable, high-performance
applications, particularly in scenarios requiring real-time data processing or
handling a large number of concurrent connections.

Q2: Explain the Node.js event loop and how it enables non-
blocking I/O operations.
Answer:
The event loop is the core mechanism that enables Node.js to perform non-
blocking I/O operations, despite being single-threaded. It is responsible for
handling asynchronous callbacks and ensuring that the application remains
responsive to incoming requests. The event loop works by continuously
monitoring the call stack and the callback queue, executing tasks in a specific
order.
When a Node.js application starts, it initializes the event loop and processes the
initial synchronous code. During execution, if an asynchronous operation (such as
reading a file, making an HTTP request, or querying a database) is encountered,
Node.js delegates the task to the system kernel or a worker thread. The event loop
then continues processing other tasks without waiting for the asynchronous
operation to complete. Once the operation is finished, a callback function is
placed in the callback queue.
The event loop operates in multiple phases, each designed to handle specific
types of tasks. These phases include:

1. Timers: Executes callbacks scheduled by setTimeout and setInterval .

2. Pending Callbacks: Processes I/O callbacks deferred from the previous cycle.

3. Poll: Retrieves new I/O events and executes their callbacks.

4. Check: Executes callbacks scheduled by setImmediate .

5. Close Callbacks: Handles cleanup tasks, such as closing sockets.

The event loop continuously cycles through these phases, executing callbacks
from the queue when the call stack is empty. This ensures that asynchronous
operations are handled efficiently without blocking the main thread.

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 For example, consider a scenario where a Node.js server receives multiple HTTP
requests. Instead of creating a new thread for each request, the event loop
processes each request asynchronously. If a request involves a time-consuming
operation (e.g., querying a database), the event loop delegates the task and
continues processing other requests. Once the database query is complete, the
corresponding callback is executed, and the response is sent to the client.
In conclusion, the event loop is the backbone of Node.js's non-blocking
architecture. It enables the runtime to handle a large number of concurrent
connections efficiently, making Node.js a powerful tool for building scalable and
high-performance applications.

Q3: What are Node.js modules, and how do they enhance code
organization and reusability?
Answer:
Node.js modules are reusable blocks of code that encapsulate specific
functionality, making it easier to organize and maintain large applications. Each
module is a self-contained unit that can include functions, objects, or variables,
which can be exported and imported into other parts of the application. This
modular approach promotes code reusability, separation of concerns, and
maintainability.

There are three types of modules in Node.js:

1. Core Modules: These are built-in modules provided by Node.js, such as fs

(file system), http (HTTP server), and path (file path utilities). Core modules are
highly optimized and do not require installation.

2. Local Modules: These are user-defined modules created by developers to

encapsulate specific functionality. Local modules are typically stored in
separate files and imported using the require function.

3. Third-Party Modules: These are external modules available through the Node
Package Manager (NPM). They provide a wide range of functionalities, from
web frameworks (e.g., Express.js) to utility libraries (e.g., Lodash).

To create a local module, you define the desired functionality in a separate file and
use module.exports to expose it. For example:

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 // mathModule.js
module.exports = {
add: (a, b) => a + b,
subtract: (a, b) => a - b
};

This module can then be imported into another file using the require function:

// app.js
const mathModule = require('./mathModule');
console.log(mathModule.add(2, 3)); // 5
console.log(mathModule.subtract(5, 3)); // 2

Modules enhance code organization by breaking down complex applications into

smaller, manageable components. Each module focuses on a specific task,
making the codebase easier to understand and maintain. Additionally, modules
promote reusability, as they can be shared across multiple projects or parts of the
same project.

In summary, Node.js modules are a fundamental feature that enables developers

to write modular, reusable, and maintainable code. By leveraging core, local, and
third-party modules, developers can build scalable and efficient applications with
ease.

Q4: Explain the role of the Node Package Manager (NPM) in

Node.js development.
Answer:
The Node Package Manager (NPM) is the default package manager for Node.js
and plays a crucial role in the development ecosystem. It provides a centralized
repository of open-source packages and tools that developers can use to
enhance their applications. NPM simplifies the process of installing, managing,
and sharing dependencies, making it an indispensable tool for Node.js developers.
NPM serves several key functions:

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 1. Package Installation: NPM allows developers to install packages locally or
globally. Local packages are installed in the node_modules directory of the
project and are listed as dependencies in the package.json file. Global packages
are installed system-wide and can be used across multiple projects.

npm install lodash # Install locally

npm install -g nodemon # Install globally

2. Dependency Management: The package.json file is used to define project

metadata and dependencies. When a package is installed with the -save flag, it
is automatically added to the dependencies section of package.json . This ensures
that all team members and deployment environments use the same versions of
dependencies.

{
"name": "my-app",
"version": "1.0.0",
"dependencies": {
"lodash": "^4.17.21"
}
}

3. Script Execution: NPM allows developers to define custom scripts in the

file, which can be executed using the npm run command. This is
package.json

commonly used for tasks such as starting the application, running tests, or
building the project.

{
"scripts": {
"start": "node app.js",
"test": "mocha"
}
}

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 4. Version Control: NPM uses semantic versioning (SemVer) to manage package
versions. This ensures compatibility and allows developers to specify version
ranges for dependencies.

In conclusion, NPM is a powerful tool that streamlines the development process

by providing access to a vast ecosystem of packages, simplifying dependency
management, and enabling automation through scripts. Its role in Node.js
development is critical, as it enhances productivity and ensures consistency
across projects.

TypeScript Notes with Examples and Practice Questions

2.1 TypeScript Basics and Types

What is TypeScript?

TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript that adds static typing and other

features to enhance code quality and maintainability.

It compiles to plain JavaScript, making it compatible with all JavaScript

environments.

Basic Types

TypeScript introduces static types, allowing developers to define the type of

variables, function parameters, and return values.

Common types include:

number : Numeric values (e.g., let age: number = 25; )

string : Text values (e.g., let name: string = "John"; )

boolean : True/false values (e.g., let isActive: boolean = true; )

array : Collections of values (e.g., let numbers: number[] = [1, 2, 3]; )

tuple: Fixed-length arrays with specific types (e.g., let user: [string, number] =

["John", 25]; )

enum : Named constants (e.g., enum Color {Red, Green, Blue}; let c: Color = Color.Green; )

any : Dynamic type (e.g., let data: any = "Hello"; )

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 void : Absence of a value (e.g., function log(): void { console.log("Hello"); } )

Example:

let age: number = 25;

let name: string = "John";
let isActive: boolean = true;
let numbers: number[] = [1, 2, 3];
let user: [string, number] = ["John", 25];
enum Color {Red, Green, Blue};
let c: Color = Color.Green;

Practice Questions:

1. Declare a variable price of type number and assign it a value.

2. Create an array of strings called fruits with values "Apple", "Banana", and
"Orange".

3. Define a tuple person with types string and number to store a name and age.

2.2 Functions in TypeScript

Functions

TypeScript allows you to define parameter types and return types for
functions.

Syntax:

function add(a: number, b: number): number {

return a + b;
}

Optional and Default Parameters

Optional parameters use ? (e.g., function greet(name?: string) ).

Default parameters assign a value if none is provided (e.g., function greet(name:

string = "Guest") ).

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 Example:

function add(a: number, b: number): number {

return a + b;
}

function greet(name: string = "Guest"): void {

console.log(`Hello, ${name}!`);
}

Practice Questions:

1. Write a function multiply that takes two numbers and returns their product.

2. Create a function greetUser that takes an optional name parameter and logs a
greeting.

2.3 Classes and Interfaces

Classes

TypeScript supports object-oriented programming with classes.

Classes can have properties, constructors, and methods.

Example:

class Person {
name: string;
age: number;

constructor(name: string, age: number) {

this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}

greet(): void {
console.log(`Hello, my name is ${this.name}`);
}

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 }

let person = new Person("John", 25);

person.greet();

Interfaces

Interfaces define the structure of an object.

They are used to enforce specific properties and methods.

Example:

interface User {
name: string;
age: number;
greet(): void;
}

class Person implements User {

name: string;
age: number;

constructor(name: string, age: number) {

this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}

greet(): void {
console.log(`Hello, my name is ${this.name}`);
}
}

Practice Questions:

1. Create a class Car with properties make and model and a method displayDetails .

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 2. Define an interface Animal with properties name and sound and implement it in a
class Dog .

2.4 Generics
Generics

Generics allow you to create reusable components that work with multiple
types.

Example:

function identity<T>(arg: T): T {

return arg;
}

let output1 = identity<string>("Hello");

let output2 = identity<number>(42);

Generic Classes

Generics can also be used in classes.

