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Z Bus Algorithm

The document outlines the Zbus building algorithm for adding and modifying buses in a power system. It describes various cases for adding impedance from new and existing buses to a reference node, including calculations for effective working matrices and the impact of open circuits. Additionally, it explains the use of Kron reduction and provides examples of impedance calculations for specific bus configurations.

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Motasim Billah
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views

Z Bus Algorithm

The document outlines the Zbus building algorithm for adding and modifying buses in a power system. It describes various cases for adding impedance from new and existing buses to a reference node, including calculations for effective working matrices and the impact of open circuits. Additionally, it explains the use of Kron reduction and provides examples of impedance calculations for specific bus configurations.

Uploaded by

Motasim Billah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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𝒁𝒃𝒖𝒔 Building Algorithm

Start a new bus with an impedance Zb from that bus to reference node:

Za

Modification of an existing bus:


Case 1: Adding Zb from a new bus p to the reference node:
Zbus Building Algorithm
Case 2: Adding Zb from new bus p to existing bus k:

Case 3: Add Zb from existing bus k to reference node:


Zbus Building Algorithm
Case 4: Add a branch Zb from existing bus j to existing k:

𝑍ℎ 𝑁+1 𝑍 𝑁+1 𝑖
𝑍ℎ𝑖(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 𝑍ℎ𝑖 −
𝑍𝑗𝑗 + 𝑍𝑘𝑘 − 2𝑍𝑗𝑘 + 𝑍𝑏

𝑍ℎ(𝑁+1) = 𝑍ℎ𝑗 − 𝑍ℎ𝑘


𝑍 𝑁+1 𝑖 = 𝑍𝑗𝑖 − 𝑍𝑘𝑖
Fig. 12.6

Step 1: Add branch 1 from a new bus (1) to the reference node—
Zbus Building
Algorithm

Step 2: Add branch 2 from a new bus (5) to the reference node—
Fig. 12.6

Step 3: Add branch 3 from bus (5) to a new bus (2)—

Step 4: Add branch 4 from bus (2) to a new bus (3)—


Fig. 12.6

Step 5: Add branch 5 from bus (3) to a new bus (6)—


Fig. 12.6

Step 6: Add branch 6 from a new bus (4)—


Unsymmetrical Faults on Power Systems
• Buses (5) and (6) are fictitious internal nodes of the transformers
which facilitate computer application of the Zbus building algorithm

• We have not shown calculations for the very high impedance branches
representing the open circuits

Let us remove the rows and columns for buses (5) and (6) from the
matrix to obtain the effective working matrix
Unsymmetrical Faults on Power Systems
(0)
• The zeros in the 𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠 show that zero-sequence current injected into
bus (1) bus (4) of Fig. 12.6(b) cannot cause voltages at the other buses
because of the open circuits introduced by the -Y transformers

• Note also that the j0.08 per unit reactance in series with the open
(0)
circuit between buses (6) and (4) does not affect 𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠 since it cannot
carry current

Fig. 12.6
Unsymmetrical Faults on Power Systems
• By apply the Zbus building algorithm to the positive- and negative
sequence networks in a similar manner, we obtain
p
𝑗0.20 𝑗0.20 𝑗0.20 𝑗0.20 𝑗0.20
𝑗0.20 𝑗0.28 𝑗0.28 𝑗0.28 𝑗0.28
𝑗0.20 𝑗0.28 𝑗0.43 𝑗0.43 𝑗0.43
𝑗0.20 𝑗0.28 𝑗0.43 𝑗0.51 𝑗0.51
p 𝑗0.20 𝑗0.28 𝑗0.43 𝑗0.51 𝑗0.71
• Here we assumed that the j0.20 per unit reactance in the bus (4) and a new
bus (p). However, node (p) is grounded and hence we need to remove the row
and column related to node (p) from the matrix

