GEN-AI

Interview Questions

Sai
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Technical Questions

1. What is Generative AI, and how does it differ from traditional AI?
Generative AI refers to AI systems capable of generating content, such as
text, images, or music, rather than just classifying or predicting. Traditional AI
typically focuses on identifying patterns in data and making decisions,
whereas Generative AI produces novel outputs that align with the input data
or task.
2. Explain the concept of a Transformer architecture in neural networks.
The Transformer architecture is based on self-attention mechanisms and
parallel processing. Unlike RNNs, which process data sequentially,
Transformers can process entire sequences simultaneously, making them
highly efficient for NLP tasks.
3. How does attention work in a Transformer model?
Attention allows a model to focus on specific parts of the input sequence. It
calculates attention scores between input tokens and weights their
importance, enabling the model to understand context better and make
informed predictions.
4. What are the key differences between GPT-3, GPT-4, and ChatGPT?
GPT-3 is a powerful language model with 175 billion parameters. GPT-4
builds on GPT-3, improving contextual understanding and reducing errors.
ChatGPT, based on these models, is optimized for interactive dialogue, often
fine-tuned for conversational tasks.
5. How is fine-tuning different from in-context learning?
Fine-tuning involves updating model weights using additional labeled data. In
contrast, in-context learning provides task-specific examples within the input
prompt without altering the model's weights.
6. Explain the process of tokenization in NLP models.
Tokenization is the process of breaking text into smaller units, such as words,
subwords, or characters, that a model can process. Subword tokenization
methods like Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) ensure rare words are split into
smaller, reusable components.
7. What is the role of embeddings in Generative AI models?
Embeddings map words or tokens into dense vector spaces where similar
meanings are represented by closer distances. This representation helps
models understand semantic relationships.
8. How do language models like GPT handle out-of-vocabulary words?
Models use subword tokenization to split out-of-vocabulary words into known
components, allowing them to represent and process even unseen terms
effectively.
9. Describe the architecture and purpose of encoder-decoder models.
Encoder-decoder models consist of two components: the encoder processes
input sequences into latent representations, and the decoder generates
outputs based on these representations. They are commonly used in
translation and summarization tasks.
10. What are large language models (LLMs), and why are they powerful?
LLMs, like GPT, are pre-trained on massive datasets and contain billions of
parameters. Their scale enables them to generate coherent, contextually rich
responses across diverse task
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11. How is RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) implemented in

Generative AI?
RAG combines a retriever module to fetch relevant external documents and a
generator module, like GPT, to synthesize responses based on both input and
retrieved information.
12. What is vector search, and why is it crucial in RAG workflows?
Vector search involves finding the closest vectors (representing documents or
embeddings) to a query vector in high-dimensional space. It ensures accurate
retrieval in RAG systems by focusing on semantic similarity.
13. How do you evaluate the quality of text generated by an LLM?
Metrics like BLEU, ROUGE, and METEOR evaluate text overlap, while human
evaluation checks coherence, relevance, and creativity. Perplexity measures
how well the model predicts a sequence of words.
14. What are the primary challenges in building conversational AI agents?
Challenges include maintaining context in multi-turn conversations, reducing
hallucinations, ensuring unbiased outputs, and handling ambiguous queries
effectively.
15. Explain prompt engineering and its significance in fine-tuning
responses.
Prompt engineering involves crafting input queries to guide the model's
responses. A well-designed prompt ensures relevance, clarity, and alignment
with user intent.
16. How do memory-augmented agents work, and what are their use cases?
Memory-augmented agents store and retrieve context from previous
interactions, enabling continuity across sessions. They are used in customer
support, personal assistants, and tutoring systems.
17. What is few-shot learning, and how does it relate to Generative AI?
Few-shot learning enables models to perform tasks with minimal labeled
examples provided in the input prompt. LLMs excel in this by leveraging their
pre-trained knowledge.
18. Discuss how Generative AI models mitigate hallucinations.
Techniques include grounding outputs with external knowledge (e.g., RAG),
fine-tuning on high-quality data, penalizing overly confident predictions, and
using human feedback for correction.
19. What is the role of reinforcement learning from human feedback
(RLHF)?
RLHF aligns model outputs with human preferences by training the model on
feedback-driven reward signals. It ensures more natural, useful, and ethical
outputs.
20. How does context length affect the performance of a language model?
Longer context lengths allow the model to process and retain more
information, improving its ability to handle complex, multi-turn interactions.
However, processing longer contexts can increase computation time.
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Situational Questions

