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Example 2.1: Determine the design flexural strength of the beam cross – section shown
below. Use concrete class C20/25 and steel grade S-400

Step 1: Design Values ( Changing the characteristic value to design value)

d  400  25  8  5  362mm
EN 1992
Formula 3.15

for persistent and transient design situation:

EN 1992

Table 2.1N

EN 1992
Section 3.1.6

NB: Take British National

Annex

Step 2: Assume the type of failure

Assume tension failure with rupture of steel and

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Step 3: Draw the strain profile corresponding to the type of failure and use the
similarity of triangles to develop a relationship between the unknown strain
and the neutral axis. EN 1992
Figure 6.1

NB: The
limiting value
for
is taken from
British National
Annex
From Similarity of Triangle
 cm  25  cm x  cm (1)
   kx 
d x d  cm  25

Step 4: Use the equation of alpha corresponding to the assumption in step 2 and the
relationship developed in step 3 to calculate the unknown strain.

From equilibrium of forces,

But: and Ts  As fyd

c 
 2    5   347.83  0.0444
2 (2)
11.33  300  362
 6   cm 
For  cm   c 2 ,  c   cm   kx
 12 

Substituting kx from Eqn (1),

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 6   cm    cm 
 c   cm   
 12    cm  25 

 6 cm 2   cm 3 
c   
 12 cm  300 
12c cm  300c  6 cm2   cm3

 cm3  6 cm2  12c cm  300c  0

 cm3  6 cm2  12 * 0.0444 *  cm  300 * 0.0444  0

 cm3  6 cm2  0.5328 cm  13.32  0

Solving the cubic equation results three possible answers
 cm1  5.4546 > 3.5 …………not ok!
 cm2  1.3136 < 0 …………..not ok!
 cm3  1.859 < 3.5 ………….ok!
Thus,  cm  1.859 ‰

Step 5: Check if the assumption in step 2 is correct and if it is, proceed to step 8. If
the assumption is not correct, repeat step 2 to 5 with another assumption.
 cm  1.859  2 bothof the assumptions arecorrect !
Step 6: Calculate the value of beta
 8   cm 
For  cm   c 2 , c  k x  
 4  6   cm  

 cm 1.859
kx    0.0692 and x  25.0504 mm
 cm  25 1.859  25

Substituting the values of kx and εcm yields , βc = 0.0257

Step 7: Calculate the moment resistance
M  As fyd d 1  c 

 
M  2 * 52  347.83  362  1 0.0257   19.27 kNm

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Example 2.2: Repeat Example 2.1 replacing 2 Ø 10 by 2 Ø 12

Step 1: Design Values ( Changing the characteristic value to design value)

d  400  25  8  6  361mm

EN 1992
Formula 3.15

for persistent and transient design situation:

EN 1992

Table 2.1N

EN 1992
Section 3.1.6
NB: Take
British National
Annex

Step 2: Assume the type of failure

Assume tension failure with rupture of steel and

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Step 3: Draw the strain profile corresponding to the type of failure and use the
similarity of triangles to develop a relationship between the unknown strain
EN 1992
and the neutral axis.
Figure 6.1

NB: The
limiting value
for
is taken from
British National
From Similarity of Triangle
Annex
 cm  25  cm x  cm (1)
   kx 
d x d  cm  25
Step 4: Use the equation of alpha corresponding to the assumption is step 2 and the
relationship developed in step 3 to calculate the unknown strain.

From equilibrium of forces,

But: and Ts  As fyd

c 
 2    6   347.83  0.064
2 (2)
11.33  300  361
 6   cm 
For  cm   c 2 ,  c   cm   kx
 12 

Substituting kx from Eqn (1),

 6   cm    cm 
 c   cm   
 12    cm  25 

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 6 cm 2   cm 3 
c   
 12 cm  300 
12c cm  300c  6 cm2   cm3

 cm3  6 cm2  12c cm  300c  0

 cm3  6 cm2  0.768 cm  19.2  0

Solving the cubic equation results three possible answers
 cm1  5.116 > 3.5 …………not ok!
 cm2  1.545 < 0 …………..not ok!
 cm3  2.429 < 3.5 ………….ok!
Thus,  cm  2.429 ‰

Step 5: Check if the assumption in step 2 is correct and if it is, proceed to step 8. If
the assumption is not correct, repeat step 2 to 5 with another assumption.
 cm  2.429  3.5 the assumption is correct !

 cm  2.429  2 the assumption is not correct !

Trial 2
Assume tension failure with rupture of steel and
 3  2 
For  cm   c 2 ,  c  k x  cm 
 3 cm 
Substituting kxfrom Eqn (1),
  cm  3 cm  2 
c    
  cm  25  3 cm 
3c cm  75c  3 cm  2
2  75c 2  75 * 0.064
 cm    2.42
3  3 3 * 0.064  3
 cm  2.429  2 the assumption is correct !

 cm  2.429  3.5 the assumption is correct !

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Step 6: Calculate the value of beta

   3 cm  4   2  
For  cm   c 2 , c  k x  cm  
 2 cm  3 cm  2   


 cm 2.42
kx    0.088 and x  31.826 mm
 cm  25 2.42  25

Substituting the values of kx and εcm yields , βc = 0.0343

Step 7: Calculate the moment resistance
M  As fyd d 1  c 

 
M  2 * 62  347.83  361 1 0.0343   27.43 kNm

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Example 2.3: Repeat Example 2.1 replacing 2 Ø 10 by 4 Ø 14

Step 1: Design Values ( Changing the characteristic value to design value)

d  400  25  8  7  360 mm

EN 1992
Formula 3.15

for persistent and transient design situation:

EN 1992

Table 2.1N

EN 1992
Section 3.1.6
NB: Take
British National
Annex

Step 2: Assume the type of failure

Assume tension failure with rupture of steel and

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Step 3: Draw the strain profile corresponding to the type of failure and use the
similarity of triangles to develop a relationship between the unknown strain EN 1992
and the neutral axis. Figure 6.1

NB: The
limiting value
for
is taken from
British National

From Similarity of Triangle Annex

 cm  25  cm x  cm (1)
   kx 
d x d  cm  25
Step 4: Use the equation of alpha corresponding to the assumption is step 2 and the
relationship developed in step 3 to calculate the unknown strain.

From equilibrium of forces,

But: and Ts  As fyd

c 
 4    7   347.83  0.175
2 (2)
11.33  300  360
 3  2 
For  cm   c 2 ,  c  k x  cm 
 3 cm 

Substituting kx from Eqn (1),

  cm  3 cm  2 
c    
  cm  25  3 cm 

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 3 cm  2 
c   
 3 cm  75 
3c cm  75c  3 cm  2
2  75c 2  75 * 0.175
 cm    6.11
3  3 3 * 0.175  3
Step 5: Check if the assumption in step 2 is correct and if it is, proceed to step 8. If
the assumption is not correct, repeat step 2 to 5 with another assumption.
 cm  6.11  3.5 the assumption is not correct !
Trial 2
Assume tension failure with crushing of concrete

From Similarity of Triangle

3.5   s 3.5 x 3.5 (1)
   kx 
d x d 3.5   s

 3  2 
For  cm   c 2 ,  c  k x  cm 
 3 cm 
Substituting kx from Eqn (1),
 3.5  3 cm  2 
c    
 3.5   s  3 cm 
 3.5   3 * 3.5  2 
c    
 3.5   s   3 * 3.5 

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 8.5 
c   
 10.5  3 s 
10.5c  3 sc  8.5

8.5  10.5c 8.5  10.5 * 0.175

s    12.69
3 c 3 * 0.175
fyd 347.83
 yd    1.74
Es 200  103

 s  12.69  1.74 the assumption is correct !

 s  12.69  25 the assumption is correct !

Step 6: Calculate the value of beta
   3 cm  4   2  
For  cm   c 2 , c  k x  cm  
 2 cm  3 cm  2   


3.5 3.5
kx    0.216 and x  77.76 mm
3.5   s 3.5  12.69

Substituting the values of kx and εcm yields , βc = 0.09014

Step 7: Calculate the moment resistance
M  As fyd d 1  c 

 
M  4 * 72  347.83  360  1 0.09014  70.15 kNm

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Example 2.4: Repeat Example 2.1 replacing 2 Ø 10 by 5 Ø 24

Step 1: Design Values ( Changing the characteristic value to design value)

d  400  25  8  12  355 mm

EN 1992
Formula 3.15

for persistent and transient design situation:

EN 1992

Table 2.1N

EN 1992
Section 3.1.6
NB: Take
British National
Annex

Step 2: Assume the type of failure

Assume tension failure with crushing of concrete

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Step 3: Draw the strain profile corresponding to the type of failure and use the
similarity of triangles to develop a relationship between the unknown strain
and the neutral axis.

EN 1992
Figure 6.1

From Similarity of Triangle

3.5   s 3.5 x 3.5 (1)
   kx 
d x d 3.5   s
Step 4: Use the equation of alpha corresponding to the assumption in step 2 and the
relationship developed in step 3 to calculate the unknown strain

From equilibrium of forces,

But: and Ts  As fyd

c 
5    12   347.83  0.652
2 (2)
11.33  300  355
 3  2 
For  cm   c 2 ,  c  k x  cm 
 3 cm 

Substituting kxfrom Eqn (1),

 3.5  3 cm  2 
c    
 3.5   s  3 cm 

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 3.5   3 * 3.5  2 
c    
 3.5   s   3 * 3.5 
 8.5 
c   
 10.5  3 s 
10.5c  3 sc  8.5
8.5  10.5c 8.5  10.5 * 0.652
s    0.846
3 c 3 * 0.652
Step 5: Check if the assumption in step 2 is correct and if it is, proceed to step 8. If
the assumption is not correct, repeat step 2 to 5 with another assumption.
fyd 347.83
 yd    1.74
Es 200  103

 s  0.846   yd the assumption is not correct !