Example:

class Box<T> {
value: T;

constructor(value: T) {
this.value = value;
}

getValue(): T {
return this.value;
}
}

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 let box = new Box<number>(42);
console.log(box.getValue());

Practice Questions:

1. Write a generic function reverseArray that takes an array and returns its reverse.

2. Create a generic class Pair that stores two values of the same type.

2.5 Modules
Modules

TypeScript supports modular code organization using import and export .

Example:

// mathModule.ts
export function add(a: number, b: number): number {
return a + b;
}

// app.ts
import { add } from './mathModule';
console.log(add(2, 3)); // 5

Default Exports

A module can have a default export.

Example:

// mathModule.ts
export default function subtract(a: number, b: number): number {
return a - b;
}

// app.ts

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 import subtract from './mathModule';
console.log(subtract(5, 3)); // 2

Practice Questions:

1. Create a module stringUtils with a function capitalize and import it in another file.

2. Write a module calculator with default and named exports for basic arithmetic
operations.

2.6 Ambients
Ambient Declarations

Ambient declarations are used to describe the shape of existing JavaScript

libraries.

They are defined using the declare keyword.

Example:

declare var jQuery: any;

jQuery("#element").hide();

Ambient Modules

Ambient modules describe the structure of external modules.

Example:

declare module "myLibrary" {

export function doSomething(): void;
}

Practice Questions:

1. Write an ambient declaration for a global variable MY_APP .

2. Create an ambient module for a library mathLib with a function square .

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 Summary of Practice Questions
1. Declare a variable price of type number and assign it a value.

2. Create an array of strings called fruits with values "Apple", "Banana", and
"Orange".

3. Define a tuple person with types string and number to store a name and age.

4. Write a function multiply that takes two numbers and returns their product.

5. Create a function greetUser that takes an optional name parameter and logs a
greeting.

6. Create a class Car with properties make and model and a method displayDetails .

7. Define an interface Animal with properties name and sound and implement it in a
class Dog .

8. Write a generic function reverseArray that takes an array and returns its reverse.

9. Create a generic class Pair that stores two values of the same type.

10. Create a module stringUtils with a function capitalize and import it in another file.

11. Write a module calculator with default and named exports for basic arithmetic
operations.

12. Write an ambient declaration for a global variable MY_APP .

13. Create an ambient module for a library mathLib with a function square .

Theoretical Questions and Answers

Q1: What is TypeScript, and how does it differ from

JavaScript? Explain its advantages.
Answer:

TypeScript is a statically typed superset of JavaScript developed by Microsoft. It

builds on JavaScript by adding optional static typing, classes, interfaces, and
other features that enhance code quality, maintainability, and scalability. Unlike
JavaScript, which is dynamically typed, TypeScript allows developers to define
types for variables, function parameters, and return values. This helps catch

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 errors during development rather than at runtime, making the code more robust
and reliable.
One of the key differences between TypeScript and JavaScript is the type system.
In JavaScript, variables can hold values of any type, and their types can change
dynamically. For example:

let x = 10; // x is a number

x = "Hello"; // x is now a string

In TypeScript, types are explicitly defined, and the compiler enforces type
checking:

let x: number = 10;

x = "Hello"; // Error: Type 'string' is not assignable to type 'number'

TypeScript also introduces advanced features like:

1. Classes and Interfaces: TypeScript supports object-oriented programming

concepts such as classes, inheritance, and interfaces. This makes it easier to
structure and organize code, especially in large applications.

2. Generics: Generics allow developers to create reusable components that work

with multiple types, enhancing code flexibility and reusability.

3. Modules: TypeScript supports modular code organization using import and

export statements, making it easier to manage dependencies and reuse code

across projects.

4. Tooling Support: TypeScript integrates seamlessly with modern development

tools like Visual Studio Code, providing features like autocompletion,
refactoring, and error checking.

The advantages of TypeScript include:

Early Error Detection: Static typing helps catch errors during development,
reducing the likelihood of runtime errors.

Improved Code Quality: TypeScript encourages better coding practices, such

as defining clear interfaces and using modular code.

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 Enhanced Developer Productivity: Features like autocompletion and
refactoring tools improve developer efficiency.

Scalability: TypeScript is well-suited for large-scale applications, as its type

system and modular architecture make it easier to manage complex
codebases.

In conclusion, TypeScript extends JavaScript by adding static typing and

advanced features, making it a powerful tool for building scalable and
maintainable applications. Its ability to catch errors early, improve code quality,
and enhance developer productivity makes it a popular choice for modern web
development.

Q2: Explain the concept of static typing in TypeScript

and its benefits.
Answer:
Static typing is a feature of TypeScript that allows developers to define the types
of variables, function parameters, and return values at compile time. Unlike
dynamic typing in JavaScript, where types are determined at runtime, static typing
ensures that types are checked during development, reducing the likelihood of
type-related errors.
In TypeScript, you can explicitly specify types using annotations:

let age: number = 25;

let name: string = "John";
function add(a: number, b: number): number {
return a + b;
}

If you attempt to assign a value of the wrong type, the TypeScript compiler will
throw an error:

let age: number = 25;

age = "25"; // Error: Type 'string' is not assignable to type 'number'

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 The benefits of static typing include:

1. Early Error Detection: Static typing helps catch type-related errors during
development, reducing the likelihood of runtime errors. For example, if a
function expects a number but receives a string, the error will be flagged by
the compiler.

2. Improved Code Quality: By enforcing type constraints, static typing

encourages developers to write more predictable and reliable code. It also
makes the code easier to understand and maintain.

3. Better Tooling Support: Static typing enables advanced tooling features like
autocompletion, refactoring, and inline documentation. These features
improve developer productivity and reduce the likelihood of errors.

4. Enhanced Collaboration: In large teams, static typing provides a clear

contract for how functions and components should be used, reducing
misunderstandings and improving collaboration.

For example, consider a function that calculates the area of a rectangle:

function calculateArea(width: number, height: number): number {

return width * height;
}

With static typing, the compiler ensures that only numbers are passed to the
function:

calculateArea(10, 20); // Works

calculateArea("10", 20); // Error: Argument of type 'string' is not assignable to
parameter of type 'number'

In conclusion, static typing is a core feature of TypeScript that enhances code

quality, reduces errors, and improves developer productivity. By enforcing type
constraints at compile time, it ensures that the code is more predictable, reliable,
and maintainable.

Advance Web-development 26
 Q3: What are interfaces in TypeScript, and how do
they improve code organization?
Answer:
Interfaces in TypeScript are used to define the structure of an object. They act as
a contract that specifies the properties and methods an object must have.
Interfaces do not contain any implementation; they only describe the shape of the
data. This makes them a powerful tool for enforcing consistency and improving
code organization.
For example, consider an interface User that describes the structure of a user
object:

interface User {
id: number;
name: string;
email: string;
isActive: boolean;
}

Any object that implements this interface must adhere to its structure:

let user: User = {

id: 1,
name: "John",
email: "[email protected]",
isActive: true
};

Interfaces can also define optional properties using the ? symbol:

interface User {
id: number;
name: string;

Advance Web-development 27
 email?: string; // Optional property
}

Interfaces improve code organization in several ways:

1. Enforcing Consistency: By defining a clear structure for objects, interfaces

ensure that all instances adhere to the same contract. This reduces the
likelihood of errors and makes the code more predictable.

2. Improving Readability: Interfaces make the code easier to understand by

providing a clear description of the data structure. This is especially useful in
large codebases where multiple developers are working on the same project.

3. Facilitating Reusability: Interfaces can be reused across multiple

components, reducing duplication and promoting modularity.

4. Enabling Type Checking: Interfaces allow the TypeScript compiler to enforce

type constraints, catching errors during development.

For example, consider a function that processes a User object:

function processUser(user: User): void {

console.log(`Processing user: ${user.name}`);
}

The compiler ensures that only objects adhering to the User interface are passed
to the function:

processUser({ id: 1, name: "John" }); // Works

processUser({ id: 1 }); // Error: Property 'name' is missing

In conclusion, interfaces are a fundamental feature of TypeScript that improve

code organization by enforcing consistency, enhancing readability, and facilitating
reusability. They play a crucial role in building scalable and maintainable
applications.

Q4: Explain the concept of generics in TypeScript and

their use cases.

Advance Web-development 28
 Answer:
Generics in TypeScript allow developers to create reusable components that work
with multiple types. They provide a way to define functions, classes, and
interfaces that can operate on a variety of data types without sacrificing type
safety. Generics are particularly useful when you want to create flexible and
reusable code.
The syntax for generics uses angle brackets ( <> ) to define a type parameter. For
example:

function identity<T>(arg: T): T {

return arg;
}

Here, T is a type parameter that can be replaced with any type when the function
is called:

let output1 = identity<string>("Hello"); // T is string

let output2 = identity<number>(42); // T is number

Generics can also be used in classes:

class Box<T> {
value: T;

constructor(value: T) {
this.value = value;
}

getValue(): T {
return this.value;
}
}

Advance Web-development 29
 let box1 = new Box<number>(42);
let box2 = new Box<string>("Hello");

The use cases for generics include:

1. Reusable Functions: Generics allow you to write functions that work with any
type, such as utility functions for arrays or objects.

