PHY 032: PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS

Module #12 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Lesson title: Static Fluids Materials:

Lesson Objectives Calculator, Paper, and pen
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
References:
1. 1. Determine the density of an unknown substance. College Physics by Giambatista,
2. 2. Apply Pascal’s principle in hydraulic press. Richardson, Richardson.
3. 3. Calculate the buoyant force in an immersed body in a liquid. Physics for Scientist and Engineers
with Modern Physics by Serwey,
Jewett.
College Physics by Weber,
Manning, White, Weygand
https://www.britannica.com/science/fluid-
physics

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)
Fluids- both liquids and gases are easily deformed by external forces. The atoms or molecules
in a fluid do not have fixed position, so a fluid does not have a definite shape. An applied force can make
a fluid easily flow. Liquids are incompressible, that is they have a fixed volume that is impossible to
change. A gas on the other hand, cannot be characterized by a definite volume nor by a definite shape.
A gas expands to fill its container and can easily be compressed. This lesson will cover static fluids (fluids
at rest).

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2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1 How do you find the density of an

irregularly shaped object?

2 What are some devices that can

lift heavy objects without applying
much effort?

3 Why do you think a heavy object

is lighter when it is submerged in
water?

B. MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)
Fluids at Rest
Density (𝝆) of a substance is the mass per unit volume.
𝑚
𝜌=
𝑉

Weight Density (𝑫) of a substance is the weight per unit volume.

𝑊
𝐷=
𝑉
and since 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔,
𝑚𝑔
𝐷= = 𝜌𝑔
𝑉

Specific Gravity or Relative Density (𝝆𝒓 ) of a substance is the ratio of the density of a substance to
the density of water.
𝜌𝑠
𝜌𝑟 =
𝜌𝑤

Pressure (𝒑) is the normal force per unit area

𝐹
𝑝=
𝐴

Pressure in a Liquid
Consider a cylindrical vessel as shown in figure 1 below, filled with a liquid of mass density (𝜌), the
force exerted by the liquid at the bottom of the container is the weight of the liquid
𝐹 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = (𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ)(𝜌𝑔)

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The pressure of the liquid at the bottom is uniform. The

𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 pressure (𝑝) is the force per unit area.
𝜌 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐹 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ𝜌𝑔
𝑝= =
𝐴 𝜋𝑟 2

ℎ 𝒑 = 𝝆𝒈𝒉

𝐹 = 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔

𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 1

Pascal’s Principle
Pascal’s principle states that an external pressure applied to a confined liquid is transmitted
undiminished to all points of the liquid.

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑯𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒖𝒍𝒊𝒄 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝐹

𝑝=
𝐴

𝐹1 𝐹2
𝑝1 = 𝑝2 =
𝐹1 𝐴1 𝐴2
𝑝1 𝑝2
𝑝1 = 𝑝2
ℎ2
𝐹2 𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐
ℎ1 =
𝑟1 𝐴 𝑟2 𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐
1 𝐴2

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2 𝑨𝟏 𝒅𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒅𝟐
A hydraulic press is composed of two pistons of
𝑭𝟏 𝒅𝟏 = 𝑭𝟐 𝒅𝟐
different radius and these are interconnected by
a small tube such that the liquid is free to move
from one piston to the other.

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Module #12 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

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Archimedes’ Principle
Archimedes’ principle states that a body partially or totally immersed in a liquid is buoyed up by a
force equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the solid body.
𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 3

𝑊 𝐹 = 𝐹2 − 𝐹1
𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴 𝑝1
ℎ1 𝐹 = 𝑝2 𝐴 − 𝑝1 𝐴
ℎ 𝐹 = (𝜌𝑔ℎ)𝐴
𝐴 ℎ2 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ2 𝐴 − 𝜌𝑔ℎ1 𝐴
𝐹 = (𝜌𝑔)𝐴ℎ 𝐿
𝐵𝐹 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ2 𝐴 − 𝜌𝑔ℎ1 𝐴
𝑩𝑭 = 𝑽𝝆𝒈 𝑝2
𝐹 = (ℎ2 − ℎ1 )𝐴𝜌𝑔
𝐹 = (𝐿𝐴)𝜌𝑔