Trial 2
Assume compression failure with crushing of concrete

From Similarity of Triangle

3.5   s 3.5 x 3.5 (1)
   kx 
d x d 3.5   s

 3  2 
For  cm   c 2 ,  c  k x  cm 
 3 cm 

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c 
5    12   
2
s 
103  200 * 103
 0.375 s
(2)
11.33  300  355
 3  2 
For  cm   c 2 ,  c  k x  cm 
 3 cm 
Substituting kx from Eqn (1),
 3.5  3 cm  2 
c    
 3.5   s  3 cm 
 3.5   3 * 3.5  2 
c    
 3.5   s   3 * 3.5 
 8.5 
c     0.375 s
 10.5  3 s 

10.5 * 0.375 s  3 * 0.375 s 2  8.5

1.125 s 2  3.9375 s  8.5  0
Solving the quadratic equation results two possible answers
 s1  1.508 > 0 ………...…ok!
 s 2  5.008 < 0 …………..not ok!
Thus,
 s  1.508  1.74 the assumption is correct !

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Step 6: Calculate the value of beta

   3 cm  4   2  
For  cm   c 2 , c  k x  cm  
 2 cm  3 cm  2   


3.5 3.5
kx    0.699 and x  248.1mm
3.5   s 3.5  1.508

Substituting the values of kx and εcm yields , βc = 0.2912

Step 7: Calculate the moment resistance
M  As fyd d 1  c 

 
M  5 *122  347.83  355  1 0.2912  171.31kNm

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Example 2.5: Find the reinforcement amount which results balanced failure &
calculate the moment capacity for the cross section described in Example 2.1. (Assume
the effective depth to be 354 mm)

Step 1: Design Values ( Changing the characteristic value to design value)

EN 1992
Formula 3.15

for persistent and transient design situation:

 EN 1992
Table 2.1N

EN 1992
Section 3.1.6
NB: Take
British National
Annex

Step 2: Strain profile for balanced failure

From similarity of triangles

3.5 
 yd but  yd  1.74
xb d  xb

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3.5 1.74

xb d  xb

3.5
kx   0.668
3.5  1.74
x  236.45 mm

 3  2 
For  cm   c 2 ,  c  k x  cm 
 3 cm 

 3 * 3.5  2 
c  0.668    0.5408
 3 * 3.5 
Step 3: Evaluating As

Ts  As fyd

0.508 * 11.33 * 300 * 354

As 
347.83
As  1870.79 mm2

Step 4: Calculate the value of beta

   3 cm  4   2  
For  cm   c 2 , c  k x  cm  
 2 cm  3 cm  2   


Substituting the values of kx and εcm yields , βc = 0.278

Step 5: Calculate the moment resistance
M  As fyd d 1  c 

M  1870.79  347.83  354  1 0.278  166.35 kNm

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Example 2.6: for the cross section described in Example 2.1, Find the reinforcement
amount & calculate the moment capacity if kx = 0.448. (Assume the effective depth to
be 354 mm)

Step 1: Design Values ( Changing the characteristic value to design value)

EN 1992
Formula 3.15

for persistent and transient design situation:

EN 1992

Table 2.1N

EN 1992
Section 3.1.6
NB: Take
British National
Annex

Step 2: Strain profile

From similarity of triangles

3.5 
 s but  yd  1.74
x dx

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3.5  d  x   1   1 
s   3.5   1  3.5   1  4.3125
x  kx   0.448 

 3  2 
For  cm   c 2 ,  c  k x  cm 
 3 cm 

 3 * 3.5  2 
c  0.448    0.363
 3 * 3.5 
Step 3: Evaluating As

Ts  As fyd

0.363 * 11.33 * 300 * 354

As 
347.83
As  1255.72 mm2

Step 4: Calculate the value of beta

   3 cm  4   2  
For  cm   c 2 , c  k x  cm  
 2 cm  3 cm  2   


Substituting the values of kx and εcm yields , βc = 0.1864

Step 5: Calculate the moment resistance
M  As fyd d 1  c 

M  1255.72  347.83  354  1 0.1864  125.8 kNm

Examples on analysis of singly reinforced sections

AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Summary
x (mm)  cm ‰ s ‰ Mmax
Example 2.1 As = 157 mm2 25.05 1.86 25 19.27
Example 2.2 As = 226.08 mm2 31.83 2.42 25 27.43
Example 2.3 As = 615.44 mm2 77.76 3.5 12.65 70.15
Example 2.4 As = 2260.8 mm2 248.1 3.5 1.51 171.31
Example 2.5 As = 1870.79 mm2 236.45 3.5 1.74 166.35
Example 2.6 As = 1255.72 mm2 158.59 3.5 4.31 125.8

Examples on analysis of singly reinforced sections

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced
Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 1 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Example 2.7: Determine the moment resistance of the doubly reinforced section shown
in the figure below. d = 500 mm, d2 = 50 mm, C20/25 and S300.

Step 1: Design Values ( Changing the characteristic value to design value)

EN 1992
Formula 3.15

for persistent and transient design situation: EN 1992


Table 2.1N

EN 1992
Section 3.1.6
British National
NB: Take
Annex

Step 2: Assume the type of failure

Assume tension failure with crushing of concrete and all of the provided steel has
yielded.
Step 3: Draw the strain profile corresponding to the type of failure and use the EN 1992
similarity of triangles to develop a relationship between the unknown strain Figure 6.1
and the neutral axis.

Examples on analysis of Doubly reinforced sections Page 1

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced
Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 1 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair
NB: The limiting
value for
is
taken from
British National
Annex

From Similarity of Triangle

3.5   s1 3.5 x 3.5 (1)
   kx 
d x d 3.5   s1

3.5  3.5  x  50  (2)

 s2  s2 
x x  50 x
Step 4: Use the equation of alpha corresponding to the assumption in step 2 and the
relationship developed in step 3 to calculate the unknown strain.

From equilibrium of forces,

But: and Ts  As1fyd

c 
 2581  645   260.87  0.318 (3)
11.33  280  500
 3  2 
For  cm   c 2 ,  c  k x  cm 
 3 cm 
Substituting kx from Eqn (1),
 3.5  3 cm  2 
c    
 3.5   s1  3 cm 
 3.5   3 * 3.5  2 
c    
 3.5   s1   3 * 3.5 
 8.5 
c   
 10.5  3 s1 

Examples on analysis of Doubly reinforced sections Page 2

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced
Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 1 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair
10.5c  3 s1c  8.5
8.5  10.5c 8.5  10.5 * 0.318
 s1    5.41
3c 3 * 0.318

Thus,  s1  5.41 ‰

3.5 3.5
kx    0.3928 and x  196.41mm
3.5   s1 3.5  5.41

3.5  x  50  3.5 196.41  50 

s2    2.609 ‰
x 196.41
Step 5: Check if the assumption in step 2 is correct and if it is, proceed to step 8. If the
assumption is not correct, repeat step 2 to 5 with another assumption.
260.87
 yd   1.304 ‰
200  103
 s1  5.41 ‰ >  yd

 s 2  2.609 ‰ >  yd

Both of the assumptions are correct

Step 6: Calculate the value of beta
   3 cm  4   2  
For  cm   c 2 , c  k x  cm  
 2 cm  3 cm  2   


Substituting the values of kx and εcm yields , βc = 0.1634

Step 7: Calculate the moment resistance
M  s fcd bd 2 1 c   As 2fyd  d  d2 

M  0.318  11.33  280  5002 1 0.1634  645 * 260.87 * (500  50)

M  286.712 kNm

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 2 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Example 2.8: Repeat Example 2.7 by taking As1  1804 mm2 and C30/37

Examples on analysis of Doubly reinforced sections Page 3

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced
Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 2 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Step 1: Design Values ( Changing the characteristic value to design value)

EN 1992
Formula 3.15

for persistent and transient design situation: EN 1992


Table 2.1N

EN 1992
Section 3.1.6
British National
NB: Take
Annex

Step 2: Assume the type of failure

Assume tension failure with crushing of concrete and all of the provided steel has
yielded.
Step 3: Draw the strain profile corresponding to the type of failure and use the EN 1992
similarity of triangles to develop a relationship between the unknown strain Figure 6.1
and the neutral axis.

NB: The limiting

value for
is

Examples on analysis of Doubly reinforced sections Page 4

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced
Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 2 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair
taken from British
National Annex

From Similarity of Triangle

3.5   s 3.5 x 3.5 (1)
   kx 
d x d 3.5   s1

3.5  3.5  x  50  175 (2)

 s2  s2  x
x x  50 x or d ( s 2  3.5)
Step 4: Use the equation of alpha corresponding to the assumption in step 2 and the
relationship developed in step 3 to calculate the unknown strain.

From equilibrium of forces,

But: and Ts  As1fyd

c 
1804  645   260.87  0.127 (3)
17  280  500
 3  2 
For  cm   c 2 ,  c  k x  cm 
 3 cm 
Substituting kx from Eqn (1),
 3.5  3 cm  2 
c    
 3.5   s1  3 cm 
 3.5   3 * 3.5  2 
c    
 3.5   s1   3 * 3.5 
 8.5 
c   
 10.5  3 s1 

Examples on analysis of Doubly reinforced sections Page 5

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced
Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 2 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair
10.5c  3 s1c  8.5
8.5  10.5c 8.5  10.5 * 0.127
 s1    18.81
3 c 3 * 0.127

Thus,  s1  18.81 ‰

3.5 3.5
kx    0.157 and x  78.44 mm
3.5   s 3.5  18.81

3.5  x  50  3.5 117.726  50 

s2    1.269 ‰
x 117.726
Step 5: Check if the assumption in step 2 is correct and if it is, proceed to step 8. If the
assumption is not correct, repeat step 2 to 5 with another assumption.
260.87
 yd   1.304 ‰
200  103
 s1  18.81 ‰ >  yd
the assumption is correct!

 s 2  1.269 ‰ <  yd the assumptions is not correct!