2. Type-Safe Collections: Generics can be used to create type-safe collections,

such as arrays or linked lists, that only allow specific types.

3. Generic Interfaces: Interfaces can use generics to define flexible contracts

for components.

4. Higher-Order Functions: Generics enable the creation of higher-order

functions that accept or return functions with specific types.

For example, consider a function that reverses an array:

function reverseArray<T>(arr: T[]): T[] {

return arr.reverse();
}

let numbers = reverseArray<number>([1, 2, 3]); // [3, 2, 1]

let strings = reverseArray<string>(["a", "b", "c"]); // ["c", "b", "a"]

In conclusion, generics are a powerful feature of TypeScript that enable the

creation of flexible, reusable, and type-safe components. They are widely used in
functions, classes, and interfaces to enhance code reusability and maintainability.

These theoretical answers provide a detailed understanding of TypeScript

concepts, each explained in approximately 500 words.

Q1: What is TypeScript, and how does it differ from

JavaScript? Explain its advantages.
Answer:

Advance Web-development 30
 TypeScript is a statically typed superset of JavaScript developed by Microsoft. It
builds on JavaScript by adding optional static typing, classes, interfaces, and
other features that enhance code quality, maintainability, and scalability. Unlike
JavaScript, which is dynamically typed, TypeScript allows developers to define
types for variables, function parameters, and return values. This helps catch
errors during development rather than at runtime, making the code more robust
and reliable.
One of the key differences between TypeScript and JavaScript is the type system.
In JavaScript, variables can hold values of any type, and their types can change
dynamically. For example:

let x = 10; // x is a number

x = "Hello"; // x is now a string

In TypeScript, types are explicitly defined, and the compiler enforces type
checking:

let x: number = 10;

x = "Hello"; // Error: Type 'string' is not assignable to type 'number'

TypeScript also introduces advanced features like:

1. Classes and Interfaces: TypeScript supports object-oriented programming

concepts such as classes, inheritance, and interfaces. This makes it easier to
structure and organize code, especially in large applications.

2. Generics: Generics allow developers to create reusable components that work

with multiple types, enhancing code flexibility and reusability.

3. Modules: TypeScript supports modular code organization using import and

statements, making it easier to manage dependencies and reuse code
export

across projects.

4. Tooling Support: TypeScript integrates seamlessly with modern development

tools like Visual Studio Code, providing features like autocompletion,
refactoring, and error checking.

The advantages of TypeScript include:

Advance Web-development 31
 Early Error Detection: Static typing helps catch errors during development,
reducing the likelihood of runtime errors.

Improved Code Quality: TypeScript encourages better coding practices, such

as defining clear interfaces and using modular code.

Enhanced Developer Productivity: Features like autocompletion and

refactoring tools improve developer efficiency.

Scalability: TypeScript is well-suited for large-scale applications, as its type

system and modular architecture make it easier to manage complex
codebases.

In conclusion, TypeScript extends JavaScript by adding static typing and

advanced features, making it a powerful tool for building scalable and
maintainable applications. Its ability to catch errors early, improve code quality,
and enhance developer productivity makes it a popular choice for modern web
development.

Q2: Explain the concept of static typing in TypeScript

and its benefits.
Answer:

Static typing is a feature of TypeScript that allows developers to define the types
of variables, function parameters, and return values at compile time. Unlike
dynamic typing in JavaScript, where types are determined at runtime, static typing
ensures that types are checked during development, reducing the likelihood of
type-related errors.
In TypeScript, you can explicitly specify types using annotations:

let age: number = 25;

let name: string = "John";
function add(a: number, b: number): number {
return a + b;
}

Advance Web-development 32
 If you attempt to assign a value of the wrong type, the TypeScript compiler will
throw an error:

let age: number = 25;

age = "25"; // Error: Type 'string' is not assignable to type 'number'

The benefits of static typing include:

1. Early Error Detection: Static typing helps catch type-related errors during
development, reducing the likelihood of runtime errors. For example, if a
function expects a number but receives a string, the error will be flagged by
the compiler.

2. Improved Code Quality: By enforcing type constraints, static typing

encourages developers to write more predictable and reliable code. It also
makes the code easier to understand and maintain.

3. Better Tooling Support: Static typing enables advanced tooling features like
autocompletion, refactoring, and inline documentation. These features
improve developer productivity and reduce the likelihood of errors.

4. Enhanced Collaboration: In large teams, static typing provides a clear

contract for how functions and components should be used, reducing
misunderstandings and improving collaboration.

For example, consider a function that calculates the area of a rectangle:

function calculateArea(width: number, height: number): number {

return width * height;
}

With static typing, the compiler ensures that only numbers are passed to the
function:

calculateArea(10, 20); // Works

calculateArea("10", 20); // Error: Argument of type 'string' is not assignable to
parameter of type 'number'

Advance Web-development 33
 In conclusion, static typing is a core feature of TypeScript that enhances code
quality, reduces errors, and improves developer productivity. By enforcing type
constraints at compile time, it ensures that the code is more predictable, reliable,
and maintainable.

Q3: What are interfaces in TypeScript, and how do

they improve code organization?
Answer:
Interfaces in TypeScript are used to define the structure of an object. They act as
a contract that specifies the properties and methods an object must have.
Interfaces do not contain any implementation; they only describe the shape of the
data. This makes them a powerful tool for enforcing consistency and improving
code organization.
For example, consider an interface User that describes the structure of a user
object:

interface User {
id: number;
name: string;
email: string;
isActive: boolean;
}

Any object that implements this interface must adhere to its structure:

let user: User = {

id: 1,
name: "John",
email: "[email protected]",
isActive: true
};

Interfaces can also define optional properties using the ? symbol:

Advance Web-development 34
 interface User {
id: number;
name: string;
email?: string; // Optional property
}

Interfaces improve code organization in several ways:

1. Enforcing Consistency: By defining a clear structure for objects, interfaces

ensure that all instances adhere to the same contract. This reduces the
likelihood of errors and makes the code more predictable.

2. Improving Readability: Interfaces make the code easier to understand by

providing a clear description of the data structure. This is especially useful in
large codebases where multiple developers are working on the same project.

3. Facilitating Reusability: Interfaces can be reused across multiple

components, reducing duplication and promoting modularity.

4. Enabling Type Checking: Interfaces allow the TypeScript compiler to enforce

type constraints, catching errors during development.

For example, consider a function that processes a User object:

function processUser(user: User): void {

console.log(`Processing user: ${user.name}`);
}

The compiler ensures that only objects adhering to the User interface are passed
to the function:

processUser({ id: 1, name: "John" }); // Works

processUser({ id: 1 }); // Error: Property 'name' is missing

In conclusion, interfaces are a fundamental feature of TypeScript that improve

code organization by enforcing consistency, enhancing readability, and facilitating
reusability. They play a crucial role in building scalable and maintainable
applications.

Advance Web-development 35
 Q4: Explain the concept of generics in TypeScript and
their use cases.
Answer:
Generics in TypeScript allow developers to create reusable components that work
with multiple types. They provide a way to define functions, classes, and
interfaces that can operate on a variety of data types without sacrificing type
safety. Generics are particularly useful when you want to create flexible and
reusable code.
The syntax for generics uses angle brackets ( <> ) to define a type parameter. For
example:

function identity<T>(arg: T): T {

return arg;
}

Here, T is a type parameter that can be replaced with any type when the function
is called:

let output1 = identity<string>("Hello"); // T is string

let output2 = identity<number>(42); // T is number

Generics can also be used in classes:

class Box<T> {
value: T;

constructor(value: T) {
this.value = value;
}

getValue(): T {
return this.value;
}

Advance Web-development 36
 }

let box1 = new Box<number>(42);

let box2 = new Box<string>("Hello");

The use cases for generics include:

1. Reusable Functions: Generics allow you to write functions that work with any
type, such as utility functions for arrays or objects.

2. Type-Safe Collections: Generics can be used to create type-safe collections,

such as arrays or linked lists, that only allow specific types.

3. Generic Interfaces: Interfaces can use generics to define flexible contracts

for components.

4. Higher-Order Functions: Generics enable the creation of higher-order

functions that accept or return functions with specific types.

For example, consider a function that reverses an array:

function reverseArray<T>(arr: T[]): T[] {

return arr.reverse();
}

let numbers = reverseArray<number>([1, 2, 3]); // [3, 2, 1]

let strings = reverseArray<string>(["a", "b", "c"]); // ["c", "b", "a"]

In conclusion, generics are a powerful feature of TypeScript that enable the

creation of flexible, reusable, and type-safe components. They are widely used in
functions, classes, and interfaces to enhance code reusability and maintainability.

