e¨emv‡qi wfwË

BDwbU
e¨emv‡qi wfwË
Business Foundations 1

Rxeb RxweKvi msMÖvg gvbe m„wói m~PbvjMœ †_‡KB| G msMÖv‡g mvwgj n‡Z wM‡q gvbyl KL‡bv n‡q‡Q mgy`ªMvgx,
KL‡bv n‡q‡Q AvKvkPvix, Avevi KL‡bv ev n‡q‡Q AiY¨Pvix| RvMwZK cÖwZK~jZvi g‡a¨ gvbyl hZB AMÖmi n‡q‡Q
Zvi wPšÍvI Z‡ZvB mg„× n‡q‡Q| ¯’v‡bi mxgve×Zv †cwi‡q †m AMÖmi n‡q‡Q ˆewk¦K cwigЇj| Pvwn`vi e¨vcKZv
I wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y gvby‡li RxweKv wbe©v‡ni †ÿ‡ÎI G‡m‡Q ˆewPΨ| Avi Zvi g‡a¨ e¨emv‡qi Avwefv©e gvby‡li †kÖô
DËiY| gvby‡li b~¨bZg Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi j‡ÿ¨B D™¢e n‡q‡Q e¨emv‡qi| cÖvPxbKv‡j e¨emvq GZUv mymsMwVZ wQj
bv| `ªe¨ wewbgq cÖ_v D™¢‡ei gva¨‡gB Gi †MvovcËb nq| †mB †_‡KB e¨emv‡qi hvÎv ïiæ| cÖ‡qvR‡bi e¨vcKZvi
mv‡_ mv‡_ e¨emvq AMÖmi n‡Z _v‡K `ªæZj‡q| Avi eZ©gvb we‡k¦i cÖwZwU gvbylB AvR †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e
e¨emv‡qi Ici me©‡Zvfv‡e Ges mve©ÿwYKfv‡e wbf©ikxj| G BDwb‡U Avgiv e¨emv‡qi cÖK„wZ I Gi µgweKvk,
ˆewkó¨vewj, D‡Ïk¨, Kvhv©ewj, cwiwa I Gi †kªwYwefv‡Mi cvkvcvwk AvaywbK A_©bxwZ‡Z e¨emv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ I
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 02 mßvn

G BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV - 1.1: e¨emvq: cÖK„wZ Ges ˆewkó¨
cvV - 1.2: e¨emv‡qi Kvhv©ewj I cwiwa
cvV - 1.3: e¨emv‡qi †kÖwYwefvM
cvV - 1.4: e¨emv‡qi †kÖwYwefvM: wkí
cvV - 1.5: e¨emv‡qi †kÖwYwefvM: evwYR¨

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cvV 1.1 e¨emvq: cÖK„wZ Ges ˆewkó¨

Business: Nature and Characteristics

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 e¨emvq Kx ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e¨emv‡qi cÖK…wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e¨emv‡qi µgweeZ©b m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e¨emv‡qi ˆewk󨸇jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

me©ÎB e¨emvq Qwo‡q Av‡Q Ges Avgiv mevB Gi Ask| Avgiv wcrRv Lvw”Q, wRÝ c¨v›U cowQ, Avgv‡`i Mvwo,
†Uwjwfkb †`Lv - G me wKQzB e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g Drcv`b, eÈb Ges weµq n‡”Q| Gme cY¨ I †mev †hb
Avgiv µq Ki‡Z cvwi †mRb¨ Avgiv A_© DcvR©b Kwi Ges †mUvI †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv e¨emvwqK cÖwZôv‡b KvR
K‡i| Avcbvi DcvwR©Z A_© †h e¨vs‡K Mw”QZ ivL‡Qb †mUvI GKUv e¨emvwqK cÖwZôvb| †h cY¨wU Avcwb µq
Ki‡Qb, †m cY¨wU Drcv`b †_‡K ïiæ K‡i weµq ch©šÍ Kvh©µ‡g K‡qKwU e¨emvwqK cÖwZôvb RwoZ|