Trial 2
Assume As1 has yielded and As 2 has not.

From equilibrium of forces,

But: and Ts  As1fyd

Examples on analysis of Doubly reinforced sections Page 6

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced
Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 2 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair
1804  260.87  645 *  s 2 *103 * 200 *103 470609.48  129000 s 2 (3)
c  
17  280  500 2380000
 3  2 
For  cm   c 2 ,  c  k x  cm 
 3 cm 
x  3  2 
 c   cm 
d  3 cm 

Substituting x from Eqn (2),

175  3 cm  2 
c   
d ( s 2  3.5)  3 cm 

175  3 * 3.5  2 
c 
500( s 2  3.5)  3 * 3.5 
1487.5
c 
5250( s 2  3.5)

From eqn (3)

470609.48  129000 s 2
c 
2380000
470609.48  129000 s 2 1487.5

2380000 5250( s 2  3.5)
 470609.48  129000 s 2  5250( s 2  3.5)  2380000 * 1487.5
2380000 * 1487.5
 470609.48  129000 s 2  ( s 2  3.5) 
5250
470609.48 s 2  1647133.12  129000 s 2  451500 s 2  674333.33
2

129000 s 22  922109.48 s 2  972799.79  0

Solving the quadratic equation results
 s 2  1.2865 ‰ <  yd ………………………………ok!
175 175
kx    0.158 x  79.06 mm
d ( s 2  3.5) 500(1.2865  3.5)
Substituting kx in equation (1),
 s1  18.65 ‰ >  yd …………………………………..ok!

Step 6: Calculate the value of beta

   3 cm  4   2  
For  cm   c 2 , c  k x  cm  
 2 cm  3 cm  2   


Examples on analysis of Doubly reinforced sections Page 7

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced
Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 2 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Substituting the values of kx and εcm yields , βc = 0.0657

Step 7: Calculate the moment resistance
M  s fcd bd 2 1 c   As 2fyd  d  d2 

1487.5
c   0.128
But 5250( s 2  3.5)

M  0.128  17  280  5002 1 0.0657  645 * 200 *1.2865 * (500  50)

M  216.99 kNm

Examples on analysis of Doubly reinforced sections Page 8

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 1 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Example 2.9: An interior T beam in a floor system has a center to center span of 5.5 m
and cross section shown in the figure. The concrete and steel grades are C20/25 and
S400 respectively. Compute the design resistance capacity of this beam in the positive
moment region. (Cover to stirrup = 25 mm and stirrup of diameter 8 c/c 200 was provided)

Step 1: Design Values ( Changing the characteristic value to design value)

d  500  (25  8  10)  457 mm

EN 1992
Formula 3.15

for persistent and transient design situation: EN 1992


Table 2.1N

EN 1992
Section 3.1.6
British National
NB: Take
Annex

Examples on analysis of flanged reinforced sections Page 1

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 1 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair
Step 2: Determine the effective flange width of the beam EN 1992 -1-1-
2004 section
5.3.2.1

The effective flange width beff for a T beam or L beam may be derived as:
beff   beff ,i  bw  b
where
beff ,i  0.2bi  0.1l0  0.2l0
and
beff ,i  bi
2.7 3.25
For the given beam, b1   1.35m and b2   1.625m
2 2

Since the beam is an interior beam and the design moment resistance is required
to be estimated for the positive moment region,
l0  0.7l 2  0.7 * 5.5  3.85m

Thus,
beff ,1  0.2b1  0.1l0  0.2 *1.35  0.1* 3.85  0.655m

beff ,2  0.2b2  0.1l0  0.2 *1.625  0.1* 3.85  0.71m

beff  b1  b2  bw  0.655  0.71 0.3  1.665m

Step 3: Assume the neutral axis to be in the flange

Examples on analysis of flanged reinforced sections Page 2

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 1 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair
Step 4: Assume the strain the tension reinforcement to be greater than the yield strain
Step 5: Use the procedure of analysis of singly reinforced concrete sections to estimate
neutral axis depth

c 
 4    10   347.83  0.0507
2

11.33  1665  457

Using the general design chart, k x  0.09 , x  37.017

Step 6: Check if the assumption in step 3 is correct

x  37.017  120 , the assumption is correct!
Step 7: Calculate the moment resistance
Using the general design chart,
 s1  25 ‰, the assumption is correct!

kz  0.987 , z  451.06

 
M  As fyd z  4 *  *102 * 347.83 * 451.06  197.16kNm

Examples on analysis of flanged reinforced sections Page 3

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 2 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Example 2.10: Compute the design resistance of the T – beam shown in the figure below.
The concrete and steel grades are C20/25 and S460 respectively. (Cover to stirrup = 25
mm and stirrup of diameter 8 c/c 200 was provided)

Step 1: Design Values ( Changing the characteristic value to design value)

d  700  (25  8  12)  655 mm

EN 1992
Formula 3.15

for persistent and transient design situation: EN 1992


Table 2.1N

EN 1992
Section 3.1.6
British National
NB: Take
Annex

Step 2: Assume the neutral axis to be in the flange

Step 3: Assume the strain the tension reinforcement to be greater than the yield strain
Step 4: Use the procedure of analysis of singly reinforced concrete sections to estimate
neutral axis depth

Examples on analysis of flanged reinforced sections Page 4

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 2 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

c 
 4    12   400  0.195
2

11.33  500  655

Using the general design chart, k x  0.22 , x  144.1

Step 5: Check if the assumption in step 3 is correct

x  144.1  125 , the assumption is not correct!

Step 6: Take the neutral axis to be below the flange and divide the section into two parts:
Beam W and Beam F to simplify the analysis process.

Step 7: Take the rectangular stress strain relationship for the concrete under compression
and calculate the moment resistance using force equilibrium.
Beam F

fcd  be  bw  hf 11.33 *  500  250  * 125

Asf    885.16mm2
fyd 400

( ) or ( )
MRd ,f  11.33 *  500  250 *125 *  655  125 2  209.78kNm
The force in the remaining steel area Asw is balanced by compression in the
rectangular portion of the beam. (i.e. Asw = As - Asf)
Beam W
 
Asw  As  Asf  4 *  *122  885.16  924.4mm2

Examples on analysis of flanged reinforced sections Page 5

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 2 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

924.4 * 400
x  163.18 mm
0.8 *11.33 * 250
or
MRd ,w  11.33 * 250 * 0.8 *163.18 *  655  0.4 *163.18  218.06 kNm
The total moment capacity of the section now becomes,

MRd  209.78  218.06  427.84 kNm

Step 8: Calculate the strain in the tension reinforcement and check if the assumption is step
2 is correct. If it’s not found to be true, revise the procedure assuming the steel has
not yielded.

x 3.5 3.5d 3.5 * 655

  s   3.5   3.5  10.54   yd …………..ok!
d 3.5   s x 163.18

Examples on analysis of flanged reinforced sections Page 6

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 1 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Example 2.11: Design a beam section subjected to a positive moments of 120 kNm. The
concrete and steel grades are C20/25 and S400 respectively. Cross-sectional properties
are b//h/d=250/500/450 mm.
Option 1: Using the direct procedure
Step 1: Design Values ( Changing the characteristic value to design value)

EN 1992
Formula 3.15

for persistent and transient design situation: EN 1992


Table 2.1N

EN 1992
Section 3.1.6
British National
NB: Take
Annex

Step 2: Take a strain distribution that results a ductile failure EN 1992 -1-1-
2004 section
5.3.2.1

Step 3: Use equilibrium of moments to estimate the value of k x

Examples on analysis of flanged reinforced sections Page 1

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 1 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair
 3  2 
For  cm   c 2 , c  k x  cm 
 3 cm 
But  cm  3.5

 3  3.5  2   8.5 
c  kx    kx  
 3  3.5   10.5 
   3 cm  4   2 
For  cm   c 2 , c  k x  cm
 2  3  2  
 cm cm 
 3.5  3  3.5  4   2   24.75 
c  k x    k x  
 2  3.5  3  3.5  2    59.5 

From Equilibrium of moments,

M  c fcd bd 2 1  c 

Substituting the values of  c and  c

 8.5    24.75  
M  kx   fcdbd 2  1  k x  
 10.5    59.5  

M  10.5    24.75  
2    kx 1 kx  
fcdbd  8.5    59.5  

 24.75  M  10.5 
kx2    kx  0
 59.5  fcdbd 2  8.5 

 24.75  120 * 106  10.5 

kx 2    k  0
11.33  250  450  8.5 
2 
x
 59.5 
Solving the quadratic equation results,
k x  2.109 and k x  0.2945

Step 4: Check the ductility of the section

k x  0.2945  0.448 ……………………….ok!

Compression reinforcement is not necessary

Step 5: Calculate the amount of reinforcement
M  As fyd d 1  c 

Examples on analysis of flanged reinforced sections Page 2

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 1 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair
M 120 * 106
As  
fyd d 1  c  347.83 * 450 * 1  0.2945  24.75 59.5  

As  873.69 mm2
Step 6: Check the minimum and maximum limit for area of reinforcement

 fctm 2.2
0.26 bt d  0.26 * * 300 * 450  193 mm2
As,min  max  fyk 400
0.0013b d  0.0013 * 300 * 450  175.5 mm2
 t

As,min  193 mm2  As ……………………………………………………….ok!

As,max  0.04 Ac  0.04 * 250 * 500  5000 mm2  As ……………………..ok!

