“Crop Monitoring System In Agriculture Using IoT”

This project report is submitted to

Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur
in partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the award of the degree
of
Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Telecommunication
Engineering
Submitted by

1) Atharv S. Nasare 2) Ashwini D. Rewatkar

3) Shivam H. Gulhane 4) Avishkar S. Godghate

Under the guidance of

Prof . M . N. Thakre
Associate Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BAPURAO DESHMUKH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SEVAGRAM (WARDHA) 442 102
2024-2025

i
 Department of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering
Bapurao Deshmukh College of Engineering
Sevagram, Wardha
2024-2025

Certificate
This is to certify that this project report entitled “Crop Monitoring System In

Agriculture Using IoT” has been completed by the following students in partial

fulfillment of the team work of the B. Tech VIII th Semester, Electronics &

Telecommunication Engineering for Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University,

Nagpur during Academic session 2024-2025. This is the record of their work under my

guidance and to my immense satisfaction. I wish them success in future endeavors.

~ SUBMITTED BY ~

1. Atharv Nasare 2. Shivam Gulhane

3. Ashwini Rewatkar 4. Avishkar
Godghate

Prof. M.N.Thakre Dr.G. D. Korde

Associate Professor Project
Incharge
Project Guide

ii
 Dr.G. D. Korde Dr. R. O.
Panchariya
Assistant Professor & Head, Principal,
Department of E&T Engineering B.D.C.E. Sevagram

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and whole hearted thanks

to our project guide Prof. M.N.Thakre for his invaluable guidance inspiration and

encouragement. It is because of them that we could synchronize our efforts.

We also express our sincere thanks to our Head of Department Dr. G. D. Korde for

his tremendous support and invaluable guidance throughout our project.

We shall be failing in our duties until and unless we express our sincere thanks toall the

staff members, both teaching and non-teaching staff, and our friends who have directly

or indirectly contributed of our work.

~ SUBMITTED BY ~

1. Atharv Nasare 2. Shivam

Gulhane
3. Ashwini Rewatkar 4. Avishkar
Godghate

iii
 Department of Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering

Bapurao Deshmukh College of Engineering,

Sevagram, Wardha
2024-2025

DECLARATION

We hereby certify that the work contained in this project work, has been done by us
under the guidance of my guide.

a. The work has not been submitted to any other institute for any degree or diploma.
b. We have followed the guidelines provided by the Institute in preparing the project
report.
c. We have conformed to the norms and guidelines given in the Ethical Code of
Conduct of the Institute.
d. Whenever we have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, figures, and text)
from other sources, we have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of
the report and giving their details in the references. Further, we have taken
permission from the copyright owners of the sources, whenever necessary.

All Projectees

1.Atharv Nasare ………

iv
 2.Ashwini
Rewatkar…….
3.Shivam Gulhane …….
4.Avishkar Godghate
…….

ABSTRACT

The following project presents the use of the concept of Internet of Things in monitoring
the crops and using it in other agricultural purposes. The field of agriculture has always
demanded high standards of resources, professionalism and effort. Today majority of the
world depends on agriculture for food consumption, economic growth, trade and
employment. It also comes with various set of challenges for the agriculturists. Various
agriculturists, famers, and scientists across the globe believe in formulating different
plans and ideas to deal with these challenges.
The basic aim in this field is to maximize the yield by intelligent and efficient use of the
available resources which are generally limited and scarce costly. Hence it becomes
really important to use them significantly. There are many factors which affect the crops,
including weather and climatic conditions, lay of the land, soil parameters, etc. These
factors increase the complexity of this field and demand innovative ideas to tackle it.
The use of technology in various spectrums is often recommended in order to reduce the
complexities get better results. It is used as a tool to balance and make proper adjustments
in order to meet certain objectives. The use of science and technology in agricultural
practices has yielded great results and helped the mankind in a significant way.

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The advent of computers and electronics have completely changed the dynamics of this
domain. The sudden increase in this usage of computers and electronics devices like PCs,
smartphones, tablets etc. have resulted in huge increase in the potential of exploiting it for
various purposes. The skyrocketing popularity of internet and its growing connectivity in
different rural parts across the world only helps this potential. Hence the concept of
Internet of things has gained huge popularity.
The proposed model consists of a microcontroller, sensors like soil moisture sensor,
humidity sensor, temperature sensor, and a motor representing a water pump. The
microcontroller moderates all the parameters sensed by the various sensors and sends the
data to the user application. The user can take necessary action if needed, such as
switching on the motor pump through the application.

