INSTRUCTIONS

1. Diagram in front of theory (on blank paper)

2. Calculation in front of observation table (on blank paper).

3. Use pencil for diagram and graph paper.

4. Draw the diagram from your file printed material.

5. Paste your original performed practical paper for Prism practical.

6. Aim, Apparatus, theory observation and table, results, precaution on

lining side paper.

7. Diagram and calculation on blank side paper.

8. Graph on graph paper attached in front of observation table.

9. Use Elite file.

10. W rite Activities on classmate file (90 pages).

11. D raw the diagram from your file material for Activities.
 ACTIVITIES

Activity – 1

Aim: To assemble a household circuit, comprising there bulbs, there (on/off) switches, a
fuse and a powder source.

Apparatus And Material : A tester, three bulbs (40w, 60w and 100w) , three (on/off)
switches, red and black insulated flexible wires , a fuse wire, a kit-kat (for fuse) , the main
plug and insulating tape.

Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Connect one end of each of three switches to one end of the bulb holders using a red wire
connect the other ends of the bulb holders to the black flexible wires.

2. Connect the other ends of the switches to the red wires.

3. Connect the switch-bulb combinations in parallel keeping red wires at one common point
and the black wires at another common point.

4. Take two long flexible wires to save as lead wires.

5. Connect the red wires to the red lead wires and the black ends to the black lead wire.

6. Put the fuse wire in the live lead.

7. Connect the free ends of the lead wires to the two ends of the plug.

8. Test the live terminals using the tester insert the plug taking care that the red becomes the
live wire and the black lead the neutral wire.

9. Test the circuit by switches on and off the bulbs one-by-one.

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Precautions:

1. The connections should be tight.

2. The red lead should always act as the live wire and the fuse should be introduced in this
wire.

3. The switch should always be connected in the live wire.

4. All the joints should be properly insulated.

Activity – 2

Aim : to assemble the components of a given electrical circuit (say the circuit to determine
galvanometer resistance)

Apparatus : A galvanometer, two resistance boxes two one-way keys and a cell.

Procedure:

Connect the given pieces of apparatus as shown in the figure keeping the two keys open.
Carefully check that the high resistance box R I connected in series and the low resistance
box and is connected in parallel with the galvanometer. The circuit can be used to find the
resistance of the galvanometer.

Activity – 3

Aim: To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising of attest a battery, a resistor, a
rheostat , a key, an ammeter and a voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in
proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.

Apparatus : A voltmeter, an ammeter, a battery, a rheostat, one way key, connecting wires.

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Procedure:

1. Ensure that the key in out of the circuit.

2. Study the circuit carefully to see whether the components have been properly connected.

3. The ammeter should be connected in series. In the circuit the ammeter is in parallel with
the resistance coil. So the ammeter is wrongly connected.

4. The voltmeter should be connected in parallel. In the circuit, the voltmeter is in series and
is honce wrongly connected.

5. In the use of rheostat as variable resistance, one box and the other top terminal has to be
used. But in the circuit both the base. Terminals have been used . so the rheostat is also
wrongly connected

6. The +ve terminals of the components should be connected to the +ve terminals of the
battery.

7. Remove one of the base connections of the re rheostat and connect it to the top terminal.
The correct connections are as shown below.

Activity – 4

Aim : To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an IC a every resistor and a capacitor from a
mixed collection of these items.

Apparatus: The given collection of items and a multimeter .

Theory: Characteristics of various items are as under –

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(a) A diode is a two terminal device offering low resistance when forward biased and
high resistance when reverse biased. It does not emit light when it conducts.

(b) An LED, called light emitting diode is also a two terminal device offering low
resistance when forward biased and high resistance when reverse biased. It emits light
as it conducts.

(c) A resistor is also a two terminal device it conducts and its resistance is same when
current is passed through it in any direction it conducts both alternating current as
well as direct current.

(d) A capacitor is also a two terminal device offering very high resistance to direct
current when either of its terminals is made positive the current flows is the circuit
with a capacitor connected to an AC source.

(e) A transistor is a three- terminal device its three terminals are called the emitter, the
base and the collector.

(f) An IC has four as more terminals.

Procedure:

1. From the given collection, separate all items with four or more terminals. All these items
are ICs.

2. Separate the items hairing three terminals these items are transistor.

3. Set the multi meter to measure resistance in the range of a few kilo-ohms. Take a two
terminal item and measure its resistance in both the directions.

4. Repeat step (3) with other two terminal items if it offers very high resistance in both the
directions and does not conduct, it is a capacitor.