Step 7: Calculate the number of reinforcement

Use  20 bars

As 873.69
n   2.78
as   102
Use 3  20
Step 8: Check spacing between bars
250  2  25  2 10  3  20  2  s
s  60 mm
k1 bar diameter


Smin  max d g  k2 mm


20 mm
The recommended values of k1 and k2 are 1 and 5 mm respectively
1 20  20 mm


Smin  max 20  5  25 mm


20 mm
Smin  25 mm  60 mm

Examples on analysis of flanged reinforced sections Page 3

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 1 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair
Option 2: Using design chart
Step 1: Calculate sd ,s

Msd ,s 120 * 106

sd ,s    0.209  sd ,s (0.295)
fcd bd 2 11.33 * 250 & 450 2
Step 2: Read the value of k z

k z  0.88  z d
z  396 mm
Step 3: Calculate the amount of reinforcement
Msd ,s 120 *106
As    871.2 mm2
zfyd 396 * 347.83

Examples on analysis of flanged reinforced sections Page 4

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 2 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Example 2.12: Design a simply supported beam of 6m to carry a permanent (dead) load
of 10kN/m and variable (live) load of 15 kN/m in addition to its own weight. The width
of the beam is 300 mm.
Assume
 50 years design life
 1hr resistance to fire
 Concrete inside buildings with low air humidity (XC3)
Step 1: Determine the necessary cover

 Indicative strength class of concrete for durability from Annex E of EN

1992-1-1, concrete class should be C30/37
 Concrete cover for stirrups
Assume stir  10 mm
Cmin  max Cmin,b ;Cmin,dur ;10mm
Assuming the aggregate size to be less than 32 mm, Cmin,b  10 mm
For a structure class of 4 and Exposure class XC3, Cmin,dur  25 mm
Cmin  max 10;25;10
Cmin  25 mm
Cdev  10 mm
Cnom  25  10  35 mm
 Concrete cover for Longitudinal bars
Assume   20 mm
Cmin  max Cmin,b ;Cmin,dur ;10mm
Cmin  max 20;25;10
Cmin  25 mm
Cdev  10 mm
Cnom  25  10  35 mm
Clear Cover to Longitudinal bars, = 35 mm – 10 mm = 25 mm
Thus, Cover for stirrup governs, d '  35  10  10  55 mm
 Concrete cover for 2 hrs fire protection
For simply supported beam with b = 300 and R120 , a = 55 mm.....ok!

Examples on analysis of flanged reinforced sections Page 5

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 2 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair
Step 2: Design Values

EN 1992
Formula 3.15

for persistent and transient design situation: EN 1992


Table 2.1N

EN 1992
Section 3.1.6
British National
NB: Take
Annex
Use C30/37 concrete and S460 steel
0.85  30
fcd   17 MPa
1.5
460
fyd   400 MPa
1.15
Step 3: Select a trial section
Assume: D = 400 mm, d = 400 – 55 = 345 mm, b = 300 mm
Step 4: Evaluate the design load and moment EN1991
 Own weight of the beam = Ac  conc , but  c  25 kN m 3 (Annex A)
(Table A.1)
 0.4  0.3  25  3kN m
Gk  10  3  13 kN m

 Load Combination
Pd  1.35Gk  1.5Qk

Pd  1.35  13  1.5  15  40.05 kN m

 Design moment
Pd l 2 40.05  62
Mmax    180.23 kN.m
8 8

Examples on analysis of flanged reinforced sections Page 6

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 2 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair
Step 5: Design for flexure (using design chart)
Msd ,s 180.23 * 106
sd ,s    0.297  sd ,s (0.295)
fcd bd 2 17 * 300 & 3452
Thus, Increase the depth or provide compression reinforcement
Increase the depth and revise steps 4 and 5
Msd ,s Msd ,s
sd ,s *  d 
fcd bd 2
sd
*
,s fcd b

180.23  106
d
0.295  17  300
d  346.11mm
Use D = 450 mm
d  450  55  395 mm
Calculate Design load and moment

 Own weight of the beam = 0.45  0.3  25  3.4kN m

Gk  10  3.4  13.4 kN m

 Load Combination
Pd  1.35Gk  1.5Qk

Pd  1.35  13.4  1.5  15  40.59 kN m

 Design moment
Pd l 2 40.59  62
Mmax    182.66 kN.m
8 8
Design for flexure (using design chart)
Msd ,s 182.66 * 106
sd ,s    0.23  sd ,s (0.295)............ok !
fcd bd 2 17 * 300 & 3952

Read k z from chart

kz  0.86 , Z  kzd  0.86  395  339.7 mm2

Examples on analysis of flanged reinforced sections Page 7

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 2 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair
Msd ,s 182.66  106
As    1344.3 mm2
Zfyd 339.7  400

Step 6: Check the minimum and maximum limit for area of reinforcement

 fctm 2.9
0.26 bt d  0.26 * * 300 * 395  194.24 mm2
As,min  max  fyk 400
0.0013b d  0.0013 * 300 * 395  159 mm2
 t

As,min  194.24 mm2  As

……………………………………………………….ok!
As,max  0.04 Ac  0.04 * 300 * 450  5400 mm2  As ……………………..ok!

Step 7: Calculate the number of reinforcement

Use  20 bars

As 1344.3
n   4.28
as   102
Use 5  20
Step 8: Check spacing between bars
250  2  35  2 10  5  20  4  s
s  27.5 mm mm

k1 bar diameter



Smin  max d g  k2 mm


20 mm
The recommended values of k1 and k2 are 1 and 5 mm respectively
1 20  20 mm


Smin  max 20  5  25 mm


20 mm
Smin  25 mm  27.5 mm

Examples on analysis of flanged reinforced sections Page 8

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 2 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Examples on analysis of flanged reinforced sections Page 9

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 1 of 1
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Example 2.11: Design a rectangular reinforced concrete section to resist a design

moment of 360 kNm. The dimension of the beam is limited to b/d = 350/500 mm for
architectural reason. Use C20/25 concrete and S400 steel.
Option 1: Using the direct procedure
Step 1: Design Values ( Changing the characteristic value to design value)

EN 1992
Formula 3.15

for persistent and transient design situation: EN 1992


Table 2.1N

EN 1992
Section 3.1.6
British National
NB: Take
Annex

Step 2: Take a strain distribution that results a ductile failure EN 1992 -1-1-
2004 section
5.3.2.1

Step 3: Use equilibrium of moments to estimate the value of k x

Examples on design of double reinforced rectangular sections Page 1

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 1 of 1
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair
 3  2 
For  cm   c 2 , c  k x  cm 
 3 cm 
But  cm  3.5

 3  3.5  2   8.5 
c  kx    kx  
 3  3.5   10.5 
   3 cm  4   2 
For  cm   c 2 , c  k x  cm
 2  3  2  
 cm cm 
 3.5  3  3.5  4   2   24.75 
c  k x    k x  
 2  3.5  3  3.5  2    59.5 

From Equilibrium of moments,

M  c fcd bd 2 1  c 

Substituting the values of  c and  c

 8.5    24.75  
M  kx   fcdbd 2  1  k x  
 10.5    59.5  

M  10.5    24.75  
2    kx 1 kx  
fcdbd  8.5    59.5  

 24.75  M  10.5 
kx2    kx  0
 59.5  fcdbd 2  8.5 

 24.75  360 * 106  10.5 

kx 2    k  0
11.33  350  500  8.5 
2 
x
 59.5 
Solving the quadratic equation results,
k x  0.6  0.448 …………………Provide compression reinforcement!

Step 4: Assume the section as having two parts

Examples on design of double reinforced rectangular sections Page 2

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 1 of 1
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Step 5: Use condition of equilibrium of forces and moment to estimate the area of
tension and compression reinforcement.
 3  2   8.5 
For  cm   c 2 , c  k x  cm   kx  
 3 cm   10.5 

  cm  3 cm  4   2   24.75 
 cm   c 2 , c  k x    k x  
 2 cm  3 cm  2    59.5 

 Single reinforced part:

Take, k x  0.448

 8.5 
 c*  0.448    0.363
 10.5 
 24.75 
 c*  0.448    0.186
 59.5 
M *   c* f cd bd 2 1  c 

M *  0.363 f cd bd 2 1  0.186   0.295 f cd bd 2  0.295*11.33*350*5002

M *  292.46 kNm

M*
M *  As* f yd d 1   c*   As* 
f yd d 1   c* 

292.46*106
A 
*
 2071.48 mm2
347.83*500 1  0.186 
s

Examples on design of double reinforced rectangular sections Page 3

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 1 of 1
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair
 Double reinforced part:
M  M*
M  M *  f s 2 As 2  d  d 2   As 2 
f s 2  d  d2 

As 2 
M M*

 360  292.46  *10  422.12 mm2
6

f s 2  d  d 2  347.83*  500  40 

M  M*
M  M *   As  As*  f yd  d  d 2   As   As*
f yd  d  d 2 

M  M*
As   As*
f yd  d  d 2 

As 
 360  292.46  *106  2071.48  2493.6 mm2
347.83*  500  40 

Step 6 Check the strain in the compression reinforcement

3.5  3.5  x  d 2  3.5  224  40 
 s2   s2    2.875   yd
x x  d2 x 224

Option 2: Using design chart

Step 1: Calculate sd ,s

Msd ,s 360 * 106

sd ,s    0.363  sd ,s (0.295)
fcd bd 2 11.33 * 350 & 500 2
Provide compression reinforcement
Step 2: Calculate M * and Ast

M *   sd* f cd bd 2

M *  0.295*11.33*350*5002  292.46 kNm

Ast 
M*

 M  M*
Zf yd  d  d 2  f yd

For   0.295, kz  0.88

Ast 
292.46*106

 360  292.46  *10  2472.88 mm2
6

0.87 *500*347.83  500  40  *347.83

Examples on design of double reinforced rectangular sections Page 4

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 1 of 1
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair
Step 3: Calculate As 2

Ast 
 M  M    360  292.46 *10
* 6

 422.12 mm2
 d  d2  f yd  500  40  *347.83
Step 3: Check if the compression reinforcement has yielded
For d2 d  400 500  0.02   s 2  2.7   yd

Examples on design of double reinforced rectangular sections Page 5

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 1 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Example 2.14: A 100 mm concrete floor slab is monolithically casted with continuous
beams of span 3m spaced at 1.2 m center to center. Beam sections are bw  250 mm and

