Owned by: _____________________________ diversity ranges from tens to hundreds of mother tongues.

English for Academic and Professional

Purposes 11 Third Semester (Mid Terms) Reference citation refers to the complete bibliographic
Reviewer entries of all references used by the writer. It is found at
the last part of the paper and must be in alphabetical
Lesson 2: Citing Sources order. It has generally four elements: author, date, title,
Prepared by: Trishia Louise Martinez and source.

PURPOSES FOR CITING Example:

It is important not only to get information from credible Malone, S. (2018). MTB MLE Resource kit: Including the
excluded: Promoting multilingual education
sources but to also properly document all borrowed
(2nd ed). UNESCO Digital Library.
ideas, information, concepts, arguments, or information
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000246
and attribute them to their authors or creators. 278

• To give credit to the original author of a work. These two forms are dependent on each other. Once a
To avoid plagiarism, you should give credit to where source is cited in-text, it should also appear in the
credit is due. reference list or else it may be considered as a form of
• To promote scholarly writing. Scholarly writing plagiarism.
means you are able to comprehensively use related
and existing ideas, information, concepts or The American Psychological Association or APA Style
arguments of an expert and to properly attribute provides a foundation for effective scholarly
these to the original source. communication because it helps authors present ideas
• To help your target audience identify your in a clear, concise, and organized manner. Uniformity
original source. With proper citations, your target and consistency enable readers to (a) focus on the
audience can easily identify the location of the ideas being presented rather than the formatting and (b)
original source used in your paper. scan works quickly for key points, findings, and sources.

FORMS OF CITATION GUIDELINES IN IN-TEXT CITATIONS

There are various styles or formats used to cite sources, The in-text citation directs readers to a full reference list
but there are only two forms of citations: in-text and entry. Each work used in a paper has two parts: an in-
reference. text citation and a corresponding reference list entry.

In-text citation requires the writer to cite the details of 1. Author-Date Citation System
the reference used in a certain part of his/her essay. The in-text citation appears within the body of the paper
(or in a table, figure, footnote, or appendix) and briefly
Example: identifies the cited work by its author and date of
Mother tongue-based instruction, in which children are taught publication.
foundational mathematics and reading in their mother tongue,
is considered an effective policy for building solid foundational
Reference list entry:
learning skills (Malone, 2018; World Bank, 2021). Although the
evidence is mixed, learning foundational reading skills in the
Alexander, P. A. (2018). Past as prologue: Educational
mother tongue also appears to improve a child’s ability to learn psychology’s legacy and progeny. Journal of
additional languages (Mohohlwane et al., 2023; Piper et al., Educational Psychology, 110(2), 147-162.
2018; Taylor and von Fintel, 2016). However, most evidence https://doi.org/10.1037/ edu0000200
used to promote mother tongue-based instruction is in the
context where students speak a single language (e. g. Laitin et Parenthetical citation: (Alexander, 2018)
al., 2019; Piper et al., 2018; Taylor and von Fintel, 2016; Narrative citation: Alexander (2018)
Ramachandran, 2017). Evidence from a diverse and blended
context, where students in a classroom have different mother 2. Parenthetical and Narrative Citation
tongues, is much thinner. Igarashi et al. (2023) note that most
In-text citations have two (2) formats: parenthetical and
countries offer multilingual education using two or three
narrative citations. In parenthetical citations, the author
languages, often already inclusive of an international language
such as English, French, or Spanish. This contrasts with the fact name and publication date appear in parenthesis. In
that, as UNESCO (2009) highlights, a country’s linguistic narrative citations, this information is incorporated into
the text as part of the sentence. (Armstrong, 2015, pp. 3-17)
(Shadid, 2020, paras. 2-3)
Parenthetical Citation. Both the author and the date, (Kovacic & Horvat, 2019, Table 1)
separated by a comma, appear in parentheses. It can (Thompson, 2020, Slide 7)
(Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 2012, 1:30:40)
appear within or at the end of a sentence.
5. Unknown or Anonymous Author
Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public’s
perception of expert consensus on an issue (Koehler, 2016).
Include the title and year of publication. If the title of the
work is italicized in the references, also italicize the title.
Narrative Citation. The author appears in running text If the title of the work is not italicized in the reference,
and the date appears in parentheses immediately after use double quotation marks around the title in the in-
the author’s name. In rare cases, the author and date text citation.
might both appear in the narrative; do not use
parentheses. Book with no author: (Interpersonal Skills, 2019)
Magazine with no author: (“Understanding Sensory
Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news Memory,” 2018)
coverage.
In 2016, Koehler noted the dangers of falsely balanced news 6. Abbreviating Group Authors
coverage. If a reference has a group author, the name of the group
can sometimes be abbreviated. Note that you are not
3. Citing Multiple Works obligated to abbreviate the name of a group author, but
When citing multiple works parenthetically, place the you can if the abbreviation is well-known, will help avoid
citations in alphabetical order, separating them with repetition, or will appear at least three times in the
semicolons. Listing both parenthetical in-text citations paper.
and reference list entries in alphabetical order helps
readers locate and retrieve works because they are Provide the full name of the group on the first mention,
listed in the same order in both places. followed by the abbreviation.
Narrative citation: The American Psychological Association
(Adams et al., 2019; Shumway & Shulman, 2015; (APA, 2017) described . . .
Westinghouse, Parenthetical citation: (American Psychological Association
2017) [APA], 2017)

If multiple sources are cited within the narrative of a 7. General Mentions of Websites, Periodicals, and
sentences, they can appear in any order. Common Software and Apps
For a general mention of a website with no indication of
Adams et al., (2019), Shumway (2015), Westinghouse (2017) particular information or a specific page from that site,
examined . . . no reference list entry or in-text citation is needed.