GKevi wPšÍv Kiæb, Avcwb †hLv‡b emevm K‡ib Zvi Avkcv‡ki wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨emvwqK cÖwZôvb¸‡jv m¤ú‡K©|
GLb wPšÍv Kiæb, e¨emvwqK cÖwZôvbwenxb G c„w_ex †Kgb n‡Z cv‡i? cÖwZôvbwenxb c„w_ex‡Z Avcbv‡K euvP‡Z n‡j
wb‡R‡K ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© Ki‡Z n‡e| †mŠfvM¨µ‡g, Avgv‡`i mgv‡R †Qv‡Uv-eo mKj cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Avgv‡`i Pvwn`v
†gUv‡bvi Rb¨ weivU f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| Avmyb Zvn‡j †R‡b †bB Òe¨emvqÓ ej‡Z Kx eySvq|

e¨emv‡qi msÁv
Definition of business
mvaviY A‡_© gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cY¨`ªe¨ µqweµq msµvšÍ KvR‡K e¨emvq ejv nq| A_v©r ¯^í g~‡j¨ cY¨`ªe¨
µq K‡i AwaK g~‡j¨ weµq Kivi Kvh©B e¨emvq| wKš‘ e¨vcK A‡_© cY¨`ªe¨ I †mevmvgMÖx Drcv`b †_‡K ïiæ K‡i
†fv³vi nv‡Z †cuŠQv‡bv ch©šÍ mKj Kvhv©ewjB e¨emv‡qi AšÍfz©³| cY¨ D‡Ëvjb, Drcv`b, eÈb, cwienb,
¸`vgRvZKiY, cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ †mev cÖ`vb BZ¨vw` meB gvbyl A‡_v©cvR©‡bi Rb¨ K‡i _v‡K| Gme Kvhv©ewjB
e¨emv‡qi mnvqK kw³| GZGe, e¨emvq n‡”Q ˆeafv‡e A‡_v©cvR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ wb‡¤œv³ Kvhv©ewj:
 cY¨`ªe¨ I †mevKg© Drcv`b
 Drcvw`Z cY¨`ª‡e¨i eÈb
 Drcv`b I eȇb mnvqK Kvh©
 cÖZ¨ÿ †mevKg©
gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb ev Afve‡evaB g~jZ e¨emvwqK cÖ‡Póvi Drm| G cÖ‡qvRb‡eva Ges Zv c~i‡Yi cÖwµqvwU wb¤œiƒc:

cÖ‡qvRb ev m¤ú` ev Drcv`b I wewbgq I cÖ‡qvRb ev

Afve‡eva DcKiY AvniY cÖwµqvRvZKiY eÈb Afvec~iY
AvniY

wPÎ 1.1: cÖ‡qvRb‡evaB e¨emvwqK cÖ‡Póvi Drm

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-2
 e¨emv‡qi wfwË

wb‡¤œ e¨emvq m¤ú‡K© K‡qKRb cÖw_Zhkv e¨w³i msÁv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
cÖL¨vZ A_©bxwZwe` Ges wewfbœ e¨emvwqK Z‡Ë¡i cÖe³v Roger W. Babson (iRvi WvweøD e¨vemb)
wb‡¤œv³fv‡e e¨emvq‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb:
 ÒcY¨mvgMÖx, †mev Ges gZv`‡k©i Drcv`b I eÈb msµvšÍ †h mKj gvbexq Kvhv©ewj gybvdv AR©‡bi
D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ nq G‡`i me¸‡jvB e¨emv‡qi AšÍfz©³|Ó [Business includes those human
activities, relating to production and distribution of goods, services and ideas with a
view to earn profit.]1
 Ò†`‡ki cÖ‡qvRb †gvZv‡eK cY¨ I †mev Drcv`b I weµ‡qi wbwgË cwiPvwjZ gvby‡li GKK ev
mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡PóvB g~jZ e¨emvq|ÕÕ [Business is basically an activity of people working alone
or with others for the purpose of producing and selling goods and services that our
country requires.]2 - R.E. Gloss and H. A. Baker (Møm I †eKvi)
 Ògybvdv jv‡fi Aby‡cÖiYvq mgv‡R cY¨mvgMÖx I †mev mieivn Kivi Rb¨ msMwVZ I cwiPvwjZ
cÖwZôvbB e¨emvq|Ó [Business is an institution organized and operated to provide goods
and services to the society under the incentive of gain.]3 - Bayard Wheeler (†eqvi
ûBjvi)

