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Lecture Note 0

The document provides an overview of electronics, focusing on active and passive components, including resistors and capacitors. It explains the function and characteristics of these components, as well as tools like breadboards, transformers, and multimeters used in electronics. The document also details the color coding of resistors and the types of capacitors available.

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Anahita Kamra
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2 views

Lecture Note 0

The document provides an overview of electronics, focusing on active and passive components, including resistors and capacitors. It explains the function and characteristics of these components, as well as tools like breadboards, transformers, and multimeters used in electronics. The document also details the color coding of resistors and the types of capacitors available.

Uploaded by

Anahita Kamra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture Note - 0 Electronics Laboratory – PH 3204

Electronics is a subject which has all its base in the physics but highly application
oriented subject and as a result looks like an engineering subject. Due to huge application of
electronics in common day-to-day use, the subject becomes one of the most interesting subject in
undergraduate program. Today you pick-up any fancy gadgets and that will have an electronic
circuit within it. Now a days almost all electrical circuits involves active electronic components
such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive
components. So any circuit consisting primarily or exclusively of active semiconductors
supplemented with passive elements; is described as an electronic circuit.

Active and Passive electronic components :

Active Components : Those devices or components which produce energy in the form of voltage
or current are called as active components. For Example: Diodes, Transistors, SCR etc…

Passive Components : Those devices or components which store or consume energy in the form
of voltage or current are known as passive components. For Example: Resistor, Capacitor,
Inductor etc…

Resisters : A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical


resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to
lower voltage levels within circuits. Resistors may have fixed
resistances or variable resistances. The current through a resistor is in
direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. This
relationship is represented by Ohm's law: I = V\R where, I is the
current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential
difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is
the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms (symbol: Ω).

Color code of Resister : The axial lead carbon resistors measured by the color codes marked on
them. Information such as resistance value, tolerance, temperature co-efficient measured by the
color codes, and the amount of power (wattage) identified by the size. The color bands of the
carbon resistors can be four, five or, six bands, for all the first two bands represent first two
digits to measure their value in ohms. The third band of a four-banded resistor represents
multiplier and the fourth band as tolerance. Whereas, the five and six color-banded resistors, the
third band rather represents as third digit but the fourth and fifth bands represent as multiplier
and tolerance respectively. Only the sixth band represents temperature co-efficient in a six-
banded resistor.

1 Note prepared by DPS IISER Kolkata


2 Note prepared by DPS IISER Kolkata
Capacitor : A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical
component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. The forms of practical
capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a
dielectric (i.e., insulator). The conductors can be thin films of metal, aluminum foil or disks, etc.
The "nonconducting" dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. A dielectric can
be glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, paper, mica, etc. Capacitors are widely used as parts of
electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does
not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field
between its plates.

Capacitor types : Capacitors are available in many different forms. The type of internal
dielectric, the structure of the plates and the device packaging all strongly affect the
characteristics of the capacitor, and its applications. Capacitor's values available range from very
low (picofarad range) to about 5 KF supercapacitors. Above 1 microfarad electrolytic capacitors
are usually used because of their small size and low cost compared with other technologies,
unless their relatively poor stability, life and polarised nature make them unsuitable. Very high
capacity supercapacitors use a porous carbon-based electrode material.

Electrolytic Capacitors: Must be used in circuit by taking care of the polarity !!

A typical electrolytic capacitor Solid electrolyte, resin-dipped 10 μF


showing polarity. The capacitor is of 35 V tantalum capacitors. The + sign
150 µF capacity with 400 V. It is indicates the positive lead. It is used
used generally when a large value generally when a large value of
of capacitance is required. capacitance along with precission is
required. More expensive !!

Lets see the different type of capacitors and its look !!

3 Note prepared by DPS IISER Kolkata


Lets understand the symbols used in the circuit for the capacitors !!

4 Note prepared by DPS IISER Kolkata


Lets understand how to read the capacitance value !!

Bread Board : A breadboard is usually a construction base for


making prototype circuit in electronics testing. Because the
solderless breadboard for electronics does not require soldering, it
is reusable. This makes it easy to use for creating temporary
prototypes and experimenting with circuit design.

The side column is connected with each other up to half


way and you get similar two column in each side of bread board.

5 Note prepared by DPS IISER Kolkata


You can connect your +ve and -ve voltages to these columns for use. The middle holes are
connected with each other in a single row. You can put your ICs in the middle while making
circuits.

Transformer : Step down transformer reduces primary voltage to a


considerable small secondary voltage. It is designed to reduce the voltage
from the primary winding to the secondary winding. This kind of
transformer “steps down” the voltage applied to it. As a step-down unit,
the transformer converts high-voltage, low-current power into low-
voltage, high-current power. The larger-gauge wire used in the secondary
winding is necessary due to the increase in current. The primary winding,
which doesn’t have to conduct as much current, may be made of smaller-
gauge wire.

Multimeter : A multimeter is an electronic measuring instrument that


combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter
would include basic features such as the ability to measure voltage, current,
and resistance. Analog multimeters use a microammeter whose pointer
moves over a scale calibrated for all the different measurements that can be
made. Digital Multi-Meters (DMM) display the measured value in digital
number the quantity being measured. Digital multimeters are now far more
common than analog ones, but analog multimeters are still preferable in
some cases, for example when monitoring a rapidly varying value.

Before measuring be sure the knob is directed to the right range of measurement. You can
1
measure the following quantities in 3 2 digit DT 830D Digital Multimeter.

Sl. No. Measurement Parameter Range Remarks


Common Probe for
1 DC Voltage 200 mV, 2000 mV, 20 V, 200 V, 1000 V Voltage, Resistance,
Current
2 AC Voltage 200 V, 750 V "
3 Resistance 200 Ω, 2000 Ω, 20 kΩ, 200 kΩ, 2000 kΩ "
4 Low Current 200 A, 2000 A, 20 mA, 200 mA "
Use separate Probe for
5 High Current 10 Amp
Current only.

***
6 Note prepared by DPS IISER Kolkata

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