Database Concepts

Ninth Edition

Chapter 3
Structured Query Language

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Learning Objectives
2

• Learn basic SQL statements for creating database structures

• Learn basic SQL statements for adding data to a database
• Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and options for
processing a single table
• Learn basic SQL SELECT statements for processing multiple
tables with subqueries
• Learn basic SQL SELECT statements for processing multiple
tables with joins
• Learn basic SQL statements for modifying and deleting data
from a database
• Learn basic SQL statements for modifying and deleting
database tables and constraints

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Structured Query Language
3

Learn basic SQL statements for creating

database structures
• Structured Query Language (SQL) is not a complete
programming language; rather, it is a data sublanguage
– Developed by IBM in the late 1970’s
– Endorsed and adopted by ANSI in 1992
– Endorsed as a standard by the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO)
– It is text oriented
– Can be used by MS Access using Query by Example
(QBE)

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SQL Statement Categories
4

Learn basic SQL statements for creating

database structures
• SQL statement categories are as follows:
– Data definition language (DDL)
§ Statements used to create database structures
– Data manipulation language (DML)
§ Statements used to query, insert, modify and delete data
– SQL/Persistent stored modules (SQL/PSM)
§ Statements to extend SQL by adding procedural
programming capabilities
– Transaction control language (TCL)
§ Statements used to mark transaction boundaries
– Data control language (DCL)
§ Statements used to grant and revoke database permissions
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Wedgewood Pacific Example
5

Learn basic SQL statements for creating

database structures
• This chapter uses the Wedgewood Pacific (WP) company as an
example.
– Founded in 1957 in Seattle, WA
– Manufacture and sell consumer drone aircraft
– In January, 2018, the FAA said that over one million drones had
been registered
– WP’s database has four tables (Department, Employee, Project,
and Assignment)

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Wedgewood Pacific Relations
6

Learn basic SQL statements for creating

database structures
• The following relations are used for the Wedgewood Pacific (WP)
example used in this chapter:

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WP’s Referential Integrity
7

Constraints
Learn basic SQL statements for creating
database structures
• A referential integrity constraint is used to link (or reference) relations.
This means that a foreign key in a relation must also exist in the
relation in which it serves as the primary key. WP’s referential
integrity constraints:

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Figure 3.1(a) Database Column
8

Characteristics for the WP Database

Access 2019, Windows 10, Microsoft Corporation

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Figure 3.1(b) DEPARTMENT Table
9

Column Name Type Key Required Remarks

DepartmentName Short Text (35) Primary Key Yes Blank
BudgetCode Short Text (30) No Yes Blank
OfficeNumber Short Text (15) No Yes Blank
DepartmentPhone Short Text (12) No Yes Blank

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Figure 3.1(c) EMPLOYEE Table
10

Column Name Type Key Required Remarks

EmployeeNumber AutoNumber Primary Key Yes Surrogate Key

FirstName Short Text (25) No Yes Blank

LastName Short Text (25) No Yes Blank

Department Short Text (35) Foreign Key Yes Links to DepartmentName in

DEPARTMENT

Position Short Text (35) No No Blank

Supervisor Number Foreign No Long Integer. Links to
Key EmployeeNumber in
EMPLOYEE

OfficePhone Short Text (12) No No Blank

EmailAddress Short Text (100) No Yes Blank

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Figure 3.1(d) PROJECT Table
11

ColumnName Type Key Required Remarks

ProjectID Number Primary Key Yes Long Integer
ProjectName Short Text (50) No Yes Blank
Department Short Text (35) Foreign Key Yes Links to
DepartmentName in
DEPARTMENT
MaxHours Number No Yes Double
StartDate Date No No Blank
EndDate Date No No Blank

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Figure 3.1(e) ASSIGNMENT Table
12

Column Name Type Key Required Remarks

ProjectID Number Primary Key, Yes Long Integer
Foreign Key Links to ProjectID in
PROJECT
EmployeeNumber Number Primary Key, Yes Long Integer
Foreign Key Links to
EmployeeNumber in
EMPLOYEE
HoursWorked Number No No Double

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Figure 3.2(a) DEPARTMENT Table
13