Angular Notes with Examples and Practice Problems

3.1 Components - Create, Use, and Manage

Components
What are Components?

Advance Web-development 37
 Components are the building blocks of an Angular application.

Each component consists of:

A TypeScript class (e.g., app.component.ts ) for logic.

An HTML template (e.g., app.component.html ) for the view.

A CSS file (e.g., app.component.css ) for styling.

Creating a Component

Use the Angular CLI to generate a component:

ng generate component my-component

This creates:

my-component.component.ts

my-component.component.html

my-component.component.css

my-component.component.spec.ts (for testing)

Example:

// my-component.component.ts
import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-my-component',
templateUrl: './my-component.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./my-component.component.css']
})
export class MyComponent {
title = 'My Component';
}

Advance Web-development 38
 <!-- my-component.component.html -->
<h1>{{ title }}</h1>

Using a Component

Add the component selector to a template:

<app-my-component></app-my-component>

Practice Problems:

1. Create a component header and display a heading "Welcome to Angular".

2. Add a button to the component that logs a message when clicked.

3.2 Directives - Add, Remove, or Manipulate Elements

in the DOM
Types of Directives

1. Structural Directives: Modify the DOM layout (e.g., ngIf , ngFor ).

2. Attribute Directives: Change the appearance or behavior of an element (e.g.,

ngClass , ngStyle ).

Example:

<!-- *ngIf -->

<div *ngIf="isVisible">Visible Content</div>

<!-- *ngFor -->

<ul>
<li *ngFor="let item of items">{{ item }}</li>
</ul>

<!-- ngClass -->

<div [ngClass]="{'active': isActive}">Class Binding</div>

Advance Web-development 39
 <!-- ngStyle -->
<div [ngStyle]="{'color': textColor}">Style Binding</div>

Practice Problems:

1. Use ngFor to display a list of fruits.

2. Use ngIf to show/hide a paragraph based on a condition.

3.3 Modules
What are Modules?

Modules ( NgModule ) organize an Angular application into cohesive blocks of

functionality.

Every Angular app has at least one module: the root module ( AppModule ).

Example:

// app.module.ts
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { AppComponent } from './app.component';

@NgModule({
declarations: [AppComponent],
imports: [BrowserModule],
providers: [],
bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule {}

Practice Problems:

1. Create a new module UserModule and declare a component UserComponent .

2. Import UserModule into the root module.

Advance Web-development 40
 3.4 Data Binding
Types of Data Binding

1. Interpolation: {{ expression }}

2. Property Binding: [property]="expression"

3. Event Binding: (event)="handler()"

4. Two-Way Binding: [(ngModel)]="property"

Example:

<!-- Interpolation -->

<p>{{ message }}</p>

<!-- Property Binding -->

<img [src]="imageUrl">

<!-- Event Binding -->

<button (click)="onClick()">Click Me</button>

<!-- Two-Way Binding -->

<input [(ngModel)]="name">
<p>Hello, {{ name }}!</p>

Practice Problems:

1. Bind an input field to a property and display its value using interpolation.

2. Create a button that updates a message when clicked.

3.5 Expressions and String Interpolation

Expressions

Used to evaluate and display dynamic data in templates.

Example:

Advance Web-development 41
 <p>{{ 5 + 5 }}</p> <!-- Output: 10 -->

String Interpolation

Embeds expressions inside double curly braces ( {{ }} ).

Example:

<p>Welcome, {{ username }}!</p>

Practice Problems:

1. Display the current date using interpolation.

2. Use interpolation to display the result of a function.

3.6 Pipes
What are Pipes?

Pipes transform data before displaying it in the template.

Example:

<p>{{ 'hello' | uppercase }}</p> <!-- Output: HELLO -->

Common Pipes

uppercase , lowercase , date , currency , json , etc.

Chaining Pipes

Multiple pipes can be chained:

<p>{{ 'hello' | uppercase | slice:0:3 }}</p> <!-- Output: HEL -->

Parameterizing Pipes

Pass parameters to pipes:

Advance Web-development 42
 <p>{{ 3.14159 | number:'1.2-2' }}</p> <!-- Output: 3.14 -->

Async Pipe

Handles asynchronous data (e.g., Observables):

<p>{{ data$ | async }}</p>

Practice Problems:

1. Use the date pipe to format the current date.

2. Chain the uppercase and slice pipes to display the first 3 letters of a string in
uppercase.

3.7 Routing - Create and Manage Routes

Setting Up Routes

Define routes in app-routing.module.ts :

const routes: Routes = [

{ path: '', component: HomeComponent },
{ path: 'about', component: AboutComponent }
];

Router Outlet

Use <router-outlet> to display routed components:

<router-outlet></router-outlet>

Navigation

Use routerLink for navigation:

<a routerLink="/about">About</a>

Advance Web-development 43
 Practice Problems:

1. Create routes for HomeComponent and AboutComponent .

2. Add navigation links to switch between the routes.

3.8 Form Designing - Using Bootstrap, Template-

Driven Forms
Template-Driven Forms

Forms are created using directives in the template.

Example:

<form #myForm="ngForm" (ngSubmit)="onSubmit(myForm)">

<input name="name" ngModel required>
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

Using Bootstrap

Add Bootstrap classes for styling:

<input class="form-control" name="name" ngModel required>

Practice Problems:

1. Create a template-driven form with fields for name and email.

2. Add Bootstrap styling to the form.

3.9 Single Page Applications (SPAs)

What are SPAs?

SPAs load a single HTML page and dynamically update the content as the user
interacts with the app.

Angular uses the Router to enable SPAs.

Advance Web-development 44
 Example:

Use Angular Router to navigate between components without reloading the

page.

Practice Problems:

1. Create an SPA with routes for Home , About , and Contact .

2. Add navigation links to switch between the routes.

Summary of Practice Problems

1. Create a component header and display a heading "Welcome to Angular".

2. Use ngFor to display a list of fruits.

3. Create a new module UserModule and declare a component UserComponent .

4. Bind an input field to a property and display its value using interpolation.

5. Use the date pipe to format the current date.

6. Create routes for HomeComponent and AboutComponent .

7. Create a template-driven form with fields for name and email.

8. Create an SPA with routes for Home , About , and Contact .

These notes and practice problems provide a comprehensive understanding of

Angular concepts, from components to SPAs.

Theoretical Questions and Answers

Q1: What are Angular Components, and how do they

contribute to building an Angular application?
Answer:
Angular components are the fundamental building blocks of an Angular
application. They encapsulate the logic, template, and styles required to render a
specific part of the user interface. Each component consists of three main parts:

1. TypeScript Class: Contains the logic and data for the component.

Advance Web-development 45
 2. HTML Template: Defines the structure of the view.

3. CSS Styles: Provides styling for the component.

Components are reusable and modular, making it easier to manage and scale
large applications. They follow the Component-Based Architecture, where the
application is divided into smaller, self-contained units, each responsible for a
specific functionality.
Creating a Component
To create a component, you can use the Angular CLI:

ng generate component my-component

This command generates the following files:

my-component.component.ts : The TypeScript class.

my-component.component.html : The HTML template.

my-component.component.css : The CSS styles.

my-component.component.spec.ts : The test file.

Example:

// my-component.component.ts
import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-my-component',
templateUrl: './my-component.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./my-component.component.css']
})
export class MyComponent {
title = 'My Component';
}

<!-- my-component.component.html -->

Advance Web-development 46
 <h1>{{ title }}</h1>

Using a Component
To use a component, you add its selector to a template:

<app-my-component></app-my-component>

Benefits of Components

1. Reusability: Components can be reused across the application, reducing code

duplication.

2. Modularity: Each component is self-contained, making the application easier

to maintain and test.

3. Separation of Concerns: Components separate the logic, template, and

styles, improving code organization.

4. Scalability: The component-based architecture makes it easier to scale the

application as it grows.

In conclusion, Angular components are the core building blocks of an Angular

application. They promote reusability, modularity, and separation of concerns,
making it easier to build and maintain complex applications.

Q2: Explain Angular Directives and their role in

manipulating the DOM.
Answer:
Angular directives are instructions in the DOM that tell Angular how to transform or
manipulate elements. They are used to add, remove, or modify the structure and
behavior of the DOM. There are three types of directives in Angular:

1. Structural Directives: Modify the DOM layout by adding or removing elements

(e.g., ngIf , ngFor ).

2. Attribute Directives: Change the appearance or behavior of an element (e.g.,

ngClass , ngStyle ).

3. Component Directives: Components are directives with a template.

Advance Web-development 47
 Structural Directives

ngIf : Conditionally adds or removes an element from the DOM.

<div *ngIf="isVisible">Visible Content</div>

ngFor : Repeats an element for each item in a list.