21. How would you design a conversational agent for a customer support
system?
I’d start by defining the key user queries and intents, then fine-tune a
language model on domain-specific data. To ensure relevance, I’d use
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) for real-time data access. The agent
would integrate APIs for backend systems, implement sentiment analysis to
detect user emotions, and have fallback mechanisms to escalate to human
agents if needed.
22. You notice that your generative model produces biased outputs. How
would you address this?
First, I’d analyze the biases by testing across diverse inputs. Then, I’d fine-
tune the model using balanced datasets, apply fairness-aware training
techniques, and incorporate bias-detection tools to filter out problematic
outputs during inference.
23. What steps would you take to integrate an LLM with a knowledge base
using RAG?
I’d start by creating a vector index of the knowledge base using embeddings.
A retriever module would fetch the most relevant documents based on
queries, which would then be used as input for the LLM to generate
contextually accurate responses.
24. If an LLM generates irrelevant responses during a task, how would you
debug this issue?
I’d review the input prompt for clarity, analyze the model’s attention weights to
identify any confusion in processing, and experiment with prompt engineering
or fine-tuning. For persistent issues, I’d evaluate if the model requires access
to additional external knowledge.
25. Imagine a Generative AI agent is used to write code. How would you
ensure its safety and accuracy?
I’d implement syntax-checking tools, integrate the agent with static analyzers
to detect vulnerabilities, and use a test suite to verify output functionality.
Including a human review step would ensure additional oversight.
26. How would you use Generative AI to generate synthetic training data for
a classifier?
I’d fine-tune a generative model on labeled examples and use it to create
variations of existing data. Care would be taken to maintain data diversity
while avoiding overfitting to the generated examples.
27. A client asks for a summarization solution for their legal documents.
How would you design it?
I’d use a pre-trained LLM fine-tuned on legal text. By combining extractive
summarization for factual accuracy and abstractive summarization for
readability, the solution would ensure clear and reliable outputs. I’d also test
extensively to align with legal standards.
28. How would you implement a multi-turn dialogue system for a banking
chatbot?
I’d design the chatbot to maintain session-level memory for contextual
understanding and integrate it with banking APIs for real-time data. The
system would support intent recognition, entity tracking, and robust error-
handling for a seamless user experience.
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29. You need to integrate LLMs into a search engine. What approach would
you recommend?
I’d use the LLM to process user queries into intent-driven vectors, retrieve
relevant documents using vector search, and then refine or summarize the
results for clarity. For factual accuracy, I’d implement RAG or hybrid retrieval.
30. How would you ensure the security and privacy of sensitive data when
using Generative AI?
I’d adopt secure storage methods, anonymize input data, and implement strict
access controls. Additionally, I’d ensure compliance with regulations like
GDPR and use private or on-premise model deployments to avoid exposing
sensitive information.

Questions Related to Agents

31. What are autonomous agents in the context of Generative AI?

Autonomous agents are AI systems capable of independently performing
tasks by reasoning, planning, and acting. They use Generative AI for
understanding and generating outputs while interacting with their
environment.
32. How do you implement task-driven agents using LLMs?
Task-driven agents rely on prompts to define goals, tools (like APIs) to
perform actions, and memory to store context. Frameworks like LangChain
are often used to build such agents with task orchestration and tool usage
capabilities.
33. What is the purpose of an agent's action-planning module in Generative
AI systems?
The action-planning module determines the sequence of steps an agent
should execute to achieve its goal. It evaluates available options, selects the
optimal path, and adjusts dynamically based on feedback.
34. Explain how multi-agent systems can collaborate in a Generative AI
setup.
Multi-agent systems interact by sharing tasks, knowledge, or tools. For
example, one agent might retrieve relevant data while another processes and
generates outputs, collaborating to complete complex tasks more efficiently.
35. What is a chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting technique, and how is it
applied in agents?
Chain-of-thought prompting encourages models to think step-by-step,
improving reasoning and problem-solving. For agents, this ensures more
structured outputs and accurate task completion.
36. How can an LLM agent manage long-term memory during
conversations?
Long-term memory can be achieved by storing key details (e.g., intents,
preferences) in a structured database and retrieving them as needed. Memory
retrieval systems like vector search ensure continuity across sessions.
37. What are the best practices for building self-correcting AI agents?
Implementing feedback loops, action monitoring, and error-handling
mechanisms allows agents to learn from mistakes. They can re-evaluate
incorrect outputs or request additional input when uncertainty arises.
38. How would you design a dynamic agent capable of interacting with
APIs?
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I’d integrate the agent with an API gateway and use a tool library that the
agent can call based on context. Natural language inputs would be converted
into structured API calls, ensuring adaptability for various tasks.
39. Discuss the limitations and risks associated with autonomous agents in
AI.
Risks include unpredictable behavior, misuse of tools, and ethical concerns.
Limitations include dependency on pre-defined tools, difficulty handling
complex scenarios, and potential scalability challenges.
40. How can agents use feedback loops to improve over time?
Feedback loops allow agents to learn by evaluating the outcomes of their
actions. Reinforcement learning, combined with human feedback or
automated metrics, can refine their decision-making and improve task
efficiency.