5. The two terminals device with high resistance in same direction and low resistance in
other is a diode, it does not emit light when it conducts.

6. Identify the two – terminal devices with high resistance in one-direction (reverse bias)
and low resistance in opposite direction (forward bias). If it emits light as it conducts and
offer low resistance, it is an LED.

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 Activity – 5

Aim: To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a
glass slab.

Apparatus: A rectangular glass slab, drawing board, drawing pins, paper pins pencil,
sharpener, geometry box, a sheet of white paper.

Theory:- When a ray of tight passes through parallel to the Incident ray. The light however
undergoes lateral displacement depending on the angle of incidence, thickness of the slab
and nature of the material of the slab.

The displacement‘d’ is given by →

d sin(i r)
D = Rm =
cos r

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Procedure :

1. Fire a sheet of white paper on the drawing board by means of drawing pins.

2. Draw a line parallel to length of the paper and slighting above the half of the paper.

3. Tape a point ‘o’ on the line. Draw 1 or to the line at point 0 and a line OI such that LION
= 300

4. Fire two points P1 and P2 vertically on the line at a distance of 8 cm or more. Palace the
slab on the line and draw its boundary ABCD as shown.

5. Looking from face CD, fire pins P3 and P4 (vertically) So that the bottoms of all the pins
appears to be in the same line.

6. Join the pin pricles . draw RM pendicular to the incident ray (produced). Measure RM, Lx
and Le.

7. Repeat steps 3 to 6 for different angles of incidence to record at least five observations.

S. No Agle of Angle of Sin i Sin r sin i Lateral

u
incident, i refraction sin r displace
ment a
1.61 (cm)

1 300 180 1 5 1 1.61 1.3 cm

2 4
= 0.5 = 0.309

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Ai1
ACTIVITY NO0. B3
Activity – 6
To study the cffect of intensity of light (by varying the distance of the source) on an LDR
(light dependent resistor).
Apparatus
An LDR, a multimeter, a source of intense light and a convex lens.
For alternative study
Abattery eliminator (0 to 6V), a lamp bulb, (6V, 0.05A) and an LDR.
Theory
Alight dependent resistor is made up of cadmium sulphide whose resistance depends on the
intensity of light incident on it. A good quality LDR shows a variation of resistance from
10MO2 in complete darkness to about 0.1 k2 in day light. Symbol of an LDR is shown
in Fig. 10.4 (a). With increase of distance of the source, the intensity of light decreases
inversely as square of distance.
Light 6V (D.C. source)

L.D.R. Electric bulb

To probes of
(6V, 0.05A)
multimeter
set at R < Light
(a)
ww LDR
(b)

to multimeter set at ohm

Fig. 10.4. (a) Symbol LDR, (b) LDR exposed to light from a bulb, incident nomally.
It would be an interesting exercise to study the effect of light on LDR on account of
the following factors :
1. Adjust the source of light such that light falls normally on the LDR Fig. 10.4 (6).
Keeping the source fixed and varying its intensity from zero (complete darkness,
natural light) and then varying the current through the filament of the bulb from zero
to safe maximum rating value giving maximum intensity.
2. Exposing LDR to normally intense light for varying time interval as time varies from
zero second to 120 s at the intervals of 10 seconds.
3. Placing the source vertically above LDR at a distance of 2 cm and measure the
resistance of LDR
4. Vary the distance to 4 cm, 6 cm, 8 cm and 10 cm and repeat the step no. 3.
At this moment, it is advisable to study the effect of intensity of light on the LDR by
varying the distance of source from itl.
 Procedure
I. Turn the selector switch and set it on R for the measurement of resistance.
2. Plug the metallic ends of black probe in terminal marked common in multimeter and
that of ed in terminal marked as P (or +), Short the other metallic ends and adjust
the 'R adjust" to get full scale deflection reading at zero ohm in the meter.
3. Now touch the metallic probes to the two metal ends of the LDR Fig. 10,4 (a) and
read the value of resistance when :
() The source is kept at a distance of 2 cm, fixing the source of light in a stand
and keeping the LDR vertically below it.
(ii) Moving the source to 4 cm distance from the LDR and
(ii) Moving the source to 6, 8 and 10 cm distances from LDR and repeating
observations three more times.
4. Record your observations in the table given below.
Observations
Table 10.2. Effect of Distance of Source on Resistance of LDR
Distance of source from L.D.R. Resistance of L.D.R.
No. of Obs.
(cm) (ohm)

2 .0..
2. 4

3. 6 .
4. 8

5. 10

Conclusion
As the distance of the source increases, the resistance of LDR also increases, showing that
the intensity of light decreases with increase of distance.