<ul>
<li *ngFor="let item of items">{{ item }}</li>
</ul>

Attribute Directives

ngClass : Dynamically adds or removes CSS classes.

<div [ngClass]="{'active': isActive}">Class Binding</div>

ngStyle : Dynamically applies inline styles.

<div [ngStyle]="{'color': textColor}">Style Binding</div>

Role of Directives

1. DOM Manipulation: Directives allow you to dynamically modify the DOM

based on application state.

2. Code Reusability: Directives encapsulate reusable behavior, reducing code

duplication.

3. Improved Readability: Directives make templates more expressive and easier

to understand.

Example:

<!-- *ngIf -->

<div *ngIf="isLoggedIn">Welcome, User!</div>

<!-- *ngFor -->

Advance Web-development 48
 <ul>
<li *ngFor="let user of users">{{ user.name }}</li>
</ul>

<!-- ngClass -->

<div [ngClass]="{'highlight': isSelected}">Selected Item</div>

In conclusion, Angular directives are powerful tools for manipulating the DOM.
They enable dynamic behavior, improve code reusability, and enhance template
readability.

Q3: What are Angular Modules, and how do they

organize an application?
Answer:
Angular modules ( NgModule ) are used to organize an application into cohesive
blocks of functionality. They act as containers for components, directives, pipes,
and services, providing a way to group related features together. Every Angular
application has at least one module: the root module ( AppModule ).
Structure of a Module
A module is defined using the
@NgModule decorator, which includes the following properties:

1. declarations: Lists the components, directives, and pipes that belong to the
module.

2. imports: Specifies other modules whose features are needed in this module.

3. providers: Registers services that the module contributes to the application.

4. bootstrap: Defines the root component that Angular should bootstrap when
the application starts.

Example:

// app.module.ts
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';

Advance Web-development 49
 import { AppComponent } from './app.component';

@NgModule({
declarations: [AppComponent],
imports: [BrowserModule],
providers: [],
bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule {}

Role of Modules

1. Code Organization: Modules group related features, making the application

easier to manage.

2. Lazy Loading: Modules can be loaded on demand, improving application

performance.

3. Reusability: Modules can be shared across multiple applications.

4. Dependency Management: Modules define the scope of components,

directives, and services.

Feature Modules
Feature modules are used to organize the application into functional areas. For
example:

// user.module.ts
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { UserComponent } from './user.component';

@NgModule({
declarations: [UserComponent],
imports: []
})
export class UserModule {}

In conclusion, Angular modules are essential for organizing and structuring an

application. They promote code reusability, improve performance through lazy

Advance Web-development 50
 loading, and simplify dependency management.

Q4: Explain Angular Data Binding and its types.

Answer:
Angular data binding is a mechanism that synchronizes the data between the
component and the view. It allows you to dynamically update the DOM based on
changes in the component's state and vice versa. There are four types of data
binding in Angular:

1. Interpolation: {{ expression }}

2. Property Binding: [property]="expression"

3. Event Binding: (event)="handler()"

4. Two-Way Binding: [(ngModel)]="property"

Interpolation
Interpolation is used to embed expressions in the template. The expression is
evaluated, and the result is displayed in the view.

<p>{{ message }}</p>

Property Binding
Property binding is used to set the value of an element's property based on a
component's property.

<img [src]="imageUrl">

Event Binding
Event binding is used to respond to user actions, such as clicks or keystrokes.

<button (click)="onClick()">Click Me</button>

Two-Way Binding
Two-way binding combines property and event binding to keep the component
and view in sync.

Advance Web-development 51
 <input [(ngModel)]="name">
<p>Hello, {{ name }}!</p>

Example:

<!-- Interpolation -->

<p>{{ title }}</p>

<!-- Property Binding -->

<img [src]="imageUrl">

<!-- Event Binding -->

<button (click)="onClick()">Click Me</button>

<!-- Two-Way Binding -->

<input [(ngModel)]="name">
<p>Hello, {{ name }}!</p>

Benefits of Data Binding

1. Simplified Code: Data binding reduces the need for manual DOM
manipulation.

2. Real-Time Updates: Changes in the component are automatically reflected in

the view.

3. Improved Readability: Data binding makes templates more expressive and

easier to understand.

In conclusion, Angular data binding is a powerful feature that simplifies the

synchronization of data between the component and the view. It enhances code
readability and reduces the need for manual DOM manipulation.

Services & Dependency Injection

4.1 Introduction to Services & Dependency Injection

Advance Web-development 52
 What are Services?

Services in Angular are singleton objects that provide specific functionality,

such as data access, logging, or business logic.

They are used to share data and functionality across components, promoting
reusability and separation of concerns.

Dependency Injection (DI)

Dependency Injection is a design pattern in which a class receives its

dependencies from an external source rather than creating them itself.

Angular's DI system provides instances of services to components, making

the application modular and testable.

Example:

// my-service.service.ts
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root'
})
export class MyService {
getData(): string {
return 'Hello from Service!';
}
}

// app.component.ts
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
import { MyService } from './my-service.service';

@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `<p>{{ message }}</p>`
})

Advance Web-development 53
 export class AppComponent {
message: string;

constructor(private myService: MyService) {

this.message = this.myService.getData();
}
}

4.2 Building a Service

Steps to Create a Service

1. Use the Angular CLI to generate a service:

ng generate service my-service

2. Define the service logic in the generated file.

Example:

// my-service.service.ts
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root'
})
export class MyService {
private data: string[] = ['Apple', 'Banana', 'Orange'];

getData(): string[] {
return this.data;
}

addData(item: string): void {

this.data.push(item);

Advance Web-development 54
 }
}

4.3 Working with Injectors

Injectors

Injectors are responsible for creating and managing instances of services.

Angular's DI system uses a hierarchical injector tree to resolve dependencies.

Example:

// app.module.ts
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { AppComponent } from './app.component';
import { MyService } from './my-service.service';

@NgModule({
declarations: [AppComponent],
imports: [BrowserModule],
providers: [MyService], // Register the service
bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule {}

4.4 Working with Providers

Providers

Providers define how a service is created and injected.

They can be registered at the module, component, or service level.

Example:

Advance Web-development 55
 // app.module.ts
@NgModule({
providers: [
{ provide: MyService, useClass: MyService }
]
})

4.5 Registering Providers with Real-Time Examples

Example:

// app.module.ts
@NgModule({
providers: [
{ provide: 'API_URL', useValue: '<https://api.example.com>' }
]
})

// app.component.ts
import { Component, Inject } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `<p>{{ apiUrl }}</p>`
})
export class AppComponent {
constructor(@Inject('API_URL') public apiUrl: string) {}
}

4.6 Reactive Forms

4.6.1 What is Reactive Forms?

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 Reactive forms are a model-driven approach to handling form inputs.

They provide more control and flexibility compared to template-driven forms.

4.6.2 Create Reactive Form Through Code

// app.component.ts
import { FormBuilder, FormGroup } from '@angular/forms';

export class AppComponent {

form: FormGroup;

constructor(private fb: FormBuilder) {

this.form = this.fb.group({
name: [''],
email: ['']
});
}
}

4.6.3 Syncing of HTML and Form

<form [formGroup]="form">
<input formControlName="name" placeholder="Name">
<input formControlName="email" placeholder="Email">
</form>

4.6.4 Adding Validation

this.form = this.fb.group({
name: ['', Validators.required],
email: ['', [Validators.required, Validators.email]]
});

4.6.5 Submit Forms

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 <form [formGroup]="form" (ngSubmit)="onSubmit()">
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

onSubmit(): void {
console.log(this.form.value);
}

4.6.6 Grouping

this.form = this.fb.group({
personalInfo: this.fb.group({
name: [''],
email: ['']
})
});

4.6.7 Form Control Arrays

this.form = this.fb.group({
items: this.fb.array([this.fb.control('')])
});

4.6.8 Custom Validators

function customValidator(control: AbstractControl): ValidationErrors | null {

return control.value === 'test' ? { invalid: true } : null;
}

4.6.9 Relative Forms

Use formControlName within nested form groups.

Advance Web-development 58
 4.6.10 Async Validation

this.form = this.fb.group({
email: ['', [], [asyncValidator]]
});

4.6.11 Value Changes and Reacting to Status

this.form.valueChanges.subscribe(value => {
console.log(value);
});

4.7 Asynchronous Operations & HTTP

4.7.1 Introduction to Async
Asynchronous operations allow non-blocking execution of code.

4.7.2 Promises

fetchData(): Promise<string> {
return new Promise(resolve => {
setTimeout(() => resolve('Data'), 1000);
});
}

4.7.3 Working with Observables

import { Observable } from 'rxjs';

fetchData(): Observable<string> {
return of('Data');
}

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 4.7.4 EventEmitter

@Output() myEvent = new EventEmitter<string>();

this.myEvent.emit('Hello');

4.7.5 Async Pipes

<p>{{ data$ | async }}</p>

4.7.6 Handling HTTP Request / Response

import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';

constructor(private http: HttpClient) {}

fetchData(): Observable<any> {
return this.http.get('<https://api.example.com/data>');
}

4.7.7 Headers & Request Settings

const headers = new HttpHeaders().set('Authorization', 'Bearer token');

this.http.get('<https://api.example.com/data>', { headers });

4.7.8 Providing HTTP

import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

@NgModule({
imports: [HttpClientModule]
})
export class AppModule {}

Advance Web-development 60
 Practice Problems
1. Create a service DataService that fetches data from an API using HttpClient .