CONTENTS

Title Page (Inner Page) i

Certificate ii
Acknowledgement iii
Declaration iv
Abstract v
Chapter 1 Introduction 1-4
1.1 Use of IoT in agriculture 1
1.2 Computer usefullness in agriculture through internet 2
1.3 Challenges 3
1.4 Problem statement 4
1.5 Objective 5
Chapter 2 Literature Review 5-6
Chapter 3 Theoretical Study (Analysis of Proposed System)
3.1 Circuit Diagram 1
3.2 Working 2
3.3 FlowChart 3
3.4 Main Component 4

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Chapter 4 Experimental Study (Simulation, Synthesis & Implementation of System)
4.1 Coding 5
4.2 Major Software Required 6-7
4.2.1 Arduino Software IDE 6
4.2.2 How to use Arduino Tool 7
Chapter 5 Results and Discussions
Chapter 6 Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
Chapter 7 Conclusions and Future Scope of Study
References
Appendix - A
A.1 Color Printouts of Paper Presentation Certificates and Papers

vii
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
It is the thought that interfaces the various electronic devices and allows to talk among
themselves on web. This is goliath arrangement consisting all related contraptions – all of
which collect and offer information on there utilization conditions where it is worked. In
this way, all of your devices will pick up from the experience of various contraptions,
equally to individuals work. IoT is trying to broaden the dependence in human-i.e
interface, contribute and cooperate to get things done.

In the following project report, we suggest creating a system in a perfect world watering
rustic yields subject to Internet of Things. The project intends to structure an IoT system
using center point sensors in the yield field with data the board by methods for a mobile
phone or any electronic device.

1.1 Use of IoT in agriculture

 Cutting edge innovations can convey advantages to most of individuals. During
ongoing times, the Internet of things (IoTs) has started to assume a noteworthy job in
day to day lives, stretching out our observations and capacity to alter the earth around
us[3].
 Especially the agro-mechanical and natural fields. What's more, it can give data to the
last client/customer about the starting point and properties of the item (Talavera et al.,
2017). In this way, this paper plans to apply IoTs for PC supported improvement of
agribusiness.
 In such advancement of agribusiness, introducing a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
in the field has improved viability and effectiveness of the ranchers[22] . WSN helps
in assessing field factors, for example, soil quality, climatic conditions, and biomass of
plants or creatures

1.2 Computer usefullness in agriculture through internet

Through PC application animal are solely track along these lines, no slips will be happen
anyway in case it is done by an individual now and again incorrectly goof can be happen
Information, for instance, soundness of the animal, milk age, conceptive information[9].

1
 These sorts of information are known as group recording. This group recording are
secured in PC.
Through social event and individual to individual correspondence site farmers can get
partner with various pros and exchange their points of view and various nuances[8].
Farmers can get a lot of information on grouping of agribusiness subjects by surfing.
Farmers can get interface outside customer which can improve their thing and
augmentation their creation limit[6] .Farmer can get information as for esteem,
atmosphere, temperature, etc.
As far as possible in developing and animal cultivating has increase in light of usage of
PC in agribusiness field. There are less adversities in view of work are checked by PC. By
using PC in standard field like agrarian field we can manufacture the gainfulness and point
of confinement the error happen .

1.3 Challenges
The cultivating business has always experienced slower improvement stood out from
various divisions, generally in perspective on sustenance lacks and desiring issues in
specific zones of our planet. These are normally related to the appointment and
imbalance of developing, environment changes, urban effects, industrialization
systems and utilization of manufactured creations, similarly as substitution of little
farms by mechanical estates[1]. Private farmers still win in making key harvests, for
instance, wheat, rice and maize, in spite of the way that they get lower returns,
generally in view of the lacking store system and nonattendance of a real market
affiliation[2]. As often as possible in the midst of the transportation, bearers are not set
up to keep the right temperatures. They moreover reroute vehicles because of abrupt
events[4]. The opportunity to see the consistent conditions inside naval force transport
and applying atmosphere desires can result in a basic impact on the sustenance
business and farmers benefits.
Man-made mental ability and new advancements make a remarkable mix of electronic
structures transversely over agribusiness, primarily through data sharing. Data streams
in from different sources — field-based sensors, aeronautical sources and biological
data, similarly as remote recognizing data starting from various satellites. At a
comparable moment, data scattering causes its own one of a kind amazing troubles. In

