POWER SYSTEM LAB

Experiment No. 01
1. Title: To Solve Economic Load Dispatch Problem
using MATLAB
2. Objectives:
(1) To prepare economic schedule of thermal units
solving the coordination equations in MATLAB
(2) To prepare economic schedule of thermal units
using the Lambda Iteration Method.

Dr. Bipul Kr. Talukdar | Asistant Professor | Jorhat Engineering College 1

 3. Theory:
• Economic Load Dispatch means Economic
operation of power system with minimizing the
overall cost of generation.
• Economic Load Dispatch problem involves the
solution of two different problems
✓ Unit Commitment Problem
✓ Distribution of load among the ONLINE units
such that overall generation cost is minimum.

Dr. Bipul Kr. Talukdar | Asistant Professor | Jorhat Engineering College 2

3.1. Objective Function:

For a system having ‘N’ no of controllable units with

generation PGi
𝟏
Cost Function: Ci = 𝟐 𝒂𝒊 𝑷𝟐𝑮𝒊 + biPGi + di

Objective: Minimize σ𝑵
𝒊=𝟏 𝑪𝒊

So that, (1) σ𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑃𝐺𝑖 − 𝑃𝐷 = 0 ( Equality Constraint )

(2) 𝑃𝐺𝑖 (min) ≤ 𝑃𝐺𝑖 ≤ 𝑃𝐺𝑖 (max) ( inequality Constraint)

Dr. Bipul Kr. Talukdar | Asistant Professor | Jorhat Engineering College 3
 3.2: Determination of Coordination Equations

Consider a system having ‘N’ no. of controllable units.

𝟏
Cost Function is given by: Ci = 𝟐 𝒂𝒊 𝑷𝟐𝑮𝒊 + biPGi + di … (1)

Objective Function is: Minimize σ𝑵

𝒊=𝟏 𝑪𝒊

Such that, (1) σ𝑁

𝑖=1 𝑃𝐺𝑖 − 𝑃𝐷 = 0

(2) 𝑃𝐺𝑖 (min) ≤ 𝑃𝐺𝑖 ≤ 𝑃𝐺𝑖 (max)

Augmented Cost Function is:

α = (original cost function ) – λ ( Equality constraint)

Dr. Bipul Kr. Talukdar | Asistant Professor | Jorhat Engineering College 4
 α = (original cost function ) – λ ( Equality constraint)

α= σ𝑵 𝑁
𝒊=𝟏 𝑪𝒊 – λ ( σ𝑖=1 𝑃𝐺𝑖 − 𝑃𝐷 ) ------------------ (2)

To Minimize α ,

𝜕α 𝜕α
=0 and =0
𝜕𝑃𝐺𝑖 δλ

𝑑𝐶𝑖 =>σ𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑃𝐺𝑖 = 𝑃𝐷 ------ (4)
 - λ ( 1-0) =0
𝑑𝑃𝐺𝑖

𝑑𝐶
 𝑑𝑃 𝑖 = λ------- (3)
𝐺𝑖

Equation (3) and (4) are known as co-ordination equations of ED problem

Dr. Bipul Kr. Talukdar | Asistant Professor | Jorhat Engineering College 5

3.3. Solution of Coordination Equation
From equation(1) and (3),
𝑑𝐶𝑖
= ai𝑃𝐺𝑖 + bi = λ
𝑑𝑃𝐺𝑖

λA –B = PD
λ−𝑏𝑖
𝑃𝐺𝑖 = a ----- (5)
i B+ PD
λ= ------- (6)
𝐴
From equation (4),
𝑁
λ − 𝑏𝑖 𝑁
෍ = 𝑃𝐷 1
ai ෍ = A
𝑖=1 ai
𝑖=1
1 𝑏𝑖
or, λ σ𝑁
𝑖=1 a - σ𝑁
𝑖=1 a = 𝑃𝐷 𝑁
i i 𝑏𝑖
෍ =B
ai
𝑖=1
Dr. Bipul Kr. Talukdar | Asistant Professor | Jorhat Engineering College 6
3.4. Solution Steps:

❑ Calculate A and B Fixing is possible

only if:
❑Calculate λ using equation (6)
❑Calculate PGi using equation (5)
For upper limit,
❑Checks limits of PGi . If within λunit < λsystem
limit, then stop. Otherwise ,
✓ fix generation for the limits
For lower limit,
✓ Find new demand and go to first λunit > λsystem
step.
Dr. Bipul Kr. Talukdar | Asistant Professor | Jorhat Engineering College 7
Exercise:1 The fuel cost function in Rs/hr for three thermal plants are given by:
C1 = 400 + 8.4P1 + 0.006𝑃12 ( 100 ≤ P1 ≤ 600 )
C2 = 600 + 8.93P2 + 0.006𝑃22 ( 60 ≤ P2 ≤ 300 )
C3 = 650 + 6.78P3 + 0.004𝑃32 ( 300 ≤ P3 ≤ 650 )
Where P1 , P2 and P3 are in MW. Neglecting transmission losses and including generation
limits, determine the optimal generation schedule for Demand PD =550MW
Solution: Comparing the given cost functions with the generalized expression:
𝟏
Ci = 𝟐 𝒂𝒊 𝑷𝟐𝑮𝒊 + biPGi + di
1 1 1
a1 = 0.012 b1 = 8.4 A= + + = 291.67
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
a2 = 0.012 b2 = 8.93
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3
a3 = 0.008 b3 = 6.78 B= + + = 2291.67
𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑎3

𝑃𝐷 +𝐵 550+2291.67
λ= = = 9.74
𝐴 291

λ− 𝑏1 λ− 𝑏2 λ− 𝑏3
𝑃1 = = 111.67MW 𝑃2 = = 67.5MW 𝑃3 = = 370MW
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3

Generation limits are not violated.