2. Build a reactive form with validation for a user registration form.

3. Implement a custom validator for a password field.

4. Use async pipe to display data fetched from an API.

5. Handle form submission and log the form values.

Theoretical Questions and Answers

Q1: What are Angular Services, and how do they

facilitate Dependency Injection?
Answer:
Angular services are singleton objects that provide specific functionality, such as
data access, logging, or business logic, across an application. They are designed
to promote reusability, maintainability, and separation of concerns by
encapsulating functionality that can be shared among multiple components.
Services are typically used to:

Fetch data from APIs.

Perform business logic.

Share data between components.

Handle logging or error tracking.

Dependency Injection (DI)

Dependency Injection is a design pattern in which a class receives its
dependencies from an external source rather than creating them itself. Angular's
DI system is responsible for creating and managing instances of services and
injecting them into components, directives, or other services. This makes the
application modular, testable, and easier to maintain.
How DI Works in Angular

1. Service Creation: A service is created using the @Injectable decorator.

Advance Web-development 61
 @Injectable({
providedIn: 'root'
})
export class MyService {
getData(): string {
return 'Hello from Service!';
}
}

2. Service Injection: The service is injected into a component via the

constructor.

@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `<p>{{ message }}</p>`
})
export class AppComponent {
message: string;

constructor(private myService: MyService) {

this.message = this.myService.getData();
}
}

Benefits of Services and DI

1. Reusability: Services can be reused across multiple components, reducing

code duplication.

2. Testability: DI makes it easier to test components by allowing mock services

to be injected.

3. Separation of Concerns: Services encapsulate business logic, keeping

components focused on the view.

4. Modularity: DI promotes a modular architecture, making the application easier

to scale and maintain.

Advance Web-development 62
 In conclusion, Angular services and Dependency Injection are fundamental to
building scalable and maintainable applications. They enable developers to
encapsulate functionality, promote reusability, and simplify testing.

Q2: Explain Reactive Forms in Angular and their

advantages over Template-Driven Forms.
Answer:

Reactive forms are a model-driven approach to handling form inputs in Angular.

Unlike template-driven forms, which rely on directives in the template, reactive
forms are defined programmatically in the component class. This provides greater
control, flexibility, and scalability, especially for complex forms.
Key Features of Reactive Forms

1. FormControl: Represents a single form control (e.g., an input field).

2. FormGroup: Represents a group of form controls.

3. FormArray: Represents a dynamic list of form controls.

4. Validation: Built-in and custom validation can be added programmatically.

Creating a Reactive Form

import { FormBuilder, FormGroup, Validators } from '@angular/forms';

export class AppComponent {

form: FormGroup;

constructor(private fb: FormBuilder) {

this.form = this.fb.group({
name: ['', Validators.required],
email: ['', [Validators.required, Validators.email]]
});
}

onSubmit(): void {
console.log(this.form.value);

Advance Web-development 63
 }
}

Syncing with HTML

<form [formGroup]="form" (ngSubmit)="onSubmit()">

<input formControlName="name" placeholder="Name">
<input formControlName="email" placeholder="Email">
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

Advantages of Reactive Forms

1. Programmatic Control: Forms are defined in the component class, making

them easier to manage and test.

2. Dynamic Forms: Reactive forms support dynamic form controls (e.g., adding
or removing fields at runtime).

3. Validation: Validation logic is centralized and can be customized.

4. Scalability: Reactive forms are better suited for complex forms with nested
controls.

In conclusion, reactive forms provide a powerful and flexible way to handle form
inputs in Angular. They are ideal for complex forms and offer advantages such as
programmatic control, dynamic form handling, and centralized validation.

Q3: What are Observables, and how do they handle

asynchronous operations in Angular?
Answer:
Observables are a core concept in reactive programming, used to handle
asynchronous operations in Angular. They are part of the RxJS (Reactive
Extensions for JavaScript) library and provide a way to work with streams of data
over time. Observables are particularly useful for handling events, HTTP requests,
and other asynchronous tasks.
Key Concepts of Observables

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 1. Observable: Represents a stream of data that can be observed over time.

2. Observer: An object with methods ( next , error , complete ) to handle data, errors,
and completion.

3. Subscription: Represents the execution of an observable. It can be

unsubscribed to cancel the execution.

Example:

import { Observable } from 'rxjs';

const observable = new Observable(observer => {

observer.next('Hello');
observer.next('World');
observer.complete();
});

observable.subscribe({
next: value => console.log(value),
error: err => console.error(err),
complete: () => console.log('Completed')
});

Handling HTTP Requests

Angular's
HttpClient uses observables to handle HTTP requests and responses.

import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';

constructor(private http: HttpClient) {}

fetchData(): Observable<any> {
return this.http.get('<https://api.example.com/data>');
}

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 // Subscribe to the observable
this.fetchData().subscribe(data => console.log(data));

Advantages of Observables

1. Asynchronous Handling: Observables simplify handling asynchronous

operations like HTTP requests and user events.

2. Multiple Values: Observables can emit multiple values over time, unlike
promises, which resolve once.

3. Operators: RxJS provides a rich set of operators (e.g., map , filter , merge ) to
transform and combine streams.

4. Cancellation: Subscriptions can be canceled, preventing memory leaks.

In conclusion, observables are a powerful tool for handling asynchronous

operations in Angular. They provide a flexible and efficient way to work with
streams of data, making them ideal for tasks like HTTP requests and event
handling.

Q4: Explain the role of Custom Validators in Angular

Reactive Forms.
Answer:
Custom validators in Angular Reactive Forms allow developers to define their own
validation logic for form controls. While Angular provides built-in validators like
required , minLength , and email , custom validators are used when specific validation
rules are needed.
Creating a Custom Validator
A custom validator is a function that takes a form control as input and returns a
validation error object if the control is invalid, or
null if it is valid.
Example:

import { AbstractControl, ValidationErrors, ValidatorFn } from '@angular/form

s';

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 export function customValidator(control: AbstractControl): ValidationErrors | n
ull {
const value = control.value;
return value === 'test' ? { invalid: true } : null;
}

Using a Custom Validator

Custom validators can be added to a form control in the component class.

this.form = this.fb.group({
username: ['', [Validators.required, customValidator]]
});

Displaying Validation Errors

Validation errors can be displayed in the template using the
formControlName directive.

<input formControlName="username" placeholder="Username">

<div *ngIf="form.get('username').errors?.invalid">
Username cannot be 'test'.
</div>

Advantages of Custom Validators

1. Flexibility: Custom validators allow developers to implement any validation

logic.

2. Reusability: Validators can be reused across multiple forms.

3. Centralized Logic: Validation logic is centralized in the component class,

making it easier to maintain.

In conclusion, custom validators are a powerful feature of Angular Reactive Forms

that enable developers to implement custom validation logic. They provide
flexibility, reusability, and centralized control over form validation.

Next.js Notes with Examples and Practice Problems

Advance Web-development 67
 5.1 Introduction to Next.js
What is Next.js?

Next.js is a React framework that enables server-side rendering (SSR), static

site generation (SSG), and other advanced features out of the box.

It simplifies the process of building fast, scalable, and SEO-friendly web

applications.

Key Features:

1. Server-Side Rendering (SSR): Renders pages on the server, improving

performance and SEO.

2. Static Site Generation (SSG): Generates static HTML at build time.

3. File-Based Routing: Automatically routes files in the pages directory.

4. API Routes: Allows creating backend endpoints within the app.

5. Built-in CSS Support: Supports CSS modules, Sass, and styled JSX.

5.2 Next.js Pages (Static and Dynamic)

Static Pages:

Pre-rendered at build time.

Ideal for pages with static content.

Dynamic Pages:

Generated at runtime or on-demand.

Ideal for pages with dynamic content (e.g., blog posts, user profiles).

Example:

// pages/index.js (Static Page)

export default function Home() {
return <h1>Welcome to Next.js!</h1>;
}

Advance Web-development 68
 // pages/posts/[id].js (Dynamic Page)
import { useRouter } from 'next/router';

export default function Post() {

const router = useRouter();
const { id } = router.query;

return <h1>Post ID: {id}</h1>;

}

5.3 Style Next.js App with CSS Modules

CSS Modules:

Scoped CSS to avoid global conflicts.