D  500 mm . Determine the area of reinforcement at mid span of an interior beam to

resist an ultimate design moment of 250 kNm. (Cover to stirrup = 25 mm and stirrup of
diameter 8 c/c 200 was provided)

Step 1: Design Values ( Changing the characteristic value to design value)

d  500  (25  8  10)  457 mm

Assume C20/25 concrete and S400 steel
EN 1992
Formula 3.15

for persistent and transient design situation: EN 1992


Table 2.1N

EN 1992
Section 3.1.6
British National
NB: Take
Annex

Examples on design of flanged reinforced concrete sections Page 1

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 1 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Step 2: Determine the effective flange width of the beam EN 1992 -1-1-
2004 section
5.3.2.1

The effective flange width beff for a T beam or L beam may be derived as:
beff   beff ,i  bw  b
where
beff ,i  0.2bi  0.1l0  0.2l0
and
beff ,i  bi
1.2  0.25
For the given beam, b1  b2   0.475m
2

Since the beam is an interior beam to be design at the mid span,

l0  0.7l 2  0.7 * 3  2.1m

Thus,
0.2bi  0.1l0 
beff ,i  min  
0.2 l0 
0.2*0.475  0.1* 2.1  0.305
beff ,i  min  
0.2* 2.1  0.42 

Examples on design of flanged reinforced concrete sections Page 2

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 1 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair
beff ,1  beff ,1  0.305 m

beff ,i  bi

beff ,i  0.305  0.475 m ……………………………..ok!

beff   beff ,i  bw  b

beff  b1  b2  bw  0.305  0.305  0.25  0.86m  1.2 m

Step 3: Assume the neutral axis to be in the flange

Step 4: Use equilibrium of forces on a simplified rectangular stress block to calculate
the neutral axis depth

Cc  0.8 xf cd b

Ts  As f yd

z  d  0.4x
M sd  Cc * z   0.8xf cd b  d  0.4 x 

M sd
 xd  0.4 x 2
0.8 f cd b

250*106
 x * 457  0.4 x 2
0.8*11.33*860
Solving the quadratic equation,
x  75.12 mm  100 mm ……………………..ok!

x 75.12
kx    0.164  0.448 ……………..ok!
d 457

Examples on design of flanged reinforced concrete sections Page 3

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 1 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair
Step 5: Use equilibrium of moment to calculate the area of reinforcement
M M
M  As fyd z  As  
fyd z fyd  d  0.4 x 

M 250 *106
As    1683.42 mm2
fyd z 347.83 *  457  0.4 * 75.12

Examples on design of flanged reinforced concrete sections Page 4

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 2 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Example 2.15: Design a T – beam with

beff  1000 mm

t f  100 mm

bw  250 mm
d  450 mm

M sd  470 kNm

The concrete and steel grades are C20/25 and S460 respectively. (Cover to stirrup = 25 mm
and stirrup of diameter 8 c/c 200 was provided)
Step 1: Design Values ( Changing the characteristic value to design value)

d  700  (25  8  12)  655 mm

EN 1992
Formula 3.15

for persistent and transient design situation: EN 1992


Table 2.1N

EN 1992
Section 3.1.6
British National
NB: Take
Annex

Step 2: Assume the neutral axis to be in the flange

Step 3: Use equilibrium of forces on a simplified rectangular stress block to calculate
the neutral axis depth

Examples on design of flanged reinforced concrete sections Page 5

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 2 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Cc  0.8 xf cd b

Ts  As f yd

z  d  0.4x
M sd  Cc * z   0.8xf cd b  d  0.4 x 

M sd
 xd  0.4 x 2
0.8 f cd b

470*106
 x * 450  0.4 x 2
0.8*11.33*1000
Solving the quadratic equation,
x  130.33 mm  100 mm ……………………..Not ok!

Step 4: Take the neutral axis to be below the flange and divide the section into two parts:
Beam W and Beam F to simplify the analysis process.

Examples on design of flanged reinforced concrete sections Page 6

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 2 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Step 5: Take the rectangular stress strain relationship for the concrete under
compression and calculate area of reinforcement moment using force and
moment equilibrium.
Beam F
Ccf  h f f cd  be  bw 

Tsf  Asf f yd

z  d  hf 2

fcd  be  bw  hf 11.33 * 1000  250  * 105

Asf    2124.375 mm 2
fyd 400

( ) or ( )
MRd ,f  2124.375 * 400 *  450  100 2  339.9kNm
Msd ,w  Msd  Msd ,f  470  339.9  130.1kNm2
Beam W
Ccw  0.8 xf cd bw

Tsw  Asw f yd

z  d  0.4x
Msd ,w  0.8 xfcd bw  d  0.4 x 
Msd ,w
 dx  0.4 x 2
0.8fcd bw
130.1* 106
 450 x  0.4 x 2
0.8 * 11.33 * 250

Solving the quadratic equation

x  146.72 mm  100 mm ………………………ok!

x 146.72
kx    0.326  0.448 ……………..ok!
d 450

Msd ,w  Ast ,w fyd  d  0.4 x 

Examples on design of flanged reinforced concrete sections Page 7

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Example 2 of 2
Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Msd ,w
Ast ,w 
fyd  d  0.4 x 

130.1*106
Ast ,w   831.16 mm2
400  450  0.4 *146.7 

Ast  Ast ,f  Ast ,w  2124.375  831.16  2955.54 mm2

Examples on design of flanged reinforced concrete sections Page 8

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Example 2.18: Design the floor system of a G+4 office building which consists of one way solid
slabs of thickness 150 mm. Consider 3cm cement screed and 3 cm thick terrazzo tile floor finish.
Assume C20/25 concrete and S300 steel (Cover to stirrup = 20 mm and use Ø 10 bars). Take a
partition wall load of 1 kN/m2

Step 1: Design Values ( Changing the characteristic value to design value)

d  150  (20  5)  125 mm

Example on design of one way slabs Page 1

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Step 2: Load Calculation

 Permanent Load
 concrete 25 kN m 3
 screed 23 kN m 3
 terrazo 23 kN m 3
Concrete  0.15  25  3.75 kN m2

Own Weight Cement Screed  0.03  23  0.69 kN m2

Floor Finish  0.03  23  0.69 kN m2
Wall load  1kN m2

Total Permanent load  3.75  0.69  0.69  1  6.13 kN m2

 Variable load
From table 6.1 of EN 1991-1, office area is Category B
From table 6.2 of EN 1991-1, category B =  3 kN m 2
If paternal loading is not considered,
wd  1.35 * 6.13  1.5 * 3  12.77 kN m2

Example on design of one way slabs Page 2

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair
Take a one meter width strip

Step 3: Draw bending moment diagram for the 1 meter strip slab

Step 4: Design for flexure

M   M fcd bd 2 kz As  M kzfyd s  bas As

12.6 0.069 0.962 389.23 201.8 ~ 200

15.3 0.088 0.951 500.15 157.03 ~ 150
5.57 0.032 0.98 178.99 438.8 ~ 400
12.29 0.069 0.962 387.5 202.7 ~ 200

Example on design of one way slabs Page 3

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair
Step 5: Detailing
 Check the minimum and maximum limit for area of reinforcement
 fctm 2.2
0.26 bt d  0.26 * * 1000 * 125  238.33 mm2
As,min  max  fyk 400
0.0013b d  0.0013 * 1000 * 125  162.5 mm2
 t

As,min  238.33 mm2 ……………………………………………………….ok!

As,max  0.04 Ac  0.04 *1000 *150  6000 mm2  As ……………………..ok!

Spacing corresponding to As,min  238.33 mm2  1000 *  * 52 238.33  330 mm

 Check the limit for maximum spacing between bars

 Smax for main bars


Smax  min 2h  2 * 150  300 mm
250 mm

 Smax for secondary bars


Smax  min 3h  3 * 150  450 mm
400 mm
Step 6: Revise the spacing between bars based on the detailing requirements in step 4
M Calculated Spacing Spacing based on As,min Smax Final Spacing

12.6 200 330 300 200

15.3 150 330 300 150
5.57 400 330 300 300
12.29 200 330 300 200
Step 7: Design the cantilever slab
wl 2 12.77 * 1.652
Mmax    17.4 kNm
2 2
M 17.4 * 106
   0.0983
fcd bd 2 11.33 * 1000 * 1252

k z  0.946

Example on design of one way slabs Page 4

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair
M 17.4 *106
As    564.06 mm2
kzdfyd 0.946 *125 * 260.87

bas 1000 *  * 52
S   139.24 mm , take 130 mm
As 564.06

Step 8: Calculate area of transverse reinforcement

As  0.2 * 564.06  112.812 mm2

bas 1000 *  * 42
S   446 mm
As 112.812

Use Ø 8 c/c 400 mm

Example on design of one way slabs Page 5

AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Example on design of one way slabs Page 6

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Example 3.1: Design the beam shown below for shear. Use C20/25 concrete and S400 steel.

