Relationship Functions and Graphs

A relation is a set of ordered pairs (x, y), where x represents the input
(domain), and y represents the output (range).

A function is a special type of relation where each input has exactly one
output.

Example of a Relation

{(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (1, 5)}

This is a relation, but not a function because the input "1" has two different
outputs (2 and 5).

Example of a Function

{(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)}

Each input corresponds to only one output.

Domain

The set of all possible input values (x-values).

Range

The set of all possible output values (y-values).

Example

For the relation {(0, 2), (1, 4), (2, 6)},

Domain = {0, 1, 2}

Range = {2, 4, 6}

Image

The image of an input value is its corresponding output in the relation.

Example

In the relation {(2, 5), (3, 7), (4, 9)},

The image of 2 is 5.

The image of 3 is 7.
The codomain is all the possible output values a function or relation could
produce, even if not all of them are used. Think of it as a set of all potential
results.

For example

If a function f(x)=x+1 is defined where

Domain (input values) is {1, 2, 3}, and

Codomain (possible outputs) is {2, 3, 4, 5}.

N. B. Even if we only get outputs like {2, 3, 4}, the codomain remains the
entire set {2, 3, 4, 5}.

Range is what actually comes out.

Codomain is what could come out based on the rule of the function.

Identifying Functions

Identifying Functions from Ordered Pairs

A relation is a function if each input (x-value) is paired with only one output
(y-value).

Example 1

Relation: {(1,2),(2,3),(3,4)}

Each input is paired with only one output. Therefore, this is a function.

Example 2

Relation:{(1,2),(2,3),(1,4)}

Since the input “1” is paired with two different outputs (2 and 4), this is not a
function.
Identifying Functions from Arrow Diagrams

In an arrow diagram (mapping diagram), arrows show how inputs (domain)

are linked to outputs (codomain).

Example 1

Domain: {1,2,3}Codomain: {4,5,6}

1→4,2→5,3→6

Since each input maps to only one output, this is a function.

Example 2

1→4,2→5,1→6

Since “1” maps to both “4” and “6”, this is not a function.
Identifying Functions from Graphs

A graph represents a function if no vertical line intersects the graph more

than once. This is called the vertical line test.

Example 1:

A straight line like y=2x+1 is a function because any vertical line will touch it
only once.

Example 2:

A circle is not a function because a vertical line can touch it at two points.
Practice Exercises

1. Identify whether the following relation is a function:

{(3, 5), (4, 6), (3, 7)}

2. Determine if the arrow diagram below represents a function:

Domain: {1, 2, 3}

Codomain: {4, 5, 6}

Mappings:

1→4

2→5

3→4
Functional Notation

Functional notation is a way to represent functions using symbols. It allows

us to describe how a function relates an input to an output. The most
common symbol for a function is f(x), where:

f represents the name of the function.

x is the input value or the variable.

f(x) is the output value when x is substituted into the function.

Examples

Using Functional Notation

If f (x)=2x+3,

To find f (2), substitute 2 for x in the equation

f (2)=2(2)+3=4+3=7

So,

f(2)=7.

Another Example

If g (x)=x^2 −5,

To find g(4):

g(4)=4 ^2 −5=16−5=11

So,

𝑔(4)=11.
Interpreting Functional Notation

f (x) = y

In a function,

𝑓(x) represents the output y for a given input x.

For example, if

𝑓(x)=2x+1 and f (3)=7, it means when x = 3, the output is 7.

Evaluating Expressions

If 𝑓(x)=3x−4, find 𝑓(0)

f(0)=3(0)−4=−4

Common Uses of Functional Notation

Finding specific values

Given

𝑓(x)=x ^2 +2x, find f(5).

Solving equations

If 𝑓(x)=2x+3, solve for x when

𝑓(x)=9.

Practice Exercises

a) 𝑓(3)
1. If f(x)=x ^2 +4x, find:

b) 𝑓(−1)

2. Given 𝑔(x)=5x−2, solve for x when 𝑔(x)=13.

Linear Functions and Their Graphs
A linear function is a function which forms a straight line in a graph. It is generally a
polynomial function whose degree is utmost 1 or 0

A linear function is a function that can be represented in the form:

f(x)=mx+c

Where:

m is the slope (rate of change), c is the y-intercept (the point where the
graph crosses the y-axis) and (x,y) are the coordinates. This formula is also
called slope formula.