myZivs, gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë m¤ú‡`i AvniY, iƒcvšÍiKiY I evRviRvZKi‡Yi ci fwel¨Z
cÖ‡qvR‡bi wbwg‡Ë G‡`i cwienb, ¸`vgRvZKiY, µqweµq BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g †fv³vi Kv‡Q cY¨ I †mevKg© †cuŠ‡Q
†`evi hveZxq Kvhv©ewj‡K e¨emvq e‡j|

e¨emv‡qi cÖK…wZ
Nature of business
eZ©gvb we‡k¦ wewfbœ cÖKvi e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| Gme e¨emvq cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb I cwiPvjbvi
cÖZ¨ÿ KviY hw`I e¨w³MZ A_v©r e¨emv‡qi gvwjK ev gvwjKM‡Yi R‡b¨ gybvdv AR©b Kiv, ZeyI mgvRe× gvby‡li
Afve c~i‡Yi wbðqZv, Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v, cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i myôy e¨envi, wkí ¯’vcb Ges †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡K
MwZkxj K‡i †Zvjvi gva¨‡g c‡ivÿfv‡e e¨emvq mve©Rbxb `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

myZivs e¨emv‡qi cÖK…wZ‡K `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq, h_v - e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK I mve©Rbxb| G `ycÖK…wZi e¨emvq m¤ú‡K©
wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK e¨emvq (Individual business): GKK gvwj‡Ki D‡`¨v‡M cÖwZwôZ I cwiPvwjZ e¨emv‡q
A_© wewb‡qvM, e¨emvq †ÿÎ wbe©vPb, e¨e¯’vcbv bxwZ wbav©iY, gybvdvi GKK †fvM- meB ÿz`ªvKv‡i Ges
GKRb gvwjK ØvivB wba©vwiZ n‡q _v‡K| Giƒc e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡b gvwjKB m‡e©me©v| e¨emv‡qi gvwjK e‡j
wZwbB jvf-†jvKmv‡bi Rb¨ GKKfv‡e `vqx| G ai‡bi cÖwZôv‡bi cÖK…wZ e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK|
2. mve©Rbxb e¨emvq (Universal business): Askx`vwi e¨emvq, †hŠ_ g~jabx e¨emvq, mgevq I ivóªxq
msMVb BZ¨vw`i cÖK…wZ mve©Rbxb| KviY G me cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¥ nq AvBbvbyMfv‡e| Avevi G¸‡jvi †ÿ‡Î

1
Babson, Roger W. (2005). Business Fundamentals, p.1.
2
Gloss, R. E. and Baker, H. A. (1998). Introduction to Business, p.3.
3
Wheeler, Bayard O. (1968). Business and Introductory Analysis, p. 25.

