Course: Computer and Communication Networks

Topic: Data Communication and Networks

Presentation by

Ajay Kakkar
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

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Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala.
www.thapar.edu
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Reference: 1. Ferouzan, Behrouz A., Data Communications and Networking, 2. Stallings William, Data and Computer Communication
 Communications Model

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Reference: 1. Ferouzan, Behrouz A., Data Communications and Networking, 2. Stallings William, Data and Computer Communication
 Communication Channel

• Types of connections of computers into networks: Physical

versus Wireless connections
– The first type: The Physical Connection.
• Physically connect computers together.
– Use of wires or optical cables.
– The connections are called network links.

• Three most common physical links:

– Twisted pair

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– Coaxial cable
– Fiber-optic cable

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Reference: 1. Ferouzan, Behrouz A., Data Communications and Networking, 2. Stallings William, Data and Computer Communication
 Communication Channel (Contd.)
• Twisted pair
– Two wires twisted together.
• Makes them less susceptible to acting like an
antenna and picking up radio frequency
information or appliance noise.
– Telephone company uses twisted-pair
copper wires to link telephones.

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Reference: 1. Ferouzan, Behrouz A., Data Communications and Networking, 2. Stallings William, Data and Computer Communication
 Communication Channel (Contd.)
• Coaxial cable

– Also two wires:

• One of the wires, which is woven of fine
strands of copper forming a tube.

• The wire mesh surrounds a solid copper

wire that runs down the center.

• Coaxial cable is a type of transmission line,

which is used to carry high frequency
electrical signals with low losses.

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Reference: 1. Ferouzan, Behrouz A., Data Communications and Networking, 2. Stallings William, Data and Computer Communication
Communication Channel (Contd.)
• Fiber-optic cable

– It is a method of transmitting
information from one place to
another by sending pulses of
infrared light through an optical
fiber.

– Can transmit more information

down a single strand.

– Each cable can send several

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thousand phone conversations
or computer communications.

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Reference: 1. Ferouzan, Behrouz A., Data Communications and Networking, 2. Stallings William, Data and Computer Communication
Communication Channel (Contd.)

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Reference: 1. Ferouzan, Behrouz A., Data Communications and Networking, 2. Stallings William, Data and Computer Communication
 Communication Channel (Contd.)

• Second type of connections of computers into networks:

Wireless connections
– The link is made using electromagnetic energy that goes
through space instead of along wires or cables.

– Three types of wireless communications commonly used in

networking:
• Infrared
• Radio frequency
• Microwave

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Reference: 1. Ferouzan, Behrouz A., Data Communications and Networking, 2. Stallings William, Data and Computer Communication
Communication Channel (Contd.)

• Infrared
– Commonly used in TV
remote controls.

– Use infrared frequencies of

electromagnetic radiation
that behave much like
visible light.

– Must be in the line of sight.

– Often used to connect

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keyboards with printers.

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Reference: 1. Ferouzan, Behrouz A., Data Communications and Networking, 2. Stallings William, Data and Computer Communication
Communication Channel (Contd.)

• Bluetooth
• Make calls from a wireless headset
connected remotely to a cell phone.

• Eliminate cables linking computers to

printers, keyboards, and the mouse.

• Hook up MP3 players wirelessly to other

machines t download music.

• From a remote location to turn

appliances on and off, set the alarm,
and monitor activity.

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Reference: 1. Ferouzan, Behrouz A., Data Communications and Networking, 2. Stallings William, Data and Computer Communication
 Communication Channel (Contd.)

• Radio frequency
– Uses radio frequencies.
• Function even though line of sight is interrupted.

– Not commonly used because of the possible

interference from other sources of electromagnetic
radiation such as old electric drills and furnace
motors.

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Reference: 1. Ferouzan, Behrouz A., Data Communications and Networking, 2. Stallings William, Data and Computer Communication
Communication Channel (Contd.)

• Microwave
– Often used to communicate with
distant locations.
– Must be line of sight.
– Satellite communications use
microwaves.

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Reference: 1. Ferouzan, Behrouz A., Data Communications and Networking, 2. Stallings William, Data and Computer Communication
Communication Channel (Contd.)