Types of Linear Functions

Slope or Gradient

The slope, m, of a line represents the change in y divided by the change in x.

A positive slope means the line rises, while a negative slope means it falls.

y-Intercept

The y-intercept, c is where the graph crosses the y-axis, at point (0, c).

Example

A line passes through the points (-2,-4)and (-5,5). Find the equation of the
line in all three forms listed above.

Two of the forms require slope, so let’s find that first.

Point-slope form

Slope- Intercept form

Standard Form

Graphing a Linear Function

Slope – Intercept Form

To graph a linear function in slope-intercept form (y=mx+c), you can follow
these steps:

1. Identify the slope, m, and the y-intercept c.

2. Use the slope, m, to find another point on the line (rise over run).
3. Plot the points
4. Draw a straight line through both points.

Example

Watch a video to help you understand more

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra/x2f8bb11595b61c86:forms-of-
linear-equations/x2f8bb11595b61c86:graphing-slope-intercept-equations/v/
graphing-a-line-in-slope-intercept-form

Graphing Point-Slope Form

 1. Identify the x and y values of the point and plot them.
2. Identify the slope.
3. Starting from the point, move in the y-direction the value of the rise,
and over the value of the run to plot a second point
4. Draw the line through the two points.

Video

https://www.google.com/search?client=ms-android-samsung-
rvo1&sca_esv=01c9daa3c61022a2&sxsrf=ADLYWIKvFoeA-
_nhsZh5XQWdcFkf8bl-
BQ:1737015542745&q=how+to+graph+a+linear+function+from+poi
nt+slope+form&udm=7&fbs=AEQNm0Aa4sjWe7Rqy32pFwRj0UkWd8n
bOJfsBGGB5IQQO6L3J9LTkYkTMsFy3KExiuH6ofP-
3bcPvQ9RRuncHQuh0oGOglfbb6CiHPjeRbPZ8WEBhXg4BHN5-
OiYbYcriqk_WWrYh471B9dTSvXeyu-
VHPZmZs_rsD6NE4PDaUQhHtNixPHEzaGuW7m9Y3TjtTxM65BNx2OX&s
a=X&ved=2ahUKEwi47ZOT5_mKAxXqSzABHXiiNn0QtKgLegQIEhAB&bi
w=384&bih=723&dpr=2.81#fpstate=ive&vld=cid:b4fa8400,vid:SWf7I
sLH6Oo,st:0
 Exercises

1. Sal finds the equation of a line that passes through (-3,6) and (6,0) in
point-slope, slope-intercept, and standard form. Can you write what
she did?

2. Plot the graphs of the following functions :

a. y= - 3x +2
b. y= 2x+3
c. y= 2/3x +1

3. Graph the lines:

a. y– 2=3(x-1)
b. y-3=2(x+5)

Intercepts

To find the intercepts of the graph of a linear function, you can use both
graphical and algebraic methods:

1. Algebraic Method

A linear function is typically written as:

y=mx+c

Where:

m is the slope.

c is the y-intercept.

Y-Intercept (where the line crosses the y-axis)

Set x=0 in the equation.

The resulting value of y is the y-intercept

(0,b).

Example:

y=2x+3, set x=0:

y=2(0)+3=3

So, the y-intercept is (0,3).

X-Intercept (where the line crosses the x-axis)

Set y=0 in the equation to solve for x

Example:

If y=2x+3, set y=0:

0=2x+3

2x=−3

x=− 3/2

So, the x-intercept is

(-3/2,0)

Graphical Method

y-Intercept

To find the y-intercept, look at where the line crosses the y-axis. This is the
point (0,c).

x-Intercept

To identify the x-intercept, look at where the line crosses the x-axis. This is
the point (x,0).
Over to you

1. Find the intercepts for the equation 3x−4y=12.

2. Identify the x and y intercepts of the graph below

Gradient of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

The gradient (slope) of a line describes its steepness and direction. When
dealing with parallel and perpendicular lines, their gradients have specific
relationships:

Parallel Lines

Two lines are parallel if they have the same gradient. If the gradient of one
line is

𝑚, the gradient of a parallel line is also 𝑚.

Example:

Line 1: y=2x+3 (gradient m=2)

Line 2: y=2x−4 (gradient m=2)

Since both have the same gradient, the lines are parallel.

Perpendicular Lines

Two lines are perpendicular if the product of their gradients is−1.