Sample Data for the WP Database

DepartmentName BudgetCode OfficeNumber DepartmentPhone
Administration BC-100-10 BLDG01-210 360-285-8100

Legal BC-200-10 BLDG01-220 360-285-8200

Human Resources BC-300-10 BLDG01-230 360-285-8300

Finance BC-400-10 BLDG01-110 360-285-8400

Accounting BC-500-10 BLDG01-120 360-285-8405

Sales and Marketing BC-600-10 BLDG01-250 360-285-8500

InfoSystems BC-700-10 BLDG02-210 360-285-8600

Research and Development BC-800-10 BLDG02-250 360-285-8700

Production BC-900-10 BLDG02-110 360-285-8800

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Figure 3.2(b) Sample Data for the WP
14

Database: EMPLOYEE Table (1 of 2)

Employee FirstName LastName Department Position Supervisor OfficePhone EmailAddress
Number
1 Mary Jacobs Administration CEO 360-285-8110 [email protected]
2 Rosalie Jackson Administration Admin Assistant 1 360-285-8120 [email protected]
3 Richard Bandalone Legal Attorney 1 360-285-8210 Richard.Bandalone@
WP.com

4 George Smith Human Resources HR3 1 360-285-8310 [email protected]

5 Alan Adams Human Resources HR1 4 360-285-8320 [email protected]

6 Ken Evans Finance CFO 1 360-285-8410 [email protected]

7 Mary Abernathy Finance FA3 6 360-285-8420 [email protected]
8 Tom Caruthers Accounting FA2 6 360-285-8430 [email protected]
9 Heather Jones Accounting FA2 6 360-285-8440 [email protected]
10 Ken Numoto Sales and Marketing SM3 1 360-285-8510 [email protected]

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Figure 3.2(b) Sample Data for the WP
15

Database: EMPLOYEE Table (2 of 2)

Employee FirstName LastName Department Position Supervisor OfficePhone EmailAddress
Number
11 Linda Granger Sales and Marketing SM2 10 360-285-8520 [email protected]
12 James Nestor InfoSystems CIO 1 360-285-8610 [email protected]
13 Rick Brown InfoSystems IS2 12 Blank [email protected]

14 Mike Nguyen Research and CTO 1 360-285-8710 [email protected]

Development
15 Jason Sleeman Research and RD3 14 360-285-8720 [email protected]
Development
16 Mary Smith Production OPS3 1 360-285-8810 [email protected]
17 Tom Jackson Production OPS2 16 360-285-8820 [email protected]
18 George Jones Production OPS2 17 360-285-8830 [email protected]
19 Julia Hayakawa Production OPS1 17 Blank [email protected]
20 Sam Stewart Production OPS1 17 Blank [email protected]

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Figure 3.2(c) Sample Data for the WP
16

Database: PROJECT Table

ProjectID ProjectName Department MaxHours StartDate EndDate
1000 2019 Q3 Production Plan Production 100.00 05/10/19 06/15/19

1100 2019 Q3 Marketing Plan Sales and Marketing 135.00 05/10/19 06/15/19

1200 2019 Q3 Portfolio Analysis Finance 120.00 07/05/19 07/25/19

1300 2019 Q3 Tax Preparation Accounting 145.00 08/10/19 10/15/19

1400 2019 Q4 Production Plan Production 100.00 08/10/19 09/15/19

1500 2019 Q4 Marketing Plan Sales and Marketing 135.00 08/10/19 09/15/19
1600 2019 Q4 Portfolio Analysis Finance 140.00 10/05/19 Blank

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Figure 3.2(d) Sample Data for the WP
17

Database: ASSIGNMENT Table

ProjectID EmployeeNumber HoursWorked

1000 1 30.00
1000 6 50.00
1000 10 50.00
1000 16 75.00
1000 17 75.00
1100 1 30.00
1100 6 75.00

Partial List of Data

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Figure 3.3 The Microsoft Access 2019
18

Options Object Designers Page

Access 2019, Windows 10, Microsoft Corporation

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SQL for Data Definition Language
19

(DDL)
Learn basic SQL statements for creating
database structures
• The SQL data definition statements include:
– CREATE
§ to create database objects
– ALTER
§ to modify the structure and/or characteristics of database
objects
– DROP
§ to delete database objects
– TRUNCATE
§ to delete table data while keeping the structure

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SQL CREATE TABLE Statement
20

Learn basic SQL statements for creating

database structures
• The SQL CREATE TABLE statement format is as follows:

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Figure 3.4 SQL CREATE TABLE
21

Statements

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Data Types
22

• There are many data types available in all DBMS products. To

see these you can refer to page 146 in your text.