Dr. Bipul Kr. Talukdar | Asistant Professor | Jorhat Engineering College 8
Exercise :2 The fuel cost function in Rs/hr for three thermal plants are given by:
C1 = 561 + 7.92P1 + 0.001562𝑃12 ( 150 ≤ P1 ≤ 600 )
C2 = 310 + 7.35P2 + 0.00134𝑃22 ( 100 ≤ P2 ≤ 400 )
C3 = 78 + 7.97P3 + 0.00482𝑃32 ( 50 ≤ P3 ≤ 200 )
Where P1 , P2 and P3 are in MW. Neglecting transmission losses and including generation
limits, determine the optimal generation schedule for Demand PD =850MW
Solution: Comparing the given cost functions with the generalized expression:
𝟏
Ci = 𝟐 𝒂𝒊 𝑷𝟐𝑮𝒊 + biPGi + di
a1 = 0.03124 b1 = 7.92 A=
1 1 1
+ 𝑎 + 𝑎 = 796.97
𝑎1 2 3
a2 = 0.00268 b2 = 7.35
𝑏1 𝑏 𝑏
a3 = 0.00964 b3 = 7.97 B= + 𝑎2 + + 𝑎3 = 6104.5
𝑎1 2 3

𝑃𝐷 +𝐵 850+6104.5
λ= 𝐴
= 796.97
= 8.726

λ− 𝑏1 λ− 𝑏2 λ− 𝑏3
𝑃1 = = 258MW 𝑃2 = = 513.4MW 𝑃3 = = 78.4MW
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
Upper limit of Generation of P2 is violated.
Dr. Bipul Kr. Talukdar | Asistant Professor | Jorhat Engineering College 9
As the upper limit of P2 is violated, hence P2 must be fixed at 400MW.
𝑑𝐶2
= λ2 = 7.35 + 2 × 0.00134 × 400 = 8.422
𝑑𝑃2
λ𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 8.726 > λ2

Hence, Fixing of P2 is possible at 400MW

Now system demand PD = 850- 400 = 450MW

This demand is met by P1 and P3
1 1 𝑏1 𝑏
A= 𝑎1
+ 𝑎 = 423.84 B= + 𝑎3 = 3361.975
3 𝑎1 3

𝑃𝐷 +𝐵 450+3361.975
λ= 𝐴
= 423.84
= 8.994
Unit Generation
λ− 𝑏1
𝑃1 = = 343.79MW 1 343.79 MW
𝑎1
2 400 MW
λ− 𝑏3
𝑃3 = 𝑎3
= 106.22MW 3 106.22 MW
Dr. Bipul Kr. Talukdar | Asistant Professor | Jorhat Engineering College 10
Objective (1)
To prepare economic schedule of the thermal units two examples by solving the
coordination equations in MATLAB
PROGRAM
INPUT FILE clc;
…………………………………… clear all;
function data = cost_function close all;

% Unit No c b a Demand=550;
system1 = [ 1 400 8.40 0.006; f = cost_function;
2 600 8.93 0.006; a=f(:,4);
3 650 6.78 0.004]; b=f(:,3);
%Demand=550MW
system2 = [ 1 561 7.92 0.001562;
c=f(:,2);
2 310 7.35 0.00134; A = sum(1./(2*a))
3 78 7.97 0.00482]; B = sum(b./(2*a))

%demand=850MW lamda= (Demand+B)/A

data = system3; P = (lamda - b)./(2*a)
end totalcost = sum(c + b.*P + a.*P.^2)
Dr. Bipul Kr. Talukdar | Asistant Professor | Jorhat Engineering College 11
Results:

Dr. Bipul Kr. Talukdar | Asistant Professor | Jorhat Engineering College 12

 Objective (2):
To solve Economic Load Dispatch Problem using
Lambda iterative method
Theory:
ED problem is to minimize overall production cost and simultaneously
meet the load demand.

Cost function (Fi ) depends on three parameters ai, bi and ci. Based on
these three parameters each generating unit has different cost while
producing the same amount of power.

Lambda iteration technique is to fix the lowest cost for dispatching the
power to be generated by online generating units.

This method may be easily discussed neglecting TL. First graphical

technique may be considered for solving the problem and this may be
extended into the area of computer algorithm
Dr. Bipul Kr. Talukdar | Asistant Professor | Jorhat Engineering College 13
Graphical Technique:

Let us find optimum operating point for a

3-machine system.

Incremental cost characteristics should be

plotted for each of the machines on the
same graph.

To find operating point of the units such

that we have minimum cost and at the same
time satisfy the specified demand , we may
use sketch and ruler to find solution.

That means we should assume λ and find

power outputs of each of three units for Our first estimate will be incorrect. If λ is so
this λ. assumed that total power is too low, value of λ
should be increased and another solution should be
tried. With the two solutions, we can extrapolate
(or interpolate) the two solutions to get the desired
value of total received power
Dr. Bipul Kr. Talukdar | Asistant Professor | Jorhat Engineering College 14
Flow Chart

Project λ :

λ‘ = λ + ∆λ if ∈> 𝟎
λ‘ = λ - ∆λ if ∈< 𝟎

Dr. Bipul Kr. Talukdar | Asistant Professor | Jorhat Engineering College 15

MATLAB PROGRAM OF LAMBDA ITERATION METHOD

Dr. Bipul Kr. Talukdar | Asistant Professor | Jorhat Engineering College 16

Results:

Dr. Bipul Kr. Talukdar | Asistant Professor | Jorhat Engineering College 17