2
 case we put these issues aside, there are colossal central focuses to sharing data in the
cultivating industry. Nowadays, various farmers who share data with their bank or
protection organization get lower advance expenses or rewards[10]. Along these lines,
the essential fixation for IoT in agribusiness should be straightforwardness and control
over data use. Nevertheless, to achieve this, it is fundamental to accumulate the right
supervision from industry, government and experts[13].
For example, to warrant the precision developing thought, single agriculture
organizations should store logs with information about equipment, showing that it
isoutstanding and working accurately.

1.4 Problem Statement

The objective of this proposed model is to monitor different parameters related to the
crops under observation through wireless connectivity on an electronic device. These
parameters include air humidity, atmospheric temperature, soil moisture. The model is
also required to take necessary actions like turning on or turning off the water pump
when required or when desired through an instruction given by the user over the
electronic device.

1.5 Objective
The aim is to build a model which is capable of handling various information about
the crops under consideration and undertake required commands of the user, for a
better management of the crops and the resources. Hence providing the agriculturists
across various domains a robust and useful capability. Also promoting research and
further exploration in the field of use of electronics and internet technology in
agriculture.

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Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
PCs and Electronics in Agriculture gives overall incorporation of advances in the
utilization of PC gear, programming and electronic instrumentation and control structures
to cultivation, officer administration and related endeavors[1]. The[2] last fuse
agribusiness (in the two its sustenance and merriment points of view), woods things,
aquaculture, animal/trained creatures science, veterinary medicine and sustenance dealing
with.
The journal conveys special papers, reviews, applications notes and book overviews on
topics including modernized decision helps identifying with any piece of the recently
referenced endeavors; electronic checking or control of any piece of tamed creatures/crop
creation (for instance soil and water, condition, advancement, prosperity, waste things)
and post-accumulate errands[2]. A structure using sensors that screen exceptional
conditions like stickiness, etc., the processor close by IC-S8817BS and remote handset
module with zigbee show is used, field condition is sent to the farmer through convenient
texts and email from the masters[3]. With this structure Sensor center dissatisfaction
likewise, essentialness viability are supervised. Zigbee advancement is used which now
and again need in extent of correspondence[18] . A system is proposed for astute
agribusiness nursery checking system subject to Zigbee advancement[7]. The structure
performs data acquisition, dealing with, transmission and social affair limits[16]. The
purpose of their investigations is to make sense of it nursery condition system, where the
of efficency of system for managing domain additionally, decrease the money and
developing expense and besides save imperativeness[9]. IOT advancement here relies
upon the BS structure andcc2530 used like planning chip to work for remote sensor
center and coordinator[17]. The gateway has Linux working go about as focus[11]. When
all is said in done the structure makes sense of it remote adroit checking and control of
nursery and besides changes regular ingrain advancement to remote, moreover decreases
work price[16] .A system is proposed for plant advancement which can be checked using
warm imaging framework.

4
Here the water framework temperature dissemination estimation (ITDM) technique has
been recommended[14]. Ceaselessly the warm pictures including both low and high
temperature ITDM values gives better water framework.
Dissection of plant and animal material)[22]. For temperatures which are uncommonly
close in run, warm imaging prompts off kilter information with the objective that the
things can transform into indifferenciable[27].A method to survey the usage of remote
sensor orchestrate used in automating water framework and data are sent to the web
server through remote correspondence[21].
The sensors are used to distinguish the temperature, sogginess, moistness for collect
watching[18]. The water framework is automated when the sensor scrutinizing goes
underneath the breaking point regards[22]. The farmer is routinely recommended with the
field conditions. It similarly cleared up that in nurseries, light power control can similarly
be automated in extension to water framework[12]. Here, the desire for reap water need
isn't that much desired[20].