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Figure 3.6 Creating Primary Keys
23

with SQL Table Constraints

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 24

Figure 3.7 Creating Foreign Keys with SQL Table

Constraints

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 25

Figure 3.8 Processing the SQL CREATE TABLE

Statements Using MySQL 8.0

MySQL Community Server 8.0, MySQL Workbench, Oracle Corporation

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 26

Figure 3.9 Processing the SQL CREATE TABLE

Statements Using MS SQL Server 2017

SQL Server 2017, SQL Server Management Studio, Microsoft Corporation

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 27

Figure 3.10 Processing the SQL CREATE TABLE

Statements Using Oracle Database XE

Oracle Database XE, SQL Developer 18.4, Oracle Corporation

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SQL for Data Manipulation (DML) –
28

Inserting Data
• SQL DML is used to query databases and to modify data in the
tables.
• There are three possible data modification operations:
– INSERT (adding data to a relation)
– UPDATE (modifying data in a relation)
– DELETE (deleting data in a relation)

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Inserting Data
29

Learn basic SQL SELECT for adding data to a

database

The order of the columns on the INSERT command does not

matter as long as the values match the order of the columns as
seen below.

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The SQL Query Framework
30

Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and

options for processing a single table
• The basic framework for the SQL Query statement has
three statements as follows:
– the SQL SELECT clause
§ specifies which columns are to be listed in the
query results
– the SQL FROM clause
§ specifies which tables are to be used in the query
– the SQL WHERE clause
§ specifies which rows are to be listed in the query
results

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Reading Specified Columns from a
31

Single Table
Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and
options for processing a single table

MySQL Community Server 8.0, MySQL Workbench, Oracle Corporation

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Single Table Queries Displaying All
32

Columns
Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and
options for processing a single table

MySQL Community Server 8.0, MySQL Workbench, Oracle Corporation

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Single Table Queries Specifying
33

Column Order
Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and
options for processing a single table

MySQL Community Server 8.0, MySQL Workbench, Oracle Corporation

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Figure 3.12 SQL Query Results in the
34

MySQL Workbench

MySQL Community Server 8.0, MySQL Workbench, Oracle Corporation

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 35

Figure 3.13 SQL Query Results in the

Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio

SQL Server 2017, SQL Server Management Studio, Microsoft Corporation

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 36

Figure 3.14 SQL Query Results in the Oracle

SQL Developer

Oracle Database XE, SQL Developer 18.4, Oracle Corporation

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Reading Specified Rows from a
37

Single Table
Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and
options for processing a single table

MySQL Community Server 8.0, MySQL Workbench, Oracle Corporation

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Single Table Queries The DISTINCT
38

Keyword
Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and
options for processing a single table
/* *** SQL-Query-CH03-06 *** */
SELECT DISTINCT Department
FROM PROJECT;

MySQL Community Server 8.0, MySQL Workbench, Oracle Corporation

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Single Table Queries The WHERE
39

Clause
Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and
options for processing a single table

MySQL Community Server 8.0, MySQL Workbench, Oracle Corporation

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Figure 3.15 SQL Comparison
40

Operators
SQL Comparison Operators
Operator Meaning
= Is equal to
<> Is NOT Equal to
< Is less than
> Is greater than
<= Is less than OR equal to
>= Is greater than OR equal to
IN Is equal to one of a set of values
NOT IN Is NOT equal to any of a set of values
BETWEEN Is within a range of numbers (includes the end points)
NOT BETWEEN Is NOT within a range of numbers (includes the end points)
LIKE Matches a set of characters
NOT LIKE Does NOT match a set of characters
IS NULL Is equal to NULL
IS NOT NULL Is NOT equal to NULL
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Figure 3.15 SQL Comparison
41

Operators
SQL Comparison Operators
!"#"$%&'
()*+&,"-.)%+"/%&01")"&
,234567286/472&#9M"&;!N;C&