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Reference: 1. Ferouzan, Behrouz A., Data Communications and Networking, 2. Stallings William, Data and Computer Communication
 Communication Basics

The speed at which the signal is transmitted (how fast the

data travels).
– In digital systems: Speed is measured in...
• Bits per second (bps).
– The number of bits (0’s and 1’s) that travel down the channel per second.
• Baud rate
– The number of bits that travel down the channel in a given interval.
– The number is given in signal changes per second, not necessarily bits per
second.

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Reference: 1. Ferouzan, Behrouz A., Data Communications and Networking, 2. Stallings William, Data and Computer Communication
 Network Criteria

• Performance – depends on number of users, type of

medium, HW/SW

• Reliability – measured by freq of failure, recovery

time, catastrophe vulnerability

• Security – protection from unauthorized access,

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viruses/worms

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Reference: 1. Ferouzan, Behrouz A., Data Communications and Networking, 2. Stallings William, Data and Computer Communication
 Network coverage
• Local Area Networks:
– Used for small networks (school, home,
office)
– Examples and configurations:
• Wireless LAN or Switched LAN
• ATM LAN, Frame Ethernet LAN

• Metropolitan Area Network

– Backbone network connecting all LANs
– Can cover a city or the entire country

• Wide Area Network

– Typically between cities and countries

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– Technology:
• Circuit Switch, Packet Switch, Frame
Relay, ATM

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Reference: 1. Ferouzan, Behrouz A., Data Communications and Networking, 2. Stallings William, Data and Computer Communication
 Channel /Transmission Impairments

• Attenuation and attenuation distortion

a) A received signal must have sufficient strength so that the
electronic circuitry in the receiver can detect the signal.

b) The signal must maintain a level sufficiently higher than noise

to be received without error.

c) Attenuation varies with frequency.

Use repeaters

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Reference: 1. Ferouzan, Behrouz A., Data Communications and Networking, 2. Stallings William, Data and Computer Communication
 Channel /Transmission Impairments

• Delay distortion
a) Delay distortion occurs because the
velocity of propagation of a signal
through a guided medium varies with
frequency.

b) The velocity tends to be highest near

the center frequency and fall off toward
the two edges of the band.
Solution: filtering

c) It can leads to Intersymbol

interference, where some of the signal
components of one bit position will spill
over into other bit positions

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Solution: adaptive equalization and error
correcting codes

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Reference: 1. Ferouzan, Behrouz A., Data Communications and Networking, 2. Stallings William, Data and Computer Communication
 Channel /Transmission Impairments

• Noise

Thermal noise: Thermal noise is due to

thermal agitation of electrons.
Solution: lowering temperature and resistance if possible

Intermodulation noise: When signals at

different frequencies share the same
transmission medium, the result may be
intermodulation noise.

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Reference: 1. Ferouzan, Behrouz A., Data Communications and Networking, 2. Stallings William, Data and Computer Communication
 Channel /Transmission Impairments

• Noise

Crosstalk: it is an unwanted coupling

between signal paths.

Impulse noise: is noncontinuous, consisting

of irregular pulses or noise spikes of short
duration and of relatively high amplitude.

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Reference: 1. Ferouzan, Behrouz A., Data Communications and Networking, 2. Stallings William, Data and Computer Communication
Effect of Noise on Digital Signal

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Reference: 1. Ferouzan, Behrouz A., Data Communications and Networking, 2. Stallings William, Data and Computer Communication
 Nyquist and Shannon Capacity formula

Shannon Capacity Formula

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Reference: 1. Ferouzan, Behrouz A., Data Communications and Networking, 2. Stallings William, Data and Computer Communication
 Nyquist and Shannon Capacity formula
Television channels are 6 MHz wide. How many bits/sec can be sent if four-level digital signals
are used? Assume a noiseless channel.

Consider an extremely noisy channel in which the value of the signal-to-noise ratio is almost zero. In other
words, the noise is so strong that the signal is faint. For this channel the capacity C is calculated as

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C=B log2 (1 + SNR)
=B log2 (1 + 0)
=B log2 (1)
=0

Reference: 1. Ferouzan, Behrouz A., Data Communications and Networking, 2. Stallings William, Data and Computer Communication
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