5
Chapter 3

THEORETICAL STUDY
3.1 Circuit Diagram

Fig .1 Circuit Diagram Of Model

The proposed system is discussed in brief in the following chapter. The objective of
the system is to manage the crops through internet with the help of a remote mobile
application and initiate some commands through it. The working of the system is
discussed in detail in the following sections with the help of flow charts and block
diagrams.

3.2 Working

The soil moisture sensor is connected to an analog pin of the microcontroller arduino
A0. The sensor will be sending the moisture content in the form of analog data to the
microcontroller. DHT11 Humidity and temperature sensor is connected to the digital

6
pin of the microcontroller, as the data sent by the DHT11 sensor is in digital format.
The motor pump is connected to the arduino through the l298n motor driver. The
l298n motor driver is used so that the arduino board does not get damaged due to the
back current of the motor.
The sensors continuously monitor the data parameters and the microcontroller
displays them after regular intervals. If the soil moisture is below a certain level
which can affect the crops under consideration, the arduino will execute the
condition mentioned in the if block of the code. As soon as the moisture level goes
down, the motor pump will start and water will start flowing into the fields.
The moisture content of the soil will start increasing. The new moisture content will
be regularly monitored and will be displayed along with other parameters. As soon as
the moisture content reaches the desired value, the if condition which was being
executed will become false, and the motor pump will stop getting power and as result
will be switched off, hence conserving the water and reducing the complexity of the
watering system.

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3.3 Flow Chart

Fig . 2 FlowChart Of Model

8
3.4 Main Components
1. Node-MCU ( ESP8266)

2. Soil moisture sensor

3. DHT 11 sensor

4. Relay Module

5. Step Down Transformer

6. Pump

7. Power supply

8. Connecting wires

 Node-MCU ( ESP8266)

Fig . Node-MCU ( ESP8266)

9
NodeMCU is an open-source Lua based firmware and development board specially
targeted for IoT based Applications.
It includes firmware that runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and
hardware which is based on the ESP-12 module.

NodeMCU Development Board Pinout Configuration

Pin Name Description

Category

Power Micro-USB, Micro-USB: NodeMCU can be powered through the USB

3.3V, GND, port
Vin 3.3V: Regulated 3.3V can be supplied to this pin to power
the board
GND: Ground pins
Vin: External Power Supply

Control EN, RST The pin and the button resets the microcontroller
Pins

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Analog A0 Used to measure analog voltage in the range of 0-3.3V
Pin

GPIO Pins GPIO1 to NodeMCU has 16 general purpose input-output pins on its
GPIO16 board

SPI Pins SD1, CMD, NodeMCU has four pins available for SPI communication.
SD0, CLK

UART TXD0, RXD0, NodeMCU has two UART interfaces, UART0 (RXD0 &
Pins TXD2, RXD2 TXD0) and UART1 (RXD1 & TXD1). UART1 is used to
upload the firmware/program.

I2C Pins NodeMCU has I2C functionality support but due to the
internal functionality of these pins, you have to find which
pin is I2C.

NodeMCU ESP8266 Specifications & Features

 Microcontroller: Tensilica 32-bit RISC CPU Xtensa LX106

 Operating Voltage: 3.3V
 Input Voltage: 7-12V
 Digital I/O Pins (DIO): 16
 Analog Input Pins (ADC): 1
 UARTs: 1
 SPIs: 1
 I2Cs: 1
 Flash Memory: 4 MB
 SRAM: 64 KB
 Clock Speed: 80 MHz
 USB-TTL based on CP2102 is included onboard, Enabling Plug n Play

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  PCB Antenna
 Small Sized module to fit smartly inside your IoT projects

Programming NodeMCU ESP8266 with Arduino IDE

The NodeMCU Development Board can be easily programmed with Arduino IDE since it
is easy to use.

Programming NodeMCU with the Arduino IDE will hardly take 5-10 minutes. All you
need is the Arduino IDE, a USB cable and the NodeMCU board itself. You can check
this Getting Started Tutorial for NodeMCU to prepare your Arduino IDE for NodeMCU.