Rule: If the gradient of one line is 𝑚 , the gradient of a perpendicular line is

m2 i= – 1/m

Example:

Line 1: y =2x+3 (gradient m =2)

Perpendicular Line: 𝑚2 = - 1/2

Since 𝑚1 × 𝑚2 =2×− 1/2 =−1, the lines are perpendicular.

Over to you

a. 𝑦=4x+1 and 𝑦=4x−3

1. Which of the following pairs of lines are parallel?

b. y=−2x+5 and y= 1/2x + 1

2. Find the gradient of a line perpendicular to a line with a gradient of 5.

3. Given the line y =3x+7,
a. Write the equation of a line parallel to it that passes through the
point (2,−1).
b. Write the equation of a line perpendicular to it that passes
through the point (0,4).
4. Determine if the lines 2x+3y=6 and 3x−2y=4 are perpendicular.
Length of a line segment

The length of a line segment is the distance between its endpoints.

The length of a line segment is also known as the distance between two
points.

Midpoint of a line segment

The midpoint of a line segment is the point that is exactly halfway between
the endpoints.

The midpoint splits the line segment into two equal parts.

Formulas

Given two points (x1,y1) and(x2, y2), find the distance between them and
the point equidistant between them using the following formulas.
Exercise

1. Find the length and midpoint if the line above

2. Calculate the distance and midpoint between the points
A(−5,−2) and B(3,4).
 3. If the midpoint of a line segment is M(2,5) and one endpoint is
A(4,7), find the coordinates of point B.

Systems of Linear Equations

There are three types of systems of linear equations in two variables, and
three types of solutions.

An independent system has exactly one solution pair (x,y)

. The point where the two lines intersect is the only solution.

An inconsistent system has no solution. Notice that the two lines are
parallel and will never intersect.

A dependent system has infinitely many solutions. The lines are coincident.
They are the same line, so every coordinate pair on the line is a solution to
both equations.
Solving Simultaneous Equations Graphically (Independent System)

1. Write the system of equations in slope-intercept form (if they are not
already):

The general form is

𝑦=mx+c, where

Example:

𝑦=2𝑥+1 and 𝑦=−𝑥+4

2. Plot the first equation

*Find the y-intercept andd plot the point on the y-axis.

*Use the slope to determine other points. The slope tells you how much

Example for 𝑦=2x+1:

The y-intercept is (0,1) and the slope is 2, so from (0,1), move up 2 units and
right 1 unit to plot the next point, (1,3).

3. Plot the second equation

Repeat the same process for the second equation. Find the y-intercept and
use the slope to plot more points.

Example for

𝑦= −x+4:

The y-intercept is (0,4) and the slope is -1, so from (0,4), move down 1 unit
and right 1 unit to plot the next point,

(1,3).

4. Draw the lines

After plotting at least two points for each equation, draw straight lines
through those points, extending them until they intersect.

Identify the point of intersection

equations. The coordinates of this point are the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 that satisfy
The point where the two lines intersect is the solution to the system of

both equations.

5. Write the solution

at (1,3), then the solution is 𝑥 = 1 and y= 3.

The point of intersection gives the solution. For example, if the lines intersect

Note : We can also use the table of values or substitution to find points on
the line

Representing Solutions to Linear Inequalities using Set Builder

Notation, Number Lines and Graphs

Linear inequalities in one variable are mathematical expressions that use

inequality symbols such as >,<,≥,≤ instead of the equal sign (=) to define a
range of possible values for a variable.

Steps to Represent Linear Inequalities

Step 1: Solve the Inequality

Rearrange the inequality to isolate the variable on one side.

Example: For 3x−5>4, solve as follows:

3𝑥 > 4 +5

3𝑥 > 9

𝑥 >9/3

x>3

Step 2: Represent the Solution

Use the specified method to represent the solution clearly.

Set Builder Notation

Linear Inequality: x>3

{x: x>3}

This means “the set of all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 is greater than 3.”

Number Line

Step 1: Draw a number line.

Step 2: Use an open circle for more than and less than and closed circles for
more than or equal to and less than or equal to

Step 3: Shade the region to the right for more than and to the left for less
than

Step 4: For compound inequalities (e.g.1≤x<5), shade the region between

the boundary points accordingly.

Step 5: Use arrows at the ends of the shaded line to show the solution
extends infinitely in that direction

Linear Inequality: x>3

Graph Representation

Step1: Draw a vertical boundary line.