4. Citing Specific Parts of a Source Provide the name of the website to create a survey,
Provide an author-date citation for the work plus mention the website in the text.
information about the specific part.
We created our survey using Qualtrics
Possible parts to cite may include: (https://www.qualtrics.com).
• pages, paragraphs, sections, tables, figures,
A variation of this technique is also used for general
supplemental materials, or footnotes from an
mentions of periodicals. If you want to include a journal
article, book, report, webpage, or other work
you searched during a meta-analysis, italicize the title.
• chapters, forewords, or other sections of authored
books
I searched the Journal of Abnormal Psychology for studies
• time stamps of videos or audiobooks
to include in the meta-analysis.
• slide numbers in PowerPoint presentations

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019, p. 10)

(Shimahura, 2017, Chapter 3)
GUIDELINES IN REFERENCE CITATIONS
The reference list at the end of a paper provides the • Data Sets, Software, and Tests
necessary information to identify and retrieve each work o Data Sets
o Computer Software, Mobile Apps,
cited in the text. Each reference listed should be
Apparatuses, and Equipment
formatted with a hanging indent. A reference entry
o Tests, Scales, and Inventories
generally has four elements: author, date, title, and
source. • Audiovisual Media
o Audiovisual Works
There are different reference examples organized first o Audio Works
by group, then by category, and then by type, as follows:
• Online Media
• Textual Works o Social Media
o Periodicals - published on a continuous basis o Webpages and Websites
and include journals, magazines, newspapers,
newsletters, blogs, and other online platforms
that publish articles.

o Books and Reference Works - includes

authored books, edited books, anthologies,
religious works, and classical works; includes
dictionaries, encyclopedias, and diagnostic
manuals

o Edited Book Chapters and Entries in

Reference Works - includes chapters of edited
books and works in anthologies; includes
dictionary, thesaurus, and encyclopedia entries

o Reports and Gray Literature - includes

government reports, technical reports, and
research reports; includes press releases,
codes of ethics, grants, policy, briefs, issue
briefs, and so forth

o Conference Sessions and Presentations -

include paper presentations, poster sessions,
keynote addresses, and symposium
contributions

o Dissertations and Theses - references for

these works are divided whether they are
unpublished or published; unpublished works
are generally retrieved from the college or
university in print form, whereas published
works are available from a database, a
university archive, or a personal website

o Reviews - reviews of books, films, TV shows,

albums, and other entertainment published in
various outlets, including journals, magazine,
newspapers, websites, and blogs
Referencing: 3.) Edited Book Chapters and Entries in Reference Works

1.) Periodicals

Example:
Author: James Prince Dillard
Example: Editor: Mary Beth Oliver, Arthur A. Raney, Jennings Bryant
Author: Aireen Barrios Date: 2020
Date: 18 March 2025 Book Chapter: Currents in the Study of Persuasion
Title: English in a Post-Pandemic Context: The Case of Book Title: Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research
Multilingual Filipino Day Care Children Book Information: 4th edition, Routledge, pages 115-129
Journal Information: Languages, Volume No. 10, Issue No. 3,
Article 53 Dillard, J. P. (2020). Currents in the study of persuasion. In M. B.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10030053 Oliver, A. A. Raney, & J. Bryant (Eds.), Media effects:
Advances in theory and research (4th ed., pp. 115-129).
Barrios, A. (2025, March 18). English in a post-pandemic context: Routledge.
The case of multilingual Filipino day care children.
Languages, 10(3), Article 53. 4.) Unpublished Dissertations and Theses
https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10030053

2.) Periodical infoBooks and Reference Works Example:

Author: Leslie Harris
Date: 2014
Title: Instructional Leadership Perceptions and Practices of
Elementary School Leaders
Information: Doctor of Education, University of Virginia

Harris, L. (2014). Instructional leadership perceptions and

practices of elementary school leaders [Unpublished
doctoral dissertation]. University of Virginia
Example:
Author: Richard Bullock, Deborah Bertsch, Maureen Daly Goggin
Date: 2025
Title: The Norton Field Guide to Writing
Book Information: 7th edition, W. W. Norton & Company

Bullock, R., Bertsch, D., & Goggin, M. D. (2025). The Norton field
guide to writing (7th ed.). W. W. Norton & Company.
 https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/digital-
marketing.asp
5.) Published Dissertations and Theses
Good luck and God bless!

Example:
Author: Rolando Q. Abadilla III
Date: 2024 June
Title: Analysis of Changes in Food Spending Habits of UPLB
Faculty and Staff Before and After the Covid-19 Pandemic
Information: Master of Science in Economics, University of the
Philippines Los Baños
URL: https://www.ukdr.uplb.edu.ph/11468

Abadilla, R. Q., III. (2024, June). Analysis of changes in food

spending habits of UPLB faculty and staff before and after
the Covid-19 pandemic [Master’s thesis, University of the
Philippines Los Baños].
https://www.ukdr.uplb.edu.ph/11468

6.) Tests, Scales, and Inventories

Example:
Author: Ainara Echezarraga, Carlota Las Hayas, Ana María
González-Pinto, Steven Jones
Date: 2017
Title: Resilience Questionnaire for Bipolar Disorder (RBD, RTB)
Information: PsycTESTS
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2017.04.010

Echezarraga, E., Las Hayas, C., González-Pinto, A. M., & Jones, S.

(2017). Resilience Questionnaire for Bipolar Disorder
(RBD, RTB). PsycTESTS.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2017.04.010

7.) Webpages or Websites

Examples:
Author: The Investopedia Team
Date: January 25, 2024
Title: What Is Digital Marketing? Types and Examples
Website name: Investopedia
URL: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/digital-marketing.asp

The Investopedia Team. (2024, January 25). What is digital

marketing? Types and examples. Investopedia.