Fig. 12.6
Unsymmetrical Faults on Power Systems
Rewriting the matrix,
p
𝑗0.20 𝑗0.20 𝑗0.20 𝑗0.20 𝑗0.20
𝑗0.20 𝑗0.28 𝑗0.28 𝑗0.28 𝑗0.28
𝑗0.20 𝑗0.28 𝑗0.43 𝑗0.43 𝑗0.43
𝑗0.20 𝑗0.28 𝑗0.43 𝑗0.51 𝑗0.51
p 𝑗0.20 𝑗0.28 𝑗0.43 𝑗0.51 𝑗0.71

𝑍ℎ 𝑁+1 𝑍 𝑁+1 𝑖
Using Kron reduction formula we have, 𝑍ℎ𝑖(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 𝑍ℎ𝑖 −
𝑍𝑘𝑘 +𝑍𝑏
So,
(𝑗0.20)×(𝑗0.20)
𝑍11(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 𝑗0.20 − = 𝑗0.1437
𝑗0.71
Similarly,
(𝑗0.51)×(𝑗0.43)
𝑍34(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 𝑗0.43 − = 𝑗0.1211
𝑗0.71
Unsymmetrical Faults on Power Systems
Calculating all elements, we obtain

Note: since the matrix is diagonally symmetric, i.e., 𝑍𝑖𝑗 = 𝑍𝑗𝑖 we need
calculate only the diagonal elements and half of the off-diagonal
elements.
Unsymmetrical Faults on Power Systems

Fig. 8.8
Solution:

𝑍ℎ 𝑁+1 𝑍 𝑁+1 𝑖 𝑍ℎ 𝑁+1 𝑍 𝑁+1 𝑖


𝑍ℎ𝑖(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 𝑍ℎ𝑖 − = 𝑍ℎ𝑖 −
𝑍𝑘𝑘 +𝑍𝑏 𝑗3.15
To add a Zb between two existing buses (j) and
(k):
𝑍ℎ 𝑁+1 𝑍 𝑁+1 𝑖
𝑍ℎ𝑖(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 𝑍ℎ𝑖 −
𝑍𝑗𝑗 + 𝑍𝑘𝑘 − 2𝑍𝑗𝑘 + 𝑍𝑏
𝑍ℎ(𝑁+1) = 𝑍ℎ𝑗 − 𝑍ℎ𝑘
𝑍 𝑁+1 𝑖 = 𝑍𝑗𝑖 − 𝑍𝑘𝑖
(𝑍ℎ𝑗 − 𝑍ℎ𝑘 )(𝑍𝑗𝑖 − 𝑍𝑘𝑖 )
𝑍ℎ𝑖(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 𝑍ℎ𝑖 −
𝑍𝑗𝑗 + 𝑍𝑘𝑘 − 2𝑍𝑗𝑘 + 𝑍𝑏

𝑗 = 2, 𝑘 = 4
𝑍𝑗𝑗 = 𝑍22 = 𝑗0.78571, 𝑍𝑘𝑘 = 𝑍44 = 𝑗0.95397
𝑍𝑗𝑘 = 𝑍24 = 𝑗0.59524 𝑍𝑏 = 𝑗0.125
𝑍ℎ𝑗 − 𝑍ℎ𝑘 = 𝑍ℎ2 − 𝑍ℎ4
𝑍𝑗𝑖 − 𝑍𝑘𝑖 = 𝑍2𝑖 − 𝑍4𝑖
Unsymmetrical Faults on Power Systems
𝑍ℎ𝑗 − 𝑍ℎ𝑘 𝑍𝑗𝑖 − 𝑍𝑘𝑖
𝑍ℎ𝑖(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 𝑍ℎ𝑖 −
𝑗0.78571 + 𝑗0.95397 − 2 × 𝑗0.59524 + 𝑗0.125
𝑍ℎ𝑗 − 𝑍ℎ𝑘 𝑍𝑗𝑖 − 𝑍𝑘𝑖
= 𝑍ℎ𝑖 −
𝑗0.6742

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