 Locate the value of the variable (e.g., x=3) on the x-axis.

  Draw a vertical line at that value.
 Use a dashed line for strict inequalities (> or <).
 Use a solid line for inclusive inequalities (≥ or ≤).

Step 2: Shade the region of the solution.

For 𝑥>a, shade the region to the right of the boundary line.
For 𝑥<a, shade the region to the left of the boundary line.


 Identify the boundary points for each inequality.
Eg. {1≤x<5}
For x≥1: Use a solid vertical line at x = 1 and for x<5: Use a dashed
vertical line at
 Shade the region between the two boundary lines.

Step 3:Add labels.

 Label the boundary line with its equation

Linear Inequality : x <3

Over to you

a. Solve for 𝑥
1. Solve and represent 2x−5<1:

b. Write the solution in set-builder notation.

c. Show the solution on a number line and graph.

a. Solve for 𝑥
2. Solve and represent 4x+7≥15:

b. Represent the solution using all three methods.

3. Represent the solution of−3≤x<4:

a. In set-builder notation.
b. On a number line.
c. On a graph.
Composite Functions

A composite function is a function that is created by combining two

functions. If you have two functions, say f(x) and g(x), then the composite
function (f∘g)(x) is defined as:

(f∘g)(x)=f(g(x))

How It Works?

1. You first apply the function g(x).

2. Then, you take the output of g(x) and f(x).

Example

Given

f(x)=x ^2 +3 and g(x)=2x+1

To find (f∘g)(x), we substitute g(x) into f(x):

f(g(x))=f(2x+1)

=(2x+1) ^2 +3

Expanding,

4x^2 +4x+1+3

=4x^2+4x+4

Therefore,

(f∘g)(x)=4x^2 +4x+4

We can do the reverse

(g∘f)(x),

g(f(x))=g(x^2 +3)

=2(x^2 +3)+1

=2x^2 +6+1

=2x^2 +7
Therefore,

(g∘f)(x)=2x^2 +7

Example

Note:

(f∘g)(x) is not equal to (g∘f)(x).

Exercise
Graph of a Quadratic Function

The graph of a quadratic function is a U-shaped curve called a parabola.

One important feature of the graph is that it has an extreme point, called
the vertex. If the parabola opens up, the vertex represents the lowest
point on the graph, or the minimum value of the quadratic function. If the
parabola opens down, the vertex represents the highest point on the
graph, or the maximum value. In either case, the vertex is a turning point
on the graph. The graph is also symmetric with a vertical line drawn
through the vertex, called the axis of symmetry. These features are
illustrated in below

.
The y-intercept is the point at which the parabola crosses the y -axis. The
x-intercepts are the points at which the parabola crosses the x -axis. If
they exist, the x-intercepts represent the zeros, or roots, of the quadratic
function, the values of x at which y=0

Identifying Characteristics of a Parabola

Maximum and Minimum Values

The output of the quadratic function at the vertex is the maximum or

minimum value of the function, depending on the orientation of the parabola.
Graphing a Quadratic Function

To graph a Quadratic function you need to identify the vertex (the minimum
or maximum point on the parabola), determine the axis of symmetry (the
vertical line passing through the vertex), find a few additional points on the
graph by plugging in x-values, and then connect the points with a smooth
curve to form the parabola; the shape of the parabola depends on the sign of
the leading coefficient in the quadratic equation, indicating whether it opens
upwards or downwards.

Standard form:

A quadratic function is usually written in standard form as f(x) = ax^2 + bx

+ c.

Identify the direction of the parabola:

If ‘a’ (the leading coefficient) is positive, the parabola opens upwards.

If ‘a’ is negative, the parabola opens downwards.

Find the vertex

The x-coordinate of the vertex is given by x = -b / (2a).

To find the y-coordinate, substitute this x-value back into the function.

Find the axis of symmetry

The axis of symmetry is a vertical line that passes through the vertex, with
the equation x = -b / (2a).

Find additional points

Choose a few x-values on either side of the vertex and substitute them into
the function to find the corresponding y-values.

Plot the points and draw the parabola

Plot the vertex and the additional points on a coordinate plane.

Draw a smooth curve connecting the points, remembering the parabola’s
symmetry around the axis of symmetry.

Example

Graph the function f(x) = x^2 – 2x – 3