!"#"$%&'&
()*+&.!!9D/+"/%
01")"&1=>5E0=5F2G&H"%0""/&IJ&./,&KLC&

!"#"$%&'
()*+&,"-.)%+"/%&
01")"&,234567286/472&9/&:;.<<=>86?8@;A&;$=73>625;BC&

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Single Table Queries Using
42

Comparison Operators
Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and
options for processing a single table

MySQL Community Server 8.0, MySQL Workbench, Oracle Corporation

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Single Table Queries Reading
43

Specified Columns and Rows

Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and
options for processing a single table

MySQL Community Server 8.0, MySQL Workbench, Oracle Corporation

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Single Table Queries Sorting the
44

Results of a Query
Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and
options for processing a single table

By default, SQL Server sorts in

ascending order. If you need the sort in
descending order it would be:
ORDER BY Department DESC;

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 45

Single Table Queries Sorting by Multiple Columns

Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and options for processing a
single table

MySQL Community Server 8.0, MySQL Workbench, Oracle Corporation.

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Single Table Queries SQL WHERE
46

Clause Options
Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and
options for processing a single table
• Three options for the SQL WHERE clauses are:
– compound clauses
– ranges
– wildcards
• An example of the compound clause is below:

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Figure 3.16 SQL Logical Operators
47

SQL Logical Operators

Operator Meaning
AND Both arguments are TRUE
OR One or the other or both of the arguments are TRUE
NOT Negates the associated operator

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Single Table Queries: SQL WHERE
48

Clauses Using Ranges of Values

Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and
options for processing a single table

MySQL Community Server 8.0, MySQL Workbench, Oracle Corporation.

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Single Table Queries: SQL WHERE
49

Clauses Using Wildcards

Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and
options for processing a single table
When using an underscore it means that any character can occur
in the spot occupied by the underscore.

Notice below that an underscore is used for each space

needed.

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Single Table Queries: SQL WHERE
50

Clauses That Use NULL Values

Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and
options for processing a single table
To include or exclude rows that contain NULL values, we use the
IS NULL or IS NOT NULL comparison values.

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Single Table Queries: SQL Queries
51

That Perform Calculations

Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and
options for processing a single table
• It is possible to perform certain types of calculations in SQL
query statements.
– One group of calculations involves the use of SQL built-in
functions.
– Another group involves simple arithmetic operations on the
columns in the SELECT statement.

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Figure 3.17 SQL Built-in Aggregate
52

Functions
SQL Built-in Aggregate Functions
Function Meaning
COUNT(*) Count the number of rows in the table
COUNT Count the number of rows in the table where column {Name} IS
({Name}) NOT NULL
SUM Calculate the sum of all values (numeric columns only)
AVG Calculate the average of all values (numeric columns only)
MIN Calculate the minimum value of all values
MAX Calculate the maximum value of all values

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Single Table Queries: Using SQL
53

Built-in Aggregate Functions

Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and
options for processing a single table

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Single Table Queries: Using Multiple
54

Aggregate Functions in an SQL

Statement
Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and
options for processing a single table

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Single Table Queries: Using
55

Expressions in SQL SELECT

Statements
Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and
options for processing a single table

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 56

Single Table Queries: Grouping Rows

Using SQL SELECT Statements
Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and
options for processing a single table
• In SQL, you can use the SQL GROUP BY clause to group rows
by common values.
– This is a powerful feature, but it can be difficult to
understand.
– What do we mean by a group? Consider the EMPLOYEE
table in Figure 3.18 on the next slide, where we show the
employees grouped by which department they work in.
– Because there are 9 departments, we have the employees
divided into 9 groups.

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Figure 3.18 Department Groups in
57

the EMPLOYEE Table

MySQL Community Server 8.0, MySQL Workbench, Oracle Corporation.

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Single Table Queries: Using the
58

GROUP BY Clause
Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and
options for processing a single table

MySQL Community Server 8.0, MySQL Workbench, Oracle Corporation.

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 59

Single Table Queries: Using the GROUP

BY Clause with the HAVING Clause
Learn basic SQL SELECT statements and
options for processing a single table

MySQL Community Server 8.0, MySQL Workbench, Oracle Corporation.