Applications

 Prototyping of IoT devices

 Low power battery operated applications
 Network projects
 Projects requiring multiple I/O interfaces with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth functionalities

NodeMCU is a low-cost open source IoT platform. It initially included firmware which
runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which was based
on the ESP-12 module.Later, support for the ESP32 32-bit MCU was added.NodeMCU is
an open source firmware for which open source prototyping board designs are available.
The name "NodeMCU" combines "node" and "MCU" (micro-controller unit).The term
"NodeMCU" strictly speaking refers to the firmware rather than the associated
development kits.[citation needed]/ Both the firmware and prototyping board designs are
open source.The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. The firmware is based on the
eLua project, and built on the Espress if Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open
source projects, such as lua-cjson and SPIFFS. Due to resource constraints, users need to
select the modules relevant for their project and build a firmware tailored to their needs.
Support for the 32-bit ESP32 has also been implemented.The prototyping hardware
typically used is a circuit board functioning as a dual in-line package (DIP) which
integrates a USB controller with a smaller surface-mounted board containing the MCU and
antenna. The choice of the DIP format allows for easy prototyping on breadboards. The

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design was initially based on the ESP-12 module of the ESP8266, which is a Wi-Fi SoC
integrated with a Tensilica Xtensa LX106 core, widely used in IoT applications

 DHT11 Sensor

Fig DHT11 Sensor

The DHT11 is a commonly used Temperature and humidity sensor that comes with a
dedicated NTC to measure temperature and an 8-bit microcontroller to output the values
of temperature and humidity as serial data.

DHT11 Pinout Identification and Configuration:

No: Pin Name Description

For DHT11 Sensor

1 Vcc Power supply 3.5V to 5.5V

2 Data Outputs both Temperature and Humidity through serial Data

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 3 NC No Connection and hence not used

4 Ground Connected to the ground of the circuit

For DHT11 Sensor module

1 Vcc Power supply 3.5V to 5.5V

2 Data Outputs both Temperature and Humidity through serial Data

3 Ground Connected to the ground of the circuit

How to use DHT11 Sensor:

The DHT11 Sensor is factory calibrated and outputs serial data and hence it is highly
easy to set it up. The connection diagram for this sensor is shown below.

14
 As you can see the data pin is connected to an I/O pin of the MCU and a 5K pull-up
resistor is used. This data pin outputs the value of both temperature and humidity as serial
data. If you are trying to interface DHT11 with Arduino then there are ready-made
libraries for it which will give you a quick start.

If you are trying to interface it with some other MCU then the datasheet given below will
come in handy. The output given out by the data pin will be in the order of 8bit humidity
integer data + 8bit the Humidity decimal data +8 bit temperature integer data + 8bit
fractional temperature data +8 bit parity bit. To request the DHT11 module to send these
data the I/O pin has to be momentarily made low and then held high as shown in the
timing diagram below

Fig. DHT11 Timing Graph

The duration of each host signal is explained in the DHT11 datasheet, with neat steps and
illustrative timing diagrams

Applications:

 Measure temperature and humidity

 Local Weather station
 Automatic climate control
 Environment monitoring

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 Soil Moisture Sensor:

Although soil water status can be determined by direct (soil sampling) and indirect (soil
moisture sensing) methods, direct methods of monitoring soil moisture are not commonly
used for irrigation scheduling because they are intrusive and labor intensive and cannot
provide immediate feedback. Soil moisture probes can be permanently installed at
representative points in an agricultural field to provide repeated moisture readings over
time that can be used for irrigation management. Special care is needed when using soil
moisture devices in coarse soils since most devices require close contact with the soil
matrix that is sometimes difficult to achieve in these soils.
Soil moisture is an important component in the atmospheric water cycle, both on a
small agricultural scale and in large-scale modelling of land/atmosphere interaction.
Vegetation and crops always depend more on the moisture available at root level than
on precipitation occurrence. Water budgeting for irrigation planning, as well as the
actual scheduling of irrigation action, requires local soil moisture information.
Knowledge of the degree of soil wetness helps to forecast the Soil water content is an
expression of the mass or volume of water in the soil, while the soil water potential is
an expression of the soil water energy status. The relation between content and
potential is not universal and depends on the characteristics of the local soil, such as
soil density and soil texture.

Fig. Soil Moisture Sensor

 Water Pump

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 The water pump is used to artificially supply water for a particular task. It
can be electronically controlled by interfacing it to a microcontroller. It can
be triggered ON/OFF by sending signals as required. The process of
artificially supplying water is known as pumping. There are many varieties
of water pumps used. This project employs the use of a small water pump
which is connected to a H-Bridge.

