Chapter 4: MongoDB

Q1 Explain MongoDB data type along with syntax?

Ans: MongoDB stores data in BSON (Binary JSON) format. BSON supports a
wide range of data types to represent different kinds of values.
1. String
 Stores textual data.
 Most commonly used data type.
Ex- { "name": "Alice" }
2. Number
MongoDB supports two main types of numbers:
 Integer (32-bit or 64-bit depending on server architecture):
Ex { "age": 25 }
Double (Floating-point number):
Ex { "price": 12.99 }
3. Boolean
 Stores true or false.
Ex { "isActive": true }
4. Array
 Stores multiple values in a single field.
 Can include different data types (strings, numbers, documents, etc.).
Ex { "skills": ["JavaScript", "MongoDB", "Node.js"] }
5. Object / Embedded Document
 A document within another document (used for nested data).
 Syntax:
Ex {
"address": {
"city": "Mumbai",
"zip": 400001
 }
}
6. Object Id
 A 12-byte unique identifier used as a primary key (_id).
 Automatically generated if not provided.
Ex { "_id": ObjectId("507f191e810c19729de860ea") }
7. Date
 Stores the date and time in UTC format.
Ex { "createdAt": new Date()}

Q2 Explain MongoDB CRUD operation with an example?

Ans: MongoDB supports four primary operations commonly known as CRUD:
C – Create
R – Read
U – Update
D – Delete
These operations allow us to manage documents inside MongoDB collections.
1. CREATE Operation
Used to insert new documents into a collection.
➤ Methods:
 insertOne() – inserts a single document
 insertMany() – inserts multiple documents
Ex db.users.insertOne({
name: "ritesh",
age: 20,
email: "[email protected]"
});
2. READ Operation
Used to retrieve data from the database.
➤ Methods:
 find() – fetches all matching documents
 findOne() – fetches a single matching document
Ex db.users.find({ name: "ritesh" });
3. UPDATE Operation
Used to modify existing documents.
➤ Methods:
 updateOne() – updates the first matching document
 updateMany() – updates all matching documents
Ex db.users.updateOne(
{ name: "ritesh" },
{ $set: { age: 21 } }
);
4. DELETE Operation
Used to remove documents from a collection.
➤ Methods:
 deleteOne() – deletes the first matching document
 deleteMany() – deletes all matching documents
Ex db.users.deleteOne({ name: "ritesh" });
Q3 Discuss default database in MongoDB: local, admin and config?
Ans: MongoDB creates three default databases automatically when installed.
These are system-level databases used by MongoDB to manage internal
operations and configurations.
1. admin Database
 The admin database is the root or superuser database in MongoDB.
 If a user is granted access to the admin database, they can access all other
databases too.
  It stores user authentication and role information.
Ex use admin
db.createUser({
user: "adminUser",
pwd: "securePass",
roles: ["root"]
});
2. local Database
 The local database is used for local operations specific to the server and
is not replicated in a replica set.
 It stores metadata like logs and replication info.
 Used by MongoDB internally for Storing oplog.rs (operation log for replication)

3. config Database
 The config database is used in sharded clusters.
 It stores all the metadata related to sharding and cluster configuration.
Contains collections like:
 databases – list of databases in the cluster
 collections – sharded collections
 chunks – data chunk mapping to shards
Ex use config
db.databases.find();
Q4. Explain the concept of collection and document in MongoDB with
example?
Ans: MongoDB is a NoSQL database that stores data in a flexible, JSON-like
format called BSON (Binary JSON). The two core building blocks of
MongoDB data structure are:
 Collections (equivalent to tables in relational databases)
 Documents (equivalent to rows or records)
Document in MongoDB
A Document is the basic unit of data in MongoDB. It is a set of key-value
pairs, similar to a JSON object.
 Documents are stored in BSON format.
 They can contain nested documents (documents within documents).
 Fields can store different data types: string, number, date, array, etc.
Ex {
"_id": 1,
"name": "Alice",
"age": 22,
"course": "Computer Science",
"subjects": ["DBMS", "OS", "MongoDB"]
}
Collection in MongoDB
A Collection is a group of documents. Think of it as similar to a table in SQL.
 A collection does not require a fixed schema, so documents inside it can
have different fields.
 Collections are created automatically when a document is inserted.
 We can create a collection by using db.createCollection("students").

Inserting data in collection

db.students.insertOne({
name: "ram",
age: 22,
course: "Computer Science"
});
Q5 Explain the working of MongoDB and application of MongoDB?
Ans: MongoDB is a NoSQL database that stores data in a flexible, JSON-like
format called BSON (Binary JSON) how it works:
Document-Oriented Storage:
 Data is stored in the form of documents (similar to JSON).
 Each document can have different fields, structures, and data types.
Ex {
"name": "Alice",
"age": 25,
"skills": ["JavaScript", "MongoDB"]
}
Collections Instead of Tables:
 Documents are grouped into collections (like tables in SQL).
 No fixed schema is required, allowing flexibility in storing data.
CRUD Operations:
 MongoDB supports basic operations:
o Create: Insert documents
o Read: Query documents
o Update: Modify documents
o Delete: Remove documents
Applications of MongoDB:
Content Management Systems (CMS):
MongoDB is ideal for CMS platforms like blogs, news websites, and e-
commerce systems due to its flexible schema.
Real-Time Analytics:
Used for tracking website clicks, user behavior, or sensor data in real time.
E-Commerce Platforms:
Stores product details, customer profiles, order histories, and payment
information efficiently
Social Media Applications:
Perfect for storing dynamic user content such as posts, likes, comments,
messages, and friend connections.

Q6. What does REST stand for? Explain REST API with basic flow diagram?
Ans: REST stands for Representational State Transfer.
A REST API (or RESTful API) is an interface that allows communication
between client and server using standard HTTP methods.
It allows CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations on resources using:
GET, POST, PUT, DELETE methods.

Each HTTP method in a REST API serves a specific purpose:

 GET: Fetch data
 POST: Create new data
 PUT: Fully update existing data
 DELETE: Remove data
Ex Real-Life Example
When you use a mobile app to see weather data:
 It calls a REST API like GET https://api.weather.com/data?city=Mumbai
 The server responds with JSON data:
{ "city": "Mumbai", "temperature": "32°C" }