File naming: Component.module.css .

Example:

/* styles/Home.module.css */
.title {
color: blue;
}

// pages/index.js
import styles from '../styles/Home.module.css';

export default function Home() {

return <h1 className={styles.title}>Welcome to Next.js!</h1>;
}

5.4 Create a Next.js App

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 5.4.1 Setup
1. Install Next.js:

npx create-next-app my-next-app

cd my-next-app
npm run dev

2. Open http://localhost:3000 in your browser.

5.4.2 Editing the Page

Edit the pages/index.js file to update the homepage.

Example:

// pages/index.js
export default function Home() {
return <h1>Hello, Next.js!</h1>;
}

5.4.3 Navigate Between Pages

Use the Link component from next/link for client-side navigation.

Example:

// pages/index.js
import Link from 'next/link';

export default function Home() {

return (
<div>
<h1>Home Page</h1>
<Link href="/about">
<a>About Page</a>
</Link>

Advance Web-development 70
 </div>
);
}

// pages/about.js
export default function About() {
return <h1>About Page</h1>;
}

5.4.4 Assets, Metadata, and CSS

Add images, metadata, and global CSS.

Example:

// pages/index.js
import Head from 'next/head';

export default function Home() {

return (
<div>
<Head>
<title>Home Page</title>
<meta name="description" content="Welcome to Next.js" />
</Head>
<h1>Home Page</h1>
<img src="/vercel.svg" alt="Vercel Logo" />
</div>
);
}

5.4.5 Pre-rendering and Data Fetching

Use getStaticProps for SSG and getServerSideProps for SSR.

Advance Web-development 71
 Example:

// pages/posts.js
export default function Posts({ posts }) {
return (
<ul>
{posts.map(post => (
<li key={post.id}>{post.title}</li>
))}
</ul>
);
}

export async function getStaticProps() {

const res = await fetch('<https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts>');
const posts = await res.json();

return {
props: { posts },
};
}

5.4.6 Dynamic Routes

Use square brackets ( [] ) to create dynamic routes.

Example:

// pages/posts/[id].js
import { useRouter } from 'next/router';

export default function Post() {

const router = useRouter();
const { id } = router.query;

Advance Web-development 72
 return <h1>Post ID: {id}</h1>;
}

5.4.7 API Routes

Create backend endpoints in the pages/api directory.

Example:

// pages/api/hello.js
export default function handler(req, res) {
res.status(200).json({ message: 'Hello, World!' });
}

5.4.8 Deploying Next.js App

1. Build the app:

npm run build

2. Start the app:

npm start

3. Deploy to platforms like Vercel, Netlify, or AWS.

Practice Problems
Problem 1: Create a Static Page
Create a static page about.js that displays "About Us".

Solution:

// pages/about.js
export default function About() {

Advance Web-development 73
 return <h1>About Us</h1>;
}

Problem 2: Style a Page with CSS Modules

Style the homepage with a CSS module to make the text red.

Solution:

/* styles/Home.module.css */
.title {
color: red;
}

// pages/index.js
import styles from '../styles/Home.module.css';

export default function Home() {

return <h1 className={styles.title}>Welcome to Next.js!</h1>;
}

Problem 3: Fetch Data and Display It

Fetch data from https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users and display the names in a
list.

Solution:

// pages/users.js
export default function Users({ users }) {
return (
<ul>
{users.map(user => (
<li key={user.id}>{user.name}</li>
))}

Advance Web-development 74
 </ul>
);
}

export async function getStaticProps() {

const res = await fetch('<https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users>');
const users = await res.json();

return {
props: { users },
};
}

Problem 4: Create a Dynamic Route

Create a dynamic route users/[id].js to display user details.

Solution:

// pages/users/[id].js
import { useRouter } from 'next/router';

export default function User() {

const router = useRouter();
const { id } = router.query;

return <h1>User ID: {id}</h1>;

}

Problem 5: Create an API Route

Create an API route api/greet.js that returns a JSON response with a greeting.

Solution:

Advance Web-development 75
 // pages/api/greet.js
export default function handler(req, res) {
res.status(200).json({ message: 'Hello, World!' });
}

These notes and practice problems provide a comprehensive understanding of

Next.js, from setup to deployment. Each concept is explained with examples and
practical exercises.

Next.js Notes with Examples and Practice Problems

5.1 Introduction to Next.js

What is Next.js?

Next.js is a React framework that enables server-side rendering (SSR), static

site generation (SSG), and other advanced features out of the box.

It simplifies the process of building fast, scalable, and SEO-friendly web

applications.

Key Features:

1. Server-Side Rendering (SSR): Renders pages on the server, improving

performance and SEO.

2. Static Site Generation (SSG): Generates static HTML at build time.

3. File-Based Routing: Automatically routes files in the pages directory.

4. API Routes: Allows creating backend endpoints within the app.

5. Built-in CSS Support: Supports CSS modules, Sass, and styled JSX.

5.2 Next.js Pages (Static and Dynamic)

Static Pages:

Pre-rendered at build time.

Ideal for pages with static content.

Advance Web-development 76
 Dynamic Pages:

Generated at runtime or on-demand.

Ideal for pages with dynamic content (e.g., blog posts, user profiles).

Example:

// pages/index.js (Static Page)

export default function Home() {
return <h1>Welcome to Next.js!</h1>;
}

// pages/posts/[id].js (Dynamic Page)

import { useRouter } from 'next/router';

export default function Post() {

const router = useRouter();
const { id } = router.query;

return <h1>Post ID: {id}</h1>;

}

5.3 Style Next.js App with CSS Modules

CSS Modules:

Scoped CSS to avoid global conflicts.

File naming: Component.module.css .

Example:

/* styles/Home.module.css */
.title {
color: blue;
}

Advance Web-development 77
 // pages/index.js
import styles from '../styles/Home.module.css';

export default function Home() {

return <h1 className={styles.title}>Welcome to Next.js!</h1>;
}

5.4 Create a Next.js App

5.4.1 Setup
1. Install Next.js:

npx create-next-app my-next-app

cd my-next-app
npm run dev

2. Open http://localhost:3000 in your browser.

5.4.2 Editing the Page

Edit the pages/index.js file to update the homepage.

Example:

// pages/index.js
export default function Home() {
return <h1>Hello, Next.js!</h1>;
}

5.4.3 Navigate Between Pages

Use the Link component from next/link for client-side navigation.

Example:

Advance Web-development 78
 // pages/index.js
import Link from 'next/link';

export default function Home() {

return (
<div>
<h1>Home Page</h1>
<Link href="/about">
<a>About Page</a>
</Link>
</div>
);
}

// pages/about.js
export default function About() {
return <h1>About Page</h1>;
}

5.4.4 Assets, Metadata, and CSS

Add images, metadata, and global CSS.

Example:

// pages/index.js
import Head from 'next/head';

export default function Home() {

return (
<div>
<Head>
<title>Home Page</title>
<meta name="description" content="Welcome to Next.js" />

Advance Web-development 79
 </Head>
<h1>Home Page</h1>
<img src="/vercel.svg" alt="Vercel Logo" />
</div>
);
}

5.4.5 Pre-rendering and Data Fetching

Use getStaticProps for SSG and getServerSideProps for SSR.

Example:

// pages/posts.js
export default function Posts({ posts }) {
return (
<ul>
{posts.map(post => (
<li key={post.id}>{post.title}</li>
))}
</ul>
);
}

export async function getStaticProps() {

const res = await fetch('<https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts>');
const posts = await res.json();

return {
props: { posts },
};
}

5.4.6 Dynamic Routes

Use square brackets ( [] ) to create dynamic routes.

Advance Web-development 80
 Example:

// pages/posts/[id].js
import { useRouter } from 'next/router';

export default function Post() {

const router = useRouter();
const { id } = router.query;

return <h1>Post ID: {id}</h1>;

}

5.4.7 API Routes

Create backend endpoints in the pages/api directory.

Example:

// pages/api/hello.js
export default function handler(req, res) {
res.status(200).json({ message: 'Hello, World!' });
}

5.4.8 Deploying Next.js App

1. Build the app:

npm run build

2. Start the app:

npm start

3. Deploy to platforms like Vercel, Netlify, or AWS.

Advance Web-development 81
 Practice Problems
Problem 1: Create a Static Page
Create a static page about.js that displays "About Us".

Solution:

// pages/about.js
export default function About() {
return <h1>About Us</h1>;
}

Problem 2: Style a Page with CSS Modules

Style the homepage with a CSS module to make the text red.

Solution:

/* styles/Home.module.css */
.title {
color: red;
}

// pages/index.js
import styles from '../styles/Home.module.css';

export default function Home() {

return <h1 className={styles.title}>Welcome to Next.js!</h1>;
}

Problem 3: Fetch Data and Display It

Fetch data from https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users and display the names in a
list.