(a) The weight of the (b) The buoyant force of 𝑩𝑭 = 𝑽𝝆𝒈

object is equal to the the object is the
buoyant force difference in pressure
at the top and bottom

Example Problems
a. A cylindrical water tank with a base area of 2 m2 contains water 4 m high. Calculate the
pressure exerted by the water at the bottom of the water tank and the total force acting at the
base.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒,
𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ = (1000)(9.81)(4)
𝑝 = 39240 𝑁/𝑚2
𝐹 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒,
𝜌 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ℎ = 4𝑚
𝐹
𝑝=
𝐴
𝑝
𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴 = (39240)(2) = 𝟕𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟎 𝑵
𝐴
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: 𝑝, 𝐹

b. The cross-sectional area of the smaller piston and the larger piston of a hydraulic press is 129
cm2 and 2580 cm2, respectively. If the hydraulic press has an efficiency of 90%, the IMA is equal
to A2/A1 and AMA is equal to F2/F1, determine the force applied at the smaller piston if it must
raise a force of 20000 N.

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 PHY 032: PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS
Module #12 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝐸𝑓𝑓 = 90% 𝐴2 2580
𝐼𝑀𝐴 = = = 20
𝐴1 129
𝐴𝑀𝐴
𝐹1 𝐸𝑓𝑓 = 𝑥 100
𝐼𝑀𝐴
20(90)
𝐴𝑀𝐴 = = 18
100
𝐹2 = 20000 𝑁 𝐹2
𝐴𝑀𝐴 =
𝐴1 𝐹1
𝐴2
20000
𝐹1 = = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 𝑵
18
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: 𝐹1

c. A wooden cube of 20 cm on one edge is submerged to 75 % of its volume in water. Determine

the weight of the cube and the specific gravity of the wooden cube.
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑊
𝐵𝐹 = 𝑉𝜌𝑔
𝑉𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔 = 𝑉𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝜌𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑔
𝑉𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.75𝑉𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑

0.75(20)3 (1)(981) = (20)3 𝜌𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 (981)

𝜌 = 1 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 𝜌𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 = 0.75 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
𝑠 = 20 𝑐𝑚 𝑚
𝜌=
𝑉
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉 = 0.75(20)3 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈
𝐹
𝜌𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 0.75
𝜌𝑟 = = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: 𝑚, 𝜌𝑟−𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑

2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)
Exercise Problems
a. Find the volume of copper ball which has a mass of 400 g if the specific gravity of copper is 8.9.
b. A hydraulic press has a small piston of diameter 2 cm. If a force of 60 N is applied to the smaller
piston, a force of 3000 N is exerted on the larger piston. What is the diameter of the larger piston?
c. Ice has a density of 0.92 g/cm3 and seawater has a density of 1.04 g/cm3. Determine the total
volume of a floating iceberg if 30 m3 is above the seawater.
d. A man of mass 65 kg stands on a solid floating on water. If the solid has a density of 0.6 g/cm 3
and the man standing on it is just barely out of the surface of the water, determine the volume of
the solid.

3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

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Module #12 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Complete column 3: (What I Learned) of the table in activity 1 based on the content notes from activity
2. Use your own words. Never copy any terms used in the content notes. Preferably, complete the table
without looking at the concept notes.

4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Student Engagement (SE) Effective Questioning

A body is immersed in a liquid in such a way

that it is closely in contact with the bottom and
there is no liquid beneath the body. Is there a
buoyant force on the body? Explain.

5) Activity 6: Assessment for Student Learning

Classroom Assessment Technique (CAT) 3-2-1

Three things you learned:

1.
2.
3.
Two things that you would like to learn more about:
1.
2.
One question you still have:
1.

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

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Module #12 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

FAQs
1. What does static fluid pressure depend on?
The pressure exerted by a static liquid is solely determined by its depth, density, and gravitational
acceleration.