Fig.4 Water Pump

 5v Relay Module

This is a LOW Level 5V 2-channel relay interface board, and each channel
needs a 15-20mA driver current. It can be used to control various appliances
and equipment with large current. It is equiped with high-current relays that
work under AC250V 10A or DC30V 10A. It has a standard interface that can
be controlled directly by microcontroller.

Features

 Relay Maximum output: DC 30V/10A, AC 250V/10A

 2 Channel Relay Module with Optocoupler LOW Level Triger expansion board,
which is compatible with arduino
 Standard interface that can be controlled directly by microcontroller ( 8051, AVR,
*PIC, DSP, ARM, ARM, MSP430, TTL logic)

17
 Relay of high quality loose music relays SPDT. A common terminal, a normally open,
one normally closed terminal optocoupler isolation, good anti-jamming

Fig. 5v Relay Module

Schematic
VCC and RY-VCC are also the power supply of the relay module. When you
need to drive a large power load, you can take the jumper cap off and connect an
extra power to RY-VCC to supply the relay; connect VCC to 5V of the MCU
board to supply input signals.

Fig. Schematic Circuit Of Relay Module

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Input:
VCC : Connected to positive supply voltage (supply power according to relay voltage)
GND : Connected to negative supply voltage
IN1: Signal triggering terminal 1 of relay module
IN2: Signal triggering terminal 2 of relay module

Output:
Each submodular of the relay has one NC(nomalclose), one NO(nomalopen)
and one COM(Common). So there are 2 NC, 2 NO and 2 COM of the
channel relay in total. NC stands for the normal close port contact and the
state without power; No stands for the normal open port contact and the state
with power. COM means the common port. You can choose NC port or NO
port according to whether power or not.

 Jumper wires

Fig. 3.6 Jumper Wires

A jump wire (also known as jumper, jumper wire, jumper cable, DuPont wire or cable) is
an electrical wire, or group of them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end (or
sometimes without them – simply "tinned"), which is normally used to interconnect the
components of a breadboard or other prototype or test circuit, internally or with other
equipment or components, without soldering.Individual jump wires are fitted by inserting
their "end connectors" into the slots provided in a breadboard, the header connector of a
circuit board, or a piece of test equipment.

19
Chapter 4
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

4.1 Coding
// IOT Smart Plant Monitoring System
#define BLYNK_PRINT Serial
#include <SPI.h>
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>
#include <SimpleTimer.h>
#include <DHT.h>
#define BLYNK_PRINT Serial
#include <OneWire.h>
#include <DallasTemperature.h>
#define ONE_WIRE_BUS D2
OneWire oneWire(ONE_WIRE_BUS);
DallasTemperature sensors(&oneWire);

char auth[] ="----------------"; //Authentication code sent by Blynk

char ssid[] = "-------"; //WiFi SSID
char pass[] = "-------"; //WiFi Password

#define sensorPin D3
int sensorState = 0;
int lastState = 0;
#define DHTPIN 2
#define DHTTYPE DHT11
DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);
SimpleTimer timer;
void sendSensor()
{
float h = dht.readHumidity();
float t = dht.readTemperature();

if (isnan(h) || isnan(t)) {
Serial.println("Failed to read from DHT sensor!");
return;
}

20
 Blynk.virtualWrite(V5, h); //V5 is for Humidity
Blynk.virtualWrite(V6, t); //V6 is for Temperature
}
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
Blynk.begin(auth, ssid, pass);
pinMode(sensorPin, INPUT);
dht.begin();

timer.setInterval(1000L, sendSensor);
Serial.begin(115200);
Blynk.begin(auth, ssid, pass);
sensors.begin();
}
int sensor=0;
void sendTemps()
{
sensor=analogRead(A0);
sensors.requestTemperatures();
float temp = sensors.getTempCByIndex(0);
Serial.println(temp);
Serial.println(sensor);
Blynk.virtualWrite(V1, temp);
Blynk.virtualWrite(V2,sensor);
delay(1000);
}
void loop()
{
Blynk.run();
timer.run();
sendTemps();
sensorState = digitalRead(sensorPin);
Serial.println(sensorState);

if (sensorState == 1 && lastState == 0) {

Serial.println("needs water, send notification");
Blynk.notify("Water your plants");
lastState = 1;
delay(1000);
//send notification
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 }
else if (sensorState == 1 && lastState == 1) {
//do nothing, has not been watered yet
Serial.println("has not been watered yet");
delay(1000);
}
else {
//st
Serial.println("does not need water");
lastState = 0;
delay(1000);
}
delay(100);
}

Fig.