Step 1: Design Values ( Changing the characteristic value to design value)

Example on design for shear Page 1

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Step 2: Calculate design value of shear

Crushing of compression struts should be checked at the face of the support and diagonal
tension should be checked at a distance , d, from the face of the column

183.9  183.9 VED,max  183.9

  VED,max  175.14 kN
6.3 6.3  0.15
183.9  183.9 VED ,max  183.9
  VED  153.54 kN
6.3 6.3  0.52
Step 3: Check compression failure of diagonal struts
 Determine VRd ,max with cot   2.5

 c bw z f cd
VRd ,max 
cot   tan 
c  1
bw  250

z  0.9d
  0.6

Example on design for shear Page 2

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair
1 250  0.9  370  0.6 11.33
VRd ,max   195.15 kN  VEd ,max ………..ok!
2.5  1 2.5

Step 4: Check diagonal tension failure

 Calculate the shear resistance contribution of the concrete
 C k 100  f  13  k   b d
 Rd ,c
 max  
1 cp  w
VRd ,c
1 ck

 vmin  k1 cp  bw d

0.18 0.18
CRd ,c    0.12
c 1.5

k1  0.15

200 200
k  1  2  1  1.735  2
d 370
3 1 3 1
vmin  0.035k 2
f ck 2
 0.035 1.735 2  20 2
 0.358

As1 1200
1    0.013
bw d 250  370

 cp  0

 0.12 1.735 100  0.013  20  13  0.15  0 250  370  57.05


VRd ,c  max   
 0.358  0.15  0  250  370  33.09


VRd ,c  57.05 kN  VEd …………………………....web reinforcement should be provided

Step 5: Calculate the necessary amount of shear reinforcement

Asw Asw zf ywd cot 
VRd ,s  zf ywd cot   s 
s VRd , s

Take a single rectangular loop of diameter 8 stirrup,

2    42  0.9  370  347.83  2.5
s  189.6 mm
153.54 1000
Use ϕ 8 c/c 180 mm
Step 6: Calculate the region of the beam where web reinforcement is not required

Example on design for shear Page 3

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Cross-Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete beam section for flexure

Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

183.9  183.9 57.05  183.9

  x  2.172 m
6.3 6.3  x
Step 7: Check minimum web reinforcement ratio and maximum spacing limit
0.08 f ck 0.08 20
 min    8.944  104
f yk 400

Asw 2    42
 provoded    2.234  103   min ……………………….ok!
sbw sin  180  250  sin 90

smax  0.75d 1  cot    0.75  370 1  0   277.5 mm, take 270 mm

Example on design for shear Page 4

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Example 3.2: Determine the design anchorage length for the longitudinal reinforcement of a
cantilever beam that has to resist an ultimate moment of 190 kNm. (b= 300 mm, d = 550 mm,
C25/30, S400, Concrete cover = 60 mm)

Step 1: Design For Flexure

 Design Values
 c f ck 0.85  25
f cd    14.16 MPa
c 1.5

f yd 400
f cd    347.83 MPa
s 1.15
d  550 mm

 Calculate the necessary amount of flexural reinforcement

M sd , s 190  106
 sd , s    0.15   sd * ….the section has sufficient ductility
f cd bd 2 14.16  300  5502

From design chart, k z  0.916

z  k z d  0.916  0.55  503.8 mm

M sd , s 190 106
Ast    1084.3 mm2  4 20 
zf yd 503.8  347.83

 Calculate spacing between bars

300  2  60  4  20  3 s
s  33.3 mm
Step 2: Anchorage length

Example on anchorage and bar cutoff calculation Page 1

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

 Design bond strength  fbd 

fbd  2.2512 f ctd

f ctk 1.8
f ctd    1.2 MPa
c 1.5

1  0.7 ……………………….since the longitudinal bar is placed at the top

2  1 ………………………….since   20  32
fbd  2.25  0.7 11.2  1.89 MPa

 Basic anchorage length  lb,rqd 

    
lb ,rqd     sd 
 4   fbd 

 20   347.83 
lb ,rqd       920.185 mm
 4   1.89 
 Design anchorage length  lbd 

lbd  12345lb,rqd  lb,min

 1  1 ………………….assuming straight bars

 2

assuming straight bars cd  min a 2, c1 , c  min 33.3 2, 60, 60  16.6 mm

 2  1  0.15  cd      0.7,  1

 2  1  0.15 16.6  20  20  1.0255

2  1

Example on anchorage and bar cutoff calculation Page 2

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

 3  1 …………………..ignore the effect of confining stirrups since we have no
information on the amount of stirrups
  4  1 …………………..since there is no welded transverse stirrup
 5  1 …………………..since there is no transverse confining pressure

 l b,min  max 0.3l b,rqd ;10;100 mm

l b,min  max 0.3  920.185;10  20;100 mm

l b,min  max 276.05;200;100 mm

l b,min  276.05 mm

lbd  11111 920.185  920.185 mm  276.05 mm

Example on anchorage and bar cutoff calculation Page 3

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Example 3.3: Determine the bar cut off point for the longitudinal reinforcement in the beam
shown below. (b= 250 mm, d = 400 mm, C20/25, S400, ϕ8c/c300, concrete cover = 60 mm)

Step 1: Design For Flexure

 Design Values
 c f ck 0.85  20
f cd    11.33 MPa
c 1.5

f yd 400
f cd    347.83 MPa
s 1.15
d  400 mm

 Determine the design moment

wl 2 13.7  82
M max    109.6 kNm
8 8
 Calculate the necessary amount of flexural reinforcement
M sd , s 109.6 106
 sd , s    0.242   sd * .the section has sufficient ductility
f cd bd 2 11.33  250  400 2

From design chart, k z  0.849

z  k z d  0.849  400  339.6 mm

M sd , s 109.6 106
Ast    927.85 mm2  516 
zf yd 339.6  347.83

Step 2: Determine cutoff point for the 216

 Moment capacity of 316

Example on anchorage and bar cutoff calculation Page 4

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

Ast f yd 3    82  347.83
c    0.184
f cd bd 11.33  250  400

From design chart,  sd , s  0.165

M sd ,s  sd ,s fcd bd 2

M sd , s  0.165 11.33  250  4002  74.78 kNm

 Locate the point where M  74.78 kNm

wlx wx 2
M   74.78 kNm  x1  1.745 m and x2  6.255 m
2 2
Step 3: Calculate development length
 Design bond strength  fbd 

fbd  2.2512 f ctd

f ctk 1.5
f ctd    1 MPa
c 1.5

1  1 ……………………….since the longitudinal bar is placed at the bottom

2  1 ………………………….since   16  32
fbd  2.25  0.7 11  2.25 MPa

 Basic anchorage length  lb,rqd 

    
lb ,rqd     sd 
 4   fbd 

 16   347.83 
lb ,rqd       618.36 mm
 4   2.25 
 Design anchorage length  lbd 

lbd  12345lb,rqd  lb,min

 Take a conservative value of 1 for 1 ,  2 ....

 l b,min  max 0.3l b,rqd ;10;100 mm

l b,min  max 0.3  618.36;10  16;100 mm

Example on anchorage and bar cutoff calculation Page 5

 AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Reinforced Concrete I

Prepared by: Concrete materials and structures chair

l b,min  max 185.5;200;100 mm

l b,min  200 mm

lbd  11111 618.36  618.36 mm  200 mm

Step 4: Calculate additional length for shear

z cot  0.9  d 2.5
a1    0.45 m
2 2
Step 4: Calculate total length of bar
 For 216

l  l  lbd  a1   6.255  1.745  2  618.36  2  450  6646.72, take 6700 mm

 For 316
l  l  a1  8000  450  2  8900

Example on anchorage and bar cutoff calculation Page 6

EC2 – worked examples 4-1

SECTION 4. WORKED EXAMPLES – DURABILITY

EXAMPLE 4.1 [EC2 clause 4.4]

Design the concrete cover of a reinforced concrete beam with exposure class XC1.

The concrete in use has resistance class C25/30.

Bottom longitudinal bars are 5 φ 20; the stirrups are φ 8 at 100 mm.

The max aggregate size is: dg = 20 mm (< 32 mm).

The design working life of the structure is 50 years.
Normal quality control is put in place.
Refer to figure 4.1.

Fig. 4.1

From table E.1N - EC2 we see that, in order to obtain an adequate concrete durability, the
reference (min.) concrete strength class for exposure class XC1 is C20/25; the resistance
class adopted (C25/30) is suitable as it is higher than the reference strength class.

The structural class is S4.

First, the concrete cover for the stirrups is calculated.

With:
cmin,b = 8 mm

We obtain from table 4.4N - EC2:

cmin,dur = 15 mm

Moreover:
Δcdur,γ = 0 ;
Δcdur,st = 0 ;
Δcdur,add = 0 .

From relation (3.2):

cmin = max (cmin,b; cmin,dur + Δcdur,γ - Δcdur,st - Δcdur,add; 10 mm) =
max (8; 15 + 0 – 0 – 0; 10 mm) = 15 mm

Table of Content
EC2 – Worked examples 4-2

Moreover:
Δcdev = 10 mm.

We obtain from relation (3.1):

c nom = c min + Δcdev = 15 + 10 = 25 mm .

If we now calculate now the concrete cover for longitudinal reinforcement bars,

we have:
c min,b = 20 mm.

We obtain from table 4.4N - EC2:

c min,dur = 15 mm .

Moreover:
Δc dur, γ = 0 ;
Δcdur,st = 0 ;
Δcdur,add = 0 .

From relation (3.2):

c min = max (20; 15 + 0 – 0 – 0; 10 mm) = 20 mm .

Moreover: Δcdev = 10 mm.

We obtain from relation (3.1):

c nom = 20 + 10 = 30 mm .

The concrete cover for the stirrups is “dominant”. In this case, the concrete cover for
longitudinal bars is increased to: 25 + 8 = 33 mm .

Table of Content
EC2 – worked examples 4-3

EXAMPLE 4.2 [EC2 clause 4.4]

Design the concrete cover for a reinforced concrete beam placed outside a residential
building situated close to the coast.
The exposure class is XS1.
We originally assume concrete with strength class C25/30.
The longitudinal reinforcement bars are 5 φ 20; the stirrups are φ 8 at 100 mm .
The maximal aggregate size is: dg = 20 mm (< 32 mm).
The design working life of the structure is 50 years.
A normal quality control is put in place.
Refer to figure 3.2.

From table E.1N - EC2 we find that, in order to obtain an adequate concrete durability, the
reference (min.) concrete strength class for exposure class XS1 is C30/37; the concrete
strength class must therefore be increased from the originally assumed C25/30 to C30/37,
even if the actions on concrete were compatible with strength class C25/30.

