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Chapter 4 Slides

This document covers interpolation and approximation techniques, including methods for equal and unequal intervals such as Newton-Gregory and Lagrange interpolation. It discusses linear interpolation, divided difference tables, and curve fitting through regression analysis using the method of least squares. Additionally, it introduces cubic spline interpolation and provides resources for further learning.

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Mikasa Ackerman
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25 views89 pages

Chapter 4 Slides

This document covers interpolation and approximation techniques, including methods for equal and unequal intervals such as Newton-Gregory and Lagrange interpolation. It discusses linear interpolation, divided difference tables, and curve fitting through regression analysis using the method of least squares. Additionally, it introduces cubic spline interpolation and provides resources for further learning.

Uploaded by

Mikasa Ackerman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 4: Interpolation and

Approximation
8 Hours
Introduction
Introduction
• Suppose we are given the following values of y = f(x) for a set of
values of x.

• Then the process of finding the value of y corresponding to any value of


x =xi between xo and xn is called interpolation.
• While the process of computing the value of function outside the given
range is called extrapolation
Interpolation with Interpolation with
Equal Intervals Unequal Intervals
• When the differences • When the differences
between the adjacent between the adjacent
independent variables are independent variables
equal may or maynot be equal
• Methods Used • Methods Used
• Newton-Gregory Forward • Lagrange Interpolation
Interpolation • Newtons Divided
• Newton-Gregory Backward Difference method
Interpolation
• Central Difference
Interpolation : Stirlings
Formula, Bessels Formula
Linear Interpolation
• In linear interpolation we assume that in the given range the function
can be approximated by a straight line.
Lagrange Interpolation
Lagrange’s Interpolation Example
Limitaiton
• If we want to add one more data point, we have to compute the
polynominal from the beginning
Newton’s Interpolation
Divided Difference Table
• We have seen that the coefficients of Newton Divided difference
interpolation polynominal are evaluated using the divided differences
at the interpolating points.
• We have also seen that a higher order divided difference is obtained
using the lower order differences.
• For example consider the second order divided difference :

Contd to next page


Contd. From previous page
• Where f[x0,x1] and f[x1,x2] are first- order differences and are given by

• This shows that, given the interpolating points we can obtain


recursively a higher- ordere divided difference, starting from the first-
order differences.
• This is conveniently implemented by using divided difference table.
Divided Difference Table
0
0

0.9
Newton-Gregory Interpolation
• Interpolation with Equidistant points
• Three ways of solving
1. Using Forward Difference Table
Best suited to interpolate the values of y near the
beginning of a set of equally spaced independent variables
2. Using Backward Difference Table
Best suited to interpolate the values of y near the end of
a set of equally spaced independent variables
2. Using Central Difference Table
For values near the middle of the table
Using Forward Difference Table
θ Sin θ Δf Δ 2f Δ3f Δ4f
10 0.1736
0.1684
20 0.3420 -0.0104
0.158 -4.8*10^-3
30 0.5 -0.0152 4*10^-4
0.1428 -4.4*10^-3
40 0.6428 -0.0196
0.1232
50 0.7660
Using
Backward
Difference
Table
Central Difference ( Stirling’s Formula)
Stirling Central Interpolation Example
Central Difference ( Bessel’s Formula)

Then Bessels formula is used


p
Curve Fitting (Regression Analysis)
• In some engineering works or experiments a certain number of data are
available in a fixed interval but they may not be sufficient.
• A data at another point or interval maybe required.
• To find such data, a function or curve needs to be fitted using available
data to get the required data through easy and convenient way.
• Such technique of approximaiton of a given data into a curve ( linear,
exponential, higher degree ) is known as curve fitting.
• The process of establishing a relationship betweeen experimental values
in the form of a mathematical equation is known as regression analysis
Method of Least Squares
• The curve of the best fit is that for which the sum of squares of errors
is minimum. The technique of minimizing the sum of the squares of
errors is known as principle of least squares.
For Second Degree Polynominal :
5
Relations Reducible to Linear form
Relations Reducible to Linear form (Contd)
Taking ln both sides

Comparing with standard linear equation. Y= A +BX


CUBIC SPLINE INTERPOLATION
The cubic splines are given by the following formula:

i = 0,1,2 …. n-1

TO FIND THE VALUES OF M

As double derivative of linear function is zero.


Youtube videos to check out for cubic spline
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VieKxt--_E8
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWVsuhj8TvU
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4iNbNRKZKU

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