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Multiple Table Queries: SQL For
60

Data Manipulation (DML)

Learn basic SQL SELECT Statements for
processing multiple tables with subqueries
• The queries considered so far have involved data from a single
table. However, at times, more than one table must be
processed to obtain the desired information. SQL provides two
different techniques for querying data from multiple tables:
– the SQL Subquery
– the SQL Join

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Multiple Table Queries: Querying
61

with Subqueries
Learn basic SQL SELECT Statements for
processing multiple tables with subqueries

MySQL Community Server 8.0, MySQL Workbench, Oracle Corporation.

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 62

Figure 3.19 Using Primary Key and

Foreign Key Values in the SQL WHERE
Clause in an Implicit SQL JOIN

MySQL Community Server 8.0, MySQL Workbench, Oracle Corporation.

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Multiple Table Queries: Querying
63

with Joins (1 of 2)
Learn basic SQL SELECT Statements for
processing multiple tables with Joins

MySQL Community Server 8.0, MySQL Workbench, Oracle Corporation.

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Multiple Table Queries: Querying
64

with Joins (2 of 2)
Learn basic SQL SELECT Statements for
processing multiple tables with Joins

MySQL Community Server 8.0, MySQL Workbench, Oracle Corporation.

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Multiple Table Queries: Using the
65

JOIN ON with the GROUP BY

Learn basic SQL SELECT Statements for
processing multiple tables with Joins
The JOIN ON syntax still requires a statement of primary
key to foreign key as shown below:

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Figure 3.22 Using Primary Key and
66

Foreign Key Values in the SQL ON

Clause in an Explicit SQL Join

MySQL Community Server 8.0, MySQL Workbench, Oracle Corporation.

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Multiple Table Queries: Comparing
67

Subqueries and Joins

Learn basic SQL SELECT Statements for
processing multiple tables with Joins
• Subqueries and joins both process multiple tables, but
they differ slightly.
– A subquery can only be used to retrieve data from the
top table
– A join can be used to obtain data from any number of
tables.

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Multiple Table Queries: SQL Inner
68

Joins
Learn basic SQL SELECT Statements for
processing multiple tables with Joins
• SQL Inner Join is also referred to as an SQL equijoin.
• An Inner Join only displays data from the rows that match
based on join conditions:
– if a row has a value that does not match the WHERE
clause condition, that row will not be included in the
join result

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Figure 3.25 Types of SQL JOINS
69

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Figure 3.25 Types of SQL JOINS
70

Left Outer Join

SELECT StudentPK, StudentName, LockerFK, LockerPK, LockerType
FROM STUDENT LEFT OUTER JOIN LOCKER
ON STUDENT.LockerFK = LOCKER.LockerPK
ORDER BY StudentrPK;

RIGHT Outer Join

SELECT StudentPK, StudentName, LockerFK, LockerPK, LockerType
FROM STUDENT RIGHT OUTER JOIN LOCKER
ON STUDENT.LockerFK = LOCKER.LockerPK
ORDER BY LockerPK;

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SQL for Data Manipulation (DML)–
71

Data Modification and Deletion

Learn basic SQL for modifying and deleting
data from a database
• The SQL DML contains commands for the three possible
data modifications operations:
– Insert
– Modify
– Delete

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Modifying Data Example 1
72

Learn basic SQL for modifying and deleting

data from a database

To see the results, we use the following command:

MySQL Community Server 8.0, MySQL Workbench, Oracle Corporation.

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Modifying Data Example 2
73

Learn basic SQL for modifying and deleting

data from a database

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Deleting Data
74

Learn basic SQL for modifying and deleting

data from a database

The example above is a valid statement, but note that if you

fail to include the WHERE clause then you will have just
deleted all records in the table.

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SQL For Data Definition (DDL) –
75

Table and Constraint Modification

and Deletion
Learn basic SQL statements for modifying and
deleting database tables and constraints
• Two of the most useful data definition SQL statements
are:
– the SQL DROP TABLE statement
– the SQL ALTER TABLE statement

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The SQL DROP TABLE Statement
76

Learn basic SQL statements for modifying and

deleting database tables and constraints

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The SQL ALTER TABLE Statement
77

Learn basic SQL statements for modifying and

deleting database tables and constraints

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Copyright
78

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