Chapter 4

22
THEORETICAL STUDY

4.2.1 Arduino Software IDE

The open-source Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to write code and upload it
to the board.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software

• Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast
prototyping, aimed at students with or without a background in electronics and
programming.

• Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use hardware and

software.

• Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a
message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED,
publishing something online and many more.

• You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board.

• To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the
Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.

 Inexpensive
Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other microcontroller
platforms.
 Cross-platform
The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating
systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
 Simple, clear programming environment
The Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for
advanced users to take advantage of as well.
 Open source and extensible hardware

23
The plans of the Arduino boards are published under a Creative Commons license, so
experienced circuit designers can make their own version of the module, extending it and
improving it.
 Open source and extensible software
The Arduino software is published as open source tool and the language can be
expanded through C++ libraries

4.2.2 How to use Arduino Tool

Steps for using Arduino IDE:

Step 1: Get an Arduino board and USB cable:
In this tutorial, we assume you're using an Arduino Uno You also need a standard USB
cable (A plug to B plug): the kind you would connect to a USB printer, for example.
Step 2 : Download the Arduino environment:
(https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software) Get the latest version from the download
page. When the download finishes, unzip the downloaded file. Make sure to preserve the
folder structure. Double-click the folder to open it. There should be a few files and sub-
folders inside.
Step 3 : Connect the board:
The Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove and Arduino Nano automatically draw power
from either the USB connection to the computer or an external power supply.
If you're using an Arduino Diecimila, you'll need to make sure that the board is
configured to draw power from the USB connection. The power source is selected with a
jumper, a small piece of plastic that fits onto two of the three pins between the USB and
power jacks. Check that it's on the two pins closest to the USB port. Connect the Arduino
board to your computer using the USB cable. The green power LED (labelled PWR)
should go on.
Step 4 : Install the drivers:
Installing drivers for the Arduino Uno or Arduino Mega 2560 with Windows7, Vista, or
XP
Step 5: Launch the Arduino application:

24
Double-click the Arduino application. (Note: if the Arduino software loads in the wrong
language, you can change it in the preferences dialog. See the environment page for
details.

Step 6: Open the blink example

Open the LED blink example sketch: File > Open > Temp_and_humid.ino

25
Step 7: Select your board:

You'll need to select the entry in the Tools > Board menu that corresponds to
your Arduino.

Step 8: Select your serial port :

Select the serial device of the Arduino board from the Tools | Serial Port menu.
This is likely to be COM3 or higher (COM1and COM2 are usually reserved for
hardware serial ports). To find out, you can disconnect your Arduino board and
re-open the menu; the entry that disappears should be the Arduino board.
Reconnect the board and select that serial port.

Step 9 : Upload the program:

Now, simply click the "Upload" button in the environment. Wait a few seconds
- you should see the RX and TX leds on the board flashing. If the upload is
successful, the message "Done uploading." will appear in the status bar.

26
Chapter 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The two sensors (DHT11 humidity and temperature sensor and soil moisture sensor) were
checked and tested. The microcontroller Arduino Uno was also tested by connecting it to
the PC. The other components like DC motor, motor driver, and the bread board were
joined together with connecting wires and the circuit was made. The arduino IDE
program was developed and was compiled and debugged.
After the initial testing and code development, the program was uploaded to
the board. The sensor readings were observed and verified. The motor was
made to run when the soil moisture was below the desired value.