2. Why is pressure same in all directions in a fluid?

Since the fluid molecules are in continuous motion and constantly bumping into one another, pressure
at every point below the upper boundary of fluids, such as air and water, is uniform in all directions.

DENSITIES OF SOME SUBSTANCES

Solids (𝒈/𝒄𝒎𝟑 ) Liquids (𝒈/𝒄𝒎𝟑 ) Gas (𝒈/𝒄𝒎𝟑 ) at 0°C and 1 atm
Aluminum 2.69 Acetic acid 1.05 Air 0.001293
Brass 8.40 Alcohol 0.79 Ammonia 0.000771
Copper 8.93 Benzene 0.90 Argon 0.001787
Gold 19.30 Ether 0.74 Carbon dioxide 0.001977
Iron 7.86 Glycerin 1.26 Helium 0.0000178
Lead 11.36 Mercury 13.6 Hydrogen 0.0000089
Magnesium 1.74 Water 1.00 Nitrogen 0.000125
Nickel 8.90 Oxygen 0.001429
Osmium 22.50 Xenon 0.00589
Platinum 21.37
Silver 10.40
Zinc 7.10
.
PRESSURE
Pa atm cm Hg lb/in2 lb/ft2
-6 -4 -4
1 Pa 1 9.869 x 10 7.501 x 10 1.450 x 10 2.089 x 10-2
5
1 atm 1.013 x 10 1 76 14.70 2.116 x 103
3 -2
1 cm Hg 1.333 x 10 1.316 x 10 1 0.1943 27.85
2 3 -2
1 lb/in 6.895 x 10 6.805 x 10 5.171 1 144
1 lb/ft2 47.88 4.725 x 10-4 3.591 x 10-2 6.944 x 10-3 1

KEY TO CORRECTIONS

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Solution to Exercises
1.
Given:
𝑚 = 400 𝑔 𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 8.9 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
𝑆𝐺 = 8.9
𝑚 400
𝑉= = = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟗𝟒 𝒄𝒎𝟑
𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 8.9

Find: 𝑉
Solution:
𝑚
𝜌=
𝑉
𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟
𝑆𝐺 = = = 8.9
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3

2.

Given: 60 3000
𝜋 =𝜋 2
(2)2
𝑑1 = 2 𝑐𝑚 4 4 𝑑2

3000(2)2
𝑑2 = ඨ = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒 𝒄𝒎
60
𝐹1 = 60 𝑁 𝐹2 = 3000 𝑁

Find: 𝑑2
Solution:

𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝐴1 𝐴2

3.

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Given:

𝑉𝑠 (1040) = (𝑉𝑠 + 30)(920)

𝑊 1040𝑉𝑠 − 920𝑉𝑠 = 27600
𝑉𝑓 = 30 𝑚3 27600
𝑉𝑠 = = 230 𝑚3
120
𝜌𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.04 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝑉𝑓 + 𝑉𝑠 = 30 + 230
𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝟐𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝟑
𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 0.92 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3

𝐵𝐹

Find: 𝑉
Solution:

𝐵𝐹 = 𝑉𝜌𝑔
𝑉𝑠𝑤 𝜌𝑠𝑤 𝑔 = 𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑔
𝑉𝑠𝑤 𝜌𝑠𝑤 = 𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒

4.
Given: 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 65 𝑘𝑔 𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑛 + 𝑊𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = 𝑉𝜌𝑔
𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑛
𝑚𝑔 + 𝑉𝑠 𝜌𝑠 𝑔 = 𝑉𝑤 𝜌𝑤 𝑔

𝑚 + 𝑉𝑠 𝜌𝑠 = 𝑉𝑤 𝜌𝑤
𝑊𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑
𝜌𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = 0.6 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑤

65 + 𝑉𝑠 (600) = 𝑉𝑠 (1000)
𝐵𝐹 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
1000𝑉𝑠 − 600𝑉𝑠 = 65
400𝑉𝑠 = 65
Find: 𝑉𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑉𝑠 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝟑
Solution:

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