Fig. 4.2

In accordance with what has been stated in example 3.1, we design the minimum concrete
cover with reference to both the stirrups and the longitudinal bars.
The structural class is S4

We obtain ( c min,dur = 35 mm ; Δcdev = 10 mm):

- for the stirrups: c nom = 45 mm ;
- for the longitudinal bars: c nom = 45 mm .

The concrete cover for the stirrups is “dominant”. In this case, the concrete cover for
longitudinal bars is increased to: 45 + 8 = 53 mm .

Table of Content
 Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa institute of technology-AAiT

1. Calculation Deflection in Accordance to EC-2

The short term deflection of a 7.0m span simply supported beam whose section is
shown in Figure 1-1. The beam supports the interior floor spans of an office building.
Deflections will be calculated using the rigorous method given in EC2, together with
an alternative simplified method. The results will then be compared with the limiting
span/effective depth ratios given in EC2.

1.1 Design data

7.0m

Span = 7.0 m
Gk = 18.75 kN/m 2φ16

Qk = 15 kN/m
A's = 402 mm2 (216) 500 mm

A s = 1810 mm2 (4 24)

4φ24
fck = 25 N/mm2 (concrete strength class C25/30)
fyk  500N/mm2 (Steel B500B)
300 mm

Figure 1-1 Cross-Section

1.2 Calculation Method

The requirements for the calculation of deflections are given in Section 7.4.3 and
Appendix C of EC2.
Two limiting conditions are assumed to exist for the deformation of concrete sections

1) Uncracked

2) Cracked.
Members which are not expected to be loaded above the level which would cause
the tensile strength of the concrete to be exceeded, anywhere in the member, will be
considered to be uncracked. Members which are expected to crack will behave in a
manner intermediate between the uncracked and fully cracked conditions.

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Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa institute of technology-AAiT

For members subjected dominantly to flexure, the Code gives a general equation for
obtaining the intermediate value of any parameter between the limiting conditions
  (1  ) I   II Equation 1-1

Where
 is the parameter being considered
I and II are the values of the parameter calculated for the uncracked and fully
cracked conditions respectively
 is a distribution coefficient ( allwing for tension sttifening at a section ) given by

2
 
  1   sr  Equation 1-2
s 

  0 for uncracked sections

 is a coefficent taking account of the influence of the duration of the loading
or of the repeated loading on the average strain
=1.0 for a single short-term loading
= 0.5 for sustained loads or many cycles of repeated loading
s is the stress in the tension reinforcemnt calculated on the basisi of cracked section
 sr is the stress in the tension reinforcemnt calculated on the basis of cracked section
under the loading conditions causing first craking

Note: σsr/ σs may be replaced by Mcr/M for flexure or Ncr/N for pure tension,
where Mcr is the cracking moment and Ncr is the cracking force.

The effects of creep are catered for by the use of an effective modulus of elasticity
for the concrete given by

 Ecm 
Ec,eff =   Equation 1-3
1  (, to ) 

Where:
 ( , to ) is the creep coefficent relevant for the load and time interval

Curvatures due to shrinkage may be assessed from

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 Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa institute of technology-AAiT

1 S
=  cs e Equation 1-4
rcs I

Where:
1/ rcs is the curvature due to shrinkage
 cs is the free shrinkage strain
S is the first moment of area of the reinforcemnt about the centroid of the section
I second moment of area of the section
e is the effective modular ratio

Shrinkage curvatures should be calculated for the uncracked and fully cracked
conditions and the final curvature assessed by use of Equation 1.1
In accordance with the Code, the rigorous method of assessing deflections is to
calculate the curvatures at frequent sections along the member and calculate the
deflections by numerical integration.
The simplified approach, suggested by the Code, is to calculate the deflection
assuming firstly the whole member to be uncracked and secondly the whole member
to be cracked. Equation 1.1 is used to assess the final deflection,

1.3 Rigorous Assessment

The procedure is, at frequent intervals along the member, to calculate

1) Moments

2) Curvatures

3) Deflections.
Here, calculations will be carried out at the mid-span position only, to illustrate this
procedure, with values at other positions along the span being tabulated there after.

1.3.1 Calculation of Moments

For buildings, it will normally be satisfactory to consider the deflections under the
quasi-permanent combination of loading, assuming this load to be of long duration.
The quasi-permanent combination of loading is given, for one variable action, by

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Gk +  2 Qk
 2  0.3
Therefore
Loading  18.75  (0.3  15) = 23.25kN/m
23.25  72
Mid-Span bending moment (M) =  142.41kNm
8

1.3.2 Calculation of Curvatures

In order to calculate the curvatures it is first necessary to calculate the properties of
the uncracked and cracked sections and determine the moment at which cracking will
occur.

1.3.2.1 Flexural Curvature

Ecm
Effective modulus of elasticity for concrete, Ec ,eff =
1  (, to )
For concrete strength class C25/30, Ecm = 31kN/mm2
Assuming
-Normal hardening Concrete
-Initial Loading time t o =20 days
 (, to )  2.5 As shown below [EC2, section 3.1.3]
31
Ec ,eff =  8.8571kN / mm2
1 2.5
Modulus of elasticity of reinforcemnt (E s )  200kN/mm2 [EC2, section 3.2.7.4]
Es
Efective modular ratio ( e ) = ,Therefore
Ec ,eff
200
e   22.58
8.8571
A 1810
  s   1.326  10 2
bd 300  455
A 's 402
'    2.919  10 3
bd 300  455

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FOR THE VALUE AND DEFINITION OF ho REFER SECTION1.3.2.2

I. UNCKRACKED STATE

x3 A3

x
x2 x1
A1

A2

Figure 1-2 Equivalent uncracked transformed cross section

Neutral axis depth of the uncracked section:
A1  b  h  300 x500  150000mm2
A2  ( e  1)  As  (22.58  1)  1810  39059.8mm2
A3  ( e  1)  A ' s  (22.58  1)  402  8675.2mm2
And considering the top fiber as a refrence axis
h
x1   250mm
2
x2  d  455mm
x3  d '  41mm
Therefore:-
(A1  x1)  (A2  x2 )  (A3  x3 )
x  281.36mm
(A1  A2  A3 )

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The second moment of the area of the uncracked section

 bh3   300  5003 
I1      3125000000mm
4

 12   12 
I2  0
I3  0
A1  b  h  300 x500  150000mm2
A2  ( e  1)  As  (22.58  1)  1810  39059.8mm2
A3  ( e  1)  A ' s  (22.58  1)  402  8675.2mm2
h
y1  x   281.36  250  31.36mm
2
y 2  d  x  455  281.36  173.64mm
y 3  x  d '  281.36  41  240.36mm
Therefore : -
II  I1  I2  I3  (A1  y12 )  (A2  y 22 )  (A3  y 32 )
II  3125000000  0  0  (150000  31.362 )  (39059.8  173.642 )  (8675.2  240.362 )
II  4951395314mm 4

II. FULLY CRACKED STATE

x3 A3

x1 x
A1

x2

A2

Figure 1-3 Equivalent fully crscked transformed cracked cross section

Neutral axis depth of the cracked section: The position of the neutral axis can be
determined by taking the static moments of the shaded areas (Figure 1-3), about the
centroidal axis (same as neutral axis):
1
b  kx d   ( e  1)A ' s (kx d  d ')   e As (d  kx d )
2

2
Dividing the above expression by bd2 and denoting  = A s /bd and  '= A's /bd results in:
x d'
kx   [ e   ( e  1) ']  [ e   ( e  1) ']2  2[ e   ( e  1) '
d d
x  0.498d  226.86mm

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NOTE: kx=0.498<0.448 the section is not ductile at ULS and needs to be

The second moment of the area of the cracked section
 bh3   300  149.10043 
I1      291868966.3mm
4

 12   12 
I2  0
I3  0
A1  b  h  300 x202.3746  68056.65mm2
A2   e  As  22.58  1810  40840.46mm2
A3  ( e  1)  A ' s  (22.58  1)  402  8673.74mm2

x 226.86
y1  x    113.43mm
2 2
y2  d  x  455  226.86  228.14mm
y3  x  d '  226.86  41  185.86mm
Therefore : -
III  I1  I2  I3  (A1  y12 )  (A2  y 22 )  (A3  y 32 )
III  3592828631mm 4

III. CRACKING MOMENT

fctmII
Mcr =
yt
y t  h  x  500  281.36  218.64
For concrete strength grade C25/30, fctm =2.6N/mm2
Therefore
2.6  4951395314
Mcr = =58.88kNm
218.64
The section has cracked, since
Mcr  M[ 142.14kNm ]

IV. CURVATURE OF THE UNCRACKED SECTION

1 M 142.41 106
   3.25  10 6 rad / mm
rI Ec ,effII 8.8571 103  4951395314

V. CURVATURE OF THE CRACKED SECTION

1 M 142.41 106
   4.48  10 6 rad / mm
rII Ec ,effIII 8.8571 10  3592828631
3

VI. INTERMIDIATE CURVATURE VALUE

Having obtained the values for the two limiting conditions Equation 1.1s used to
assess the intermediate value

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1 1 1
 (1  )  
r rI rII
2 2
  M 
  1   sr     1   cr 
s  M
  0.5 for sustained loads
Mcr 58.88
  0.413
M 142.41
  1 0.5  0.4132  0.915
1
 (1 0.915)  3.25  106  0.915  4.48  106  4.370  106 rad / mm
r

1.3.2.2 Shrinkage curvature

Curvatures due to shrinkage may be assessed from

1 S
  cs e
rcs I
where
S is the first moment of area of the reinforcement about the centroid of the section
I is the second moment of area of the section.
S and I should be calculated for both the uncracked and fully cracked conditions
 cs   cd   ca  is the total shrinkage strain
 cd  is the drying shrinkage strain=  54.477  10 6
 ca  is the autogenous shrinkage strain=32.425  10-6
 cs   cd   ca  (32.43  130.19)  10 6  162.62  10 6

The calculation of the values above is presented as follows:

