Q: Define the functional units of digital computer system and their introduction.

A: The functional units of a digital computer system refer to the main components responsible for

performing various tasks. These units include:

1. **Input Unit**: Converts user-input data into machine-readable form and sends it to memory.

2. **Output Unit**: Converts processed data into human-readable form.

3. **Memory Unit**: Stores data, instructions, and intermediate results.

4. **Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)**: Performs mathematical calculations and logical operations.

5. **Control Unit**: Manages and coordinates all activities of the computer system.

6. **Communication Pathways**: Facilitate data flow among components.

Each unit has a specific role in ensuring the system functions as a cohesive whole.

Q: Explain the fundamental of memory and structure of memories.

A: **Fundamentals of Memory**:

Memory in a computer system stores data and instructions. It plays a vital role in processing and is

divided into several types based on speed, capacity, and cost.

1. **Primary Memory**: Fast, volatile memory used for active data (RAM, cache).

2. **Secondary Memory**: Non-volatile memory for permanent storage (HDD, SSD).

3. **Tertiary Memory**: Backup storage (optical discs, tape drives).

**Structure of Memories**:

Memory is structured hierarchically to balance speed and cost. At the top are registers and cache,

followed by RAM, and then slower storage devices like SSDs and HDDs.

Q: Explain I/O peripheral devices.

A: I/O peripheral devices facilitate interaction between the computer and its environment. They are
divided into:

1. **Input Devices**: Keyboards, mice, and scanners for entering data.

2. **Output Devices**: Monitors, printers, and speakers for presenting data.

3. **I/O Devices**: Devices like touchscreens and USB drives that perform both input and output

operations.

They are essential for data exchange and user interaction.

Q: Difference b/w computer architecture and computer organization.

A: | **Aspect** | **Computer Architecture** | **Computer

Organization** |

|-------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------

----------------|

| **Definition** | Conceptual design and behavior of the system | Implementation of

the design in hardware |

| **Focus** | High-level system structure and capabilities | Hardware

components and their connections |

| **Concerned With** | What the system does | How the system does it

| **Key Components** | ISA, microarchitecture, system design | ALUs, registers,

buses, control signals, memory layout |

| **Interaction** | Defines how hardware interacts with software | Describes how

hardware components interact with each other |

| **Example** | RISC vs CISC architecture, number of cores | Memory hierarchy,

data flow, and physical layout |

Q: Explain RISC and CISC architecture and also explain the difference b/w them.

A: **RISC**: Reduced Instruction Set Computer emphasizes simplicity and executes instructions in
one clock cycle.

**CISC**: Complex Instruction Set Computer uses powerful instructions that may take multiple

cycles.

| **Aspect** | **RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)** | **CISC (Complex

Instruction Set Computer)** |

|-----------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------

-------------------|

| **Instruction Set** | Small, simple instruction set | Large, complex

instruction set |

| **Performance** | Optimized for speed and pipelining | Optimized for fewer

instructions per program |

| **Power Efficiency** | High | Lower