Fig. Working OF Model

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Chapter 6
ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
6.1 Advantages

 Efficient Water Management – The soil moisture sensor ensures water is used only
when needed, reducing water wastage.
 Improved Crop Yield – Real-time monitoring of temperature, humidity, and soil
conditions helps maintain optimal growth conditions.
 Cost Savings – Automating irrigation reduces labor costs and minimizes overuse of
resources like water and fertilizers.
 Remote Monitoring – Farmers can check real-time data and control the water pump
remotely, reducing the need for physical field visits.
 Data-Driven Decisions – Collected data can be analyzed to optimize farming
strategies over time.
 Eco-Friendly – Reduced water and chemical wastage lead to sustainable and
environment-friendly farming practices.
 Prevention of Crop Diseases – Monitoring temperature and humidity helps detect
conditions that may lead to plant diseases, allowing preventive actions.
 Scalability – The system can be expanded with additional sensors and AI-based
analytics for better precision and automation.

6.2 Disadvantages

 High Initial Cost – Setting up IoT devices, sensors, and automation systems can be
expensive for small-scale farmers.
 Internet Dependency – Continuous network connectivity is required for real-time
monitoring, which may not be available in remote areas.
 Technical Knowledge Required – Farmers need to be trained to use the system
effectively.
 Maintenance and Repairs – Sensors and IoT devices may require regular
maintenance, calibration, and replacements.

28
 Power Supply Issues – The system relies on electricity or battery backup, which
may not always be available in rural areas.
 Data Security Risks – Storing farm data online makes it vulnerable to hacking or
cyber threats.
 Limited Accuracy in Extreme Conditions – Sensors might not always work
accurately under extreme weather conditions.
 Potential System Failures – If any component (sensor, water pump, or connectivity
module) fails, it may disrupt the entire irrigation process.

6.3 Applications

 Smart Irrigation – Automatically controls water supply based on real-time soil

moisture levels.
 Greenhouse Farming – Helps maintain optimal environmental conditions inside
greenhouses.
 Large-Scale Agriculture – Useful for commercial farming to monitor large fields
efficiently.
 Vertical Farming – Can be integrated into indoor farms to regulate water and
humidity.
 Drought-Prone Areas – Helps conserve water and maximize yield in water-scarce
regions.
 Soil Health Monitoring – Long-term data collection assists in understanding soil
health trends.
 Precision Fertilization – Can be extended to include nutrient sensors for automated
fertilization.
 Disaster Prevention – Helps predict and mitigate risks such as drought or crop
failure due to environmental changes.

Chapter 7

29
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE OF STUDY

7.1 Conclusion

The above model gives a prototype of a smart crop monitoring system which can be used
for small sized fields and polyhouses. The field can be divided into different sections
which will have one such model each. The sensors can be varied depending on the size of
the field or the requirements.
There are many challenges in the use of IoT for such purposes. More exploration,
research and interest in this field, can slowly help in tackling these challenges and can
improve the performance and working of these models.

7.2 Future Scope Of Study

 AI and Machine Learning Integration – Implementing AI to predict irrigation

needs based on historical data.
 Cloud-Based Analytics – Using cloud platforms to store, analyze, and visualize
sensor data for better insights.
 Solar-Powered Operation – Enhancing sustainability by using renewable energy
sources to power the system.
 Weather Forecast Integration – Connecting the system with weather APIs to adjust
irrigation based on upcoming conditions.
 Multi-Crop Adaptability – Expanding the system to support different crop types
with varied soil requirements.
 Automated Fertilizer Dispenser – Adding nutrient sensors to automate fertilizer
distribution based on soil nutrient levels.
 Blockchain for Data Security – Using blockchain technology to secure farm data
and ensure transparency in agriculture.

REFRENCES
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[7] P. Rajalakshmi and S.D. Mahalakshmi, “IOT Based Crop-Field Monitoring and
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[8] R. Balamurali, K. Kathiravan, “An Analysis of Various Routing Protocols for

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[9] Rwan Mahmoud, TasneemYousuf, FadiAloul, “Internet of Things (IOT) Security:

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[12] G. Naveen Balaji, R. Prabha, E. Shanthini, J. Jayageetha, Mohand Lagha “Rapid

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[14] G. Naveen Balaji, V. Aathira, K. Ambhikavathi, S. Geethiga, R. Havin “Low

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[15] LIU Dan, Cao Xin, Huang Chongwei, JI Liang Liang, “Intelligent agent
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Conference on Intelligent Transportation, Big Data &Smart City, 2015.

APPENDIX-A

IOT-Powered Precision Farming For Crop Monitoring

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