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 cd  is the drying shrinkage strain

 cd (t )   ds (t , t s )  kh   cd ,0
kh is a coefficent depending on the notional size h0 according to Table 3.3
kh =0.7
(t  t s )
 ds (t , t s ) 
(t  t s )  0.04 h03
t is the age of the concrete at the moment considered, in days [=100days]
t s is the age of the concrete (days) at the begining of drying shrinkage (or swelling).
Normally this is at the end of curing.[=20days]
h0 is the notional size (mm) of the cross-section
=2Ac / U
Where:
A c is the concrete cross-sectional area = 500x300=150000mm2
U is the Perimeter of that part of the cross section which is exposed to drying=600mm
[Assuming top and bottom face being exposed to drying]
h0 =2Ac / U  500mm
(t  t s ) (100  20)
 ds (t , t s )    0.152
(t  t s )  0.04 h0 3
(100  20)  0.04 5003
  f 
 cd ,0  0.85 (220  110   ds1)  exp   ds2  cm    106   RH  is the basic drying shrinkage strain
  fcmo  
  RH 3 
 RH  1.55 1   
  RH0  
where
fcm is the mean compressive strength = [33MPa for C25/30]
fcmo  10MPa
 ds1 is a coefficent which depends on the type of cement = [4 for normal hardening cements (N)]
 ds2 is a coefficent which depends on the type of cement = [0.12 for normal hardening cements (N)]
RH is the ambient relative humidity (%) = [60.7% is the average anual ambient temprature of
Addis Ababa but here 50% is considered]
RH0  100%
  50 3 
 RH  1.55 1     1.35625
  100  
  33  
 cd ,0  0.85 660  exp  0.12     10 6  1.35625  512.06  10 6
  10  
 cd (100)   ds (100, t s )  kh   cd ,0  0.152  0.7  512  10 6  54.478  10 6
Alternative approach in calculating basic drying shrinkage strain:

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 ca  is the autogenous shrinkage strain

 ca (t )   as (t ) ca ()
where:
 ca ()  2.5(fck  10)10 6  2.5(25  10)10 6  37.5  10 6
and
 as (t )  1 exp(0.2t 0.5 )   as (100)  1 exp(0.2  100 0.5 )  0.865
 ca (t )  0.865  37.5  106  32.425  10 6
1 S
  cs e
rcs I
 cs   cd   ca  (32.43  54.48)  106  86.91 10 6
I. CURVATURE OF THE UNCRACKED STATE
1 S
  cs e i
rcs ,i Ii
 cs   cd   ca  (32.43  54.48)  106  86.91 106
Si  As (d  x)  A ' s (x  d ')  1810(455  281.36)  402(281.36  41)  217663.68mm3
Ii  4951395314mm 4
 e  22.58
1 217663.68mm3
 86.91 10 6  22.58   0.0863  106 rad / mm
rcs ,i 4951395314mm 4

II. CURVATURE OF THE FULLY CRACKED STATE

1 Sii
  cs e
rcs ,ii Iii
 cs   cd   ca  (32.43  54.48)  10 6  86.91 10 6
Sii  As (d  x)  A ' s (x  d ')  1810(455  226.86)  402(226.86  41)  338217.68mm3
Iii  3592828631mm 4
 e  22.58
1 338217.68mm3
 86.91 10 6  22.58   0.18491rad / mm
rcs ,ii 3592828631mm 4

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III. INTERMIDIATE CURVATURE VALUE

Having obtained the values for the two limiting conditions Equation 1.1s used to
assess the intermediate value
1 1 1
 (1  ) 
rcs rcs ,i rcs ,ii
  0.5 for sustained loads
  1 0.5  0.4132  0.915
1
 (1 0.915)  0.0863  106 rad / mm  0.915  0.18491 106 rad / mm  0.1765  106 rad / mm
rcs

1.3.2.3 Total curvature

1 1 1
   (4.370  0.1765)  106 rad / mm  4.55  106 rad / mm
rtot r rcs

Here below is the tabulated result for curvature along the span on the beam at every
1/10th of the span length.
Table 1-1 Total curvature along the beam

Moment[ 1/rI [x10-6 1/rII [x10-6 1/rcs,I [x10- 1/rcs,II [x10- -6

1/r [x10-6 1/rcs [x10 1/rtot [x10
-
X/l ζ
kNm] rad/mm] rad/mm] 6 rad/mm] 6 rad/mm] rad/mm] rad/mm] 6 rad/mm]

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.161 0.346 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.100 51.266 1.169 1.611 0.161 0.346 0.340 1.319 0.224 1.544
0.200 91.140 2.078 2.864 0.161 0.346 0.791 2.700 0.307 3.008
0.300 119.621 2.728 3.759 0.161 0.346 0.879 3.634 0.324 3.958
0.400 136.710 3.117 4.296 0.161 0.346 0.907 4.187 0.329 4.516
0.500 142.406 3.247 4.475 0.161 0.346 0.915 4.370 0.330 4.700
0.600 136.710 3.117 4.296 0.161 0.346 0.907 4.187 0.329 4.516
0.700 119.621 2.728 3.759 0.161 0.346 0.879 3.634 0.324 3.958
0.800 91.140 2.078 2.864 0.161 0.346 0.791 2.700 0.307 3.008
0.900 51.266 1.169 1.611 0.161 0.346 0.340 1.319 0.224 1.544
1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.161 0.346 0.000 0.000 0.161 0.161

1.3.3 Calculation of Deflection

Having calculated the total curvatures, the deflections may be calculated by

numerical integration using the trapezoidal rule.

The uncorrected rotation at any point may be obtained by the first integral given by

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1 1 
r r  l
 x   x 1+  x x 1   Equation 1-5
 2  n
 
 

Having calculated the uncorrected rotations, the uncorrected deflections may be

obtained by the second integral given by:

  x   x 1  l
 x   x1+   Equation 1-6
 2  n

Where: the subscript x denotes the values of the parameters at the fraction of the
span being considered, and the subscript x-1 denotes the values of the parameters at
the preceding fraction of the span.

L is the span

n is the number of the span divisions considered

Here the uncorrected rotatioin at 0.1l

 1 1
r r  l  1.439  0  7000
0.1l  0 +  0.1l 0    0+  6
  10   0.504  10 3 rad .
 2  n  2  10
 
 
and the uncorrected deflection at 0.1l
  0.1l  0  l  0.504  0  7000
 0.1l   0 +     0+ 
3
  10   0.176mm
 2  n  2  10

The uncorrected deflections may then be corrected to comply with the boundary
conditions of zero deflection at both supports. This is done by subtracting from the
uncorrected deflections the value of the uncorrected deflection at the right hand
support multiplied by the fraction of the span at the point being considered.

The values of the uncorrected rotations, uncorrected and corrected deflections at

positions x/l along the span are given in Table 1-2.

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Table 1-2 Deflections along the beam [mm]

1st 2nd
X/l integral integral Correction Deflection
-3
[10 rad] [mm]
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.100 0.504 0.176 7.227 -7.051
0.200 2.010 1.056 14.454 -13.398
0.300 4.345 3.281 21.681 -18.401
0.400 7.205 7.323 28.908 -21.585
0.500 10.323 13.458 36.135 -22.678
0.600 13.441 21.775 43.362 -21.587
0.700 16.301 32.185 50.589 -18.405
0.800 18.636 44.412 57.817 -13.404
0.900 20.142 57.984 65.044 -7.059
1.000 20.676 72.271 72.271 0.000

0.000 Span
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-5.000

-10.000
Deflection

-15.000

-20.000

-25.000

1.3.4 Deflection Limit

EC2 restricts total deflection to span/250=7000mm/250=28mm>22.678mm…OK!

1.4 Simplified Approach

The procedure for this approach is to

1) Calculate the maximum bending moment and the moment causing cracking
2) Calculate the maximum deflections for the uncracked and fully cracked
conditions, and use Equation 1-1 to assess the final maximum deflection.

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1.4.1 Summarized design data from rigorous assessment

Span= L = 7.0 m
Gk = 18.75 kN/m
Qk = 15 kN/m
W=Gk  0.3Qk  23.25kN/m
A's = 402 mm2 (216)
A s = 1810 mm2 (4 24)
fck = 25 N/mm2 (concrete strength class C25/30)
fyk  500N/mm2 (Steel B500B)
Ec ,eff  8.8571kN / mm2
 e  22.58
M  142.406kNm (maximum moment at mid span)
M cr  58.9kNm
  0.5 for sustained loads
2 2
  sr  M 
  1       1   cr   0.915
 s  M
Ii  4951395314mm 4

Iii  3592828631mm 4
1
 0.177  10 6 rad / mm
rcs

1.4.2 Calculation of deflection

1.4.2.1 Due to flexure

For simply supported beam with a uniform load acting on it the maximum deflection is
at mid span and can be computed as:
5wl 4

384Ec , eff I

I. UNCKRACKED STATE

5wl 4 5  23.25N / mm  (7000mm)4

i    16.57 mm
384Ec , eff Ii 384  8857N / mm2  4951395314mm 4
II. FULLY CKRACKED STATE

5wl 4 5  23.25N / mm  (7000mm)4

 ii    22.84mm
384Ec , eff Iii 384  8857N / mm2  3592828631mm 4
III. INTERMIDIATE STATE

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  (1  )I   II
  (1 0.915)  16.57  0.915  22.84  22.31mm

1.4.2.2 Due to shrinkage

Deflection due to shrinkage strain can be calculated as follows:
1 1 
 cs    l 2
8  rcs 
1
 0.177  10 6 rad / mm
rcs
1
 cs   0.177  10 6 rad / mm  (7000mm)2  1.084mm
8

1.4.2.3 Total deflection

 tot     cs
 tot  22.31mm  1.084mm  23.394mm

This value is slightly higher than the one calculated in the rigorous assessment.

1.4.3 Deflection Limit

span/250=7000mm/250=28mm>24.330mm…OK!

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