Solution:

Advance Web-development 82
 // pages/users.js
export default function Users({ users }) {
return (
<ul>
{users.map(user => (
<li key={user.id}>{user.name}</li>
))}
</ul>
);
}

export async function getStaticProps() {

const res = await fetch('<https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users>');
const users = await res.json();

return {
props: { users },
};
}

Problem 4: Create a Dynamic Route

Create a dynamic route users/[id].js to display user details.

Solution:

// pages/users/[id].js
import { useRouter } from 'next/router';

export default function User() {

const router = useRouter();
const { id } = router.query;

Advance Web-development 83
 return <h1>User ID: {id}</h1>;
}

Problem 5: Create an API Route

Create an API route api/greet.js that returns a JSON response with a greeting.

Solution:

// pages/api/greet.js
export default function handler(req, res) {
res.status(200).json({ message: 'Hello, World!' });
}

Theoretical Questions and Answers

Q1: What is Next.js, and how does it differ from

traditional React applications?
Answer:
Next.js is a React framework developed by Vercel that provides a robust set of
features for building modern web applications. Unlike traditional React
applications, which rely solely on client-side rendering (CSR), Next.js supports
server-side rendering (SSR), static site generation (SSG), and hybrid rendering
models. This makes it a powerful tool for building fast, scalable, and SEO-friendly
applications.
Key Differences Between Next.js and Traditional React Applications:

1. Rendering Methods:

Next.js: Supports SSR, SSG, and incremental static regeneration (ISR).

Pages can be pre-rendered on the server or at build time, improving
performance and SEO.

Traditional React: Relies on CSR, where the entire application is rendered

in the browser. This can lead to slower initial page loads and poor SEO.

Advance Web-development 84
 2. Routing:

Next.js: Uses file-based routing. Pages are automatically routed based on

their file structure in the pages directory.

Traditional React: Requires manual configuration of routing using libraries

like react-router-dom .

3. API Routes:

Next.js: Allows developers to create backend endpoints within the

application using the pages/api directory.

Traditional React: Requires a separate backend server or third-party

services for API endpoints.

4. Built-in Optimization:

Next.js: Includes features like automatic code splitting, image

optimization, and built-in CSS support (CSS modules, Sass, styled JSX).

Traditional React: Requires additional configuration and third-party

libraries for optimization.

5. Deployment:

Next.js: Designed for seamless deployment on platforms like Vercel, with

built-in support for serverless functions.

Traditional React: Requires more effort to configure and deploy, especially

for SSR.

Example:

// pages/index.js (Next.js)
export default function Home() {
return <h1>Welcome to Next.js!</h1>;
}

In conclusion, Next.js enhances traditional React applications by providing built-in

support for SSR, SSG, file-based routing, and API routes. These features make it
easier to build high-performance, SEO-friendly applications with minimal
configuration.

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 Q2: Explain the concept of Static Site Generation
(SSG) in Next.js and its benefits.
Answer:
Static Site Generation (SSG) is a pre-rendering technique in Next.js where HTML
pages are generated at build time. This means that the content of the pages is
determined when the application is built, and the same static HTML is served to all
users. SSG is ideal for pages with static or infrequently changing content, such as
blogs, documentation, or marketing websites.

How SSG Works:

1. Build Time: During the build process, Next.js fetches data and generates
static HTML for each page.

2. Serving Content: The generated HTML is served to users, ensuring fast load
times and reduced server load.

Example:

// pages/posts.js
export default function Posts({ posts }) {
return (
<ul>
{posts.map(post => (
<li key={post.id}>{post.title}</li>
))}
</ul>
);
}

export async function getStaticProps() {

const res = await fetch('<https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts>');
const posts = await res.json();

return {
props: { posts },

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 };
}

Benefits of SSG:

1. Performance: Static HTML pages load faster since they do not require server-
side processing for each request.

2. Scalability: Static files can be served via CDNs, reducing server load and
improving scalability.

3. SEO: Pre-rendered HTML is easily indexed by search engines, improving SEO.

4. Security: Static sites have fewer attack vectors compared to dynamic sites.

In conclusion, SSG is a powerful feature of Next.js that improves performance,

scalability, and SEO for static or infrequently changing content. It is a key
advantage over traditional CSR-based React applications.

Q3: What are API Routes in Next.js, and how do they

simplify backend development?
Answer:
API Routes in Next.js allow developers to create backend endpoints directly within
the application. These routes are defined in the pages/api directory and enable
seamless integration of frontend and backend logic. API Routes simplify backend
development by eliminating the need for a separate server or third-party services.
How API Routes Work:

1. File-Based Routing: Each file in the pages/api directory becomes an API

endpoint.

2. Request Handling: API Routes handle HTTP requests (GET, POST, PUT,
DELETE) and return JSON responses.

Example:

// pages/api/hello.js
export default function handler(req, res) {

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 res.status(200).json({ message: 'Hello, World!' });
}

Benefits of API Routes:

1. Simplified Development: Frontend and backend code coexist in the same

project, reducing complexity.

2. Serverless Functions: API Routes are deployed as serverless functions,

ensuring scalability and cost-efficiency.

3. Seamless Integration: API Routes can be easily consumed by frontend

components using fetch or axios .

Example Usage:

// pages/index.js
import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';

export default function Home() {

const [message, setMessage] = useState('');

useEffect(() => {
fetch('/api/hello')
.then(res => res.json())
.then(data => setMessage(data.message));
}, []);

return <h1>{message}</h1>;
}

In conclusion, API Routes in Next.js simplify backend development by enabling the

creation of backend endpoints within the application. They provide a seamless
way to integrate frontend and backend logic, making development faster and
more efficient.

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 Q4: Explain the role of Dynamic Routes in Next.js and
how they handle dynamic content.
Answer:
Dynamic Routes in Next.js allow developers to create pages with dynamic content
based on URL parameters. This is particularly useful for pages like blog posts,
user profiles, or product details, where the content depends on the URL.
How Dynamic Routes Work:

1. File Naming: Dynamic routes are created using square brackets ( [] ) in the file
name (e.g., pages/posts/[id].js ).

2. URL Parameters: The dynamic segment in the URL is passed as a parameter

to the page component.

Example:

// pages/posts/[id].js
import { useRouter } from 'next/router';

export default function Post() {

const router = useRouter();
const { id } = router.query;

return <h1>Post ID: {id}</h1>;

}

Fetching Data for Dynamic Routes:

Use getStaticProps or getServerSideProps to fetch data based on the dynamic

parameter.

Example:

// pages/posts/[id].js
export default function Post({ post }) {
return (
<div>

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 <h1>{post.title}</h1>
<p>{post.body}</p>
</div>
);
}

export async function getStaticProps({ params }) {

const res = await fetch(`https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/${para
ms.id}`);
const post = await res.json();

return {
props: { post },
};
}

export async function getStaticPaths() {

const res = await fetch('<https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts>');
const posts = await res.json();

const paths = posts.map(post => ({

params: { id: post.id.toString() },
}));

return {
paths,
fallback: false,
};
}

Benefits of Dynamic Routes:

1. Flexibility: Handle dynamic content efficiently without creating separate

pages.

2. SEO-Friendly: Pre-rendered dynamic pages are easily indexed by search

engines.

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 3. Scalability: Dynamic routes work seamlessly with SSG and SSR.

In conclusion, Dynamic Routes in Next.js provide a flexible and efficient way to

handle dynamic content. They enable developers to create scalable, SEO-friendly
pages with minimal effort.

Q5: What are the advantages of using CSS Modules in

Next.js?
Answer:
CSS Modules are a way to scope CSS to specific components, preventing global
style conflicts. In Next.js, CSS Modules are supported out of the box, making it
easy to style components without worrying about naming collisions.
How CSS Modules Work:

1. File Naming: CSS Module files use the .module.css extension (e.g.,
Home.module.css ).

2. Scoped Styles: Class names are locally scoped to the component, ensuring
they do not conflict with other styles.

Example:

/* styles/Home.module.css */
.title {
color: blue;
}

// pages/index.js
import styles from '../styles/Home.module.css';

export default function Home() {

return <h1 className={styles.title}>Welcome to Next.js!</h1>;
}

Advantages of CSS Modules:

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 1. Local Scope: Styles are scoped to the component, preventing global conflicts.

2. Reusability: CSS Modules can be reused across components.

3. Maintainability: Styles are colocated with components, making the codebase

easier to maintain.

4. Performance: Only the required styles are loaded, reducing the overall CSS
bundle size.

In conclusion, CSS Modules in Next.js provide a clean and efficient way to style
components. They enhance maintainability, reusability, and performance, making
them a valuable tool for modern web development.

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