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-3
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g~jab mieivn †_‡K ïiæ K‡i jvf-†jvKmvb eÈb, cwiPvjbv, e¨e¯’vcbv bxwZ I e¨emv‡qi †ÿÎ wba©viY
BZ¨vw` mshy³fv‡e Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G ai‡bi e¨emv‡qi Kvh©‡ÿÎ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e e„nËi|

KxwZ©gvb e¨emvqx m¨vgmb GBP. †PŠayix

evsjv‡`‡ki wkí evwYR¨ I mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Ði KxwZ©gvb cyiæl
wQ‡jb m¨vgmb GBP †PŠayix| eY©vX¨ Rxe‡bi AwaKvix, ¯‹qvi
MÖæ‡ci cÖwZôvZv, KY©avi m¨vgmb GBP †PŠayix 1925 mv‡ji 25
†m‡Þ¤^i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvui me‡P‡q eo mvdj¨ n‡”Q, wZwb
†`wL‡q‡Qb mvaviY GKwU cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡iI Kxfv‡e
AmvaviY n‡q IVv hvq| m‡PZb g‡bvfve wb‡q ax‡i Pjvi
cwi”Qbœ bxwZ‡Z wek¦vmx wQ‡jb e‡jB wZwb †`‡ki A_©bxwZ I
evwYR¨‡¶‡Î we›`y †_‡K wmÜy‡Z cwiYZ n‡qwQ‡jb| cÖwZK~j
Ae¯’v‡K cvk KvwU‡q k~b¨ ‡_‡K ¯‹qvi MÖæc hvi HKvwšÍK
cÖ‡Póvq †`‡ki g‡a¨ kx‡l© I‡V G‡mwQ‡jb wZwb| fviZ †_‡K
wZwb Zvi wk¶vRxeb †kl K‡ib| †jLvcov †kl K‡i wKQyw`b
miKvwi PvKwi K‡i‡Qb| miKvwi PvKwi †Q‡o e¨emv ïiæ
K‡ib| Z‡e †mUv ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jb Lye ¯^í cwim‡i| evevi KvQ
Av‡jvKwPÎ: w¯œcwfD †_‡K UvKv wb‡q GKwU dv‡g©wm Lyj‡jb| wPwKrmvq evevi Lye
mybvg wQj| `~i`~ivšÍ †_‡K †jvKRb Avm‡Zv| GK mgq †`L‡jb GgweweGm Wv³v‡ii cÖwZ †ivMxiv ‡ewk SyuK‡Q| Zvi GK eÜy
Wv³vi wQj| ZLb IB Wv³vi‡K wM‡q ejv n‡jv nvUev‡ii w`b dv‡g©wm‡Z em‡Z n‡e| dv‡g©wm e¨emv †ek R‡g IVj| †m
AwfÁZv †_‡K 1958 mv‡j Pvi eÜy‡K m‡½ wb‡q Lye ¯^í cwim‡i ïiæ K‡ib GKwU Ilya KviLvbv hvi bvg wQ‡jv ¯‹qvi dvg©v|
†mB KviLvbvB AvR cwiYZ n‡q‡Q †`‡ki Ab¨Zg e…nr Ilya wkícÖwZôvb ¯‹qvi dvg©vwmDwUK¨vj‡m| Pvi eÜy nv‡Z nvZ a‡i ïiæ
Kivi d‡j G cÖwZôv‡bi bvgKiY n‡qwQj Ô¯‹qviÕ| Ilya wk‡íi G AMÖbvqK †Kej dv‡g©wm e¨emv‡ZB wb‡R‡K mxgve× iv‡Lbwb,
Zvui e¨emvwqK cÖÁv‡K Qwo‡q w`‡q‡Qb cÖmvab mvgMÖx, †U·UvBj, K…wlcY¨, Z_¨cÖhyw³, ¯^v¯’¨‡mev I MYgva¨‡g| wZwb Zvui ¯‹qvi
dvg©vwmwUDK¨vj‡K wfwË K‡iB cieZ©x e¨emvwqK Kg©KvÐ m¤úªmvwiZ K‡ib| cÖvq 30 nvRv‡iiI †ewk Kg©x ¯‹qvi MÖæ‡c KvR
K‡ib| g…Zy¨i c~e© ch©šÍ wZwb ¯‹qvi dvg©vwmwUK¨vj †Kv¤úvwbi †Pqvig¨vb wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|

e¨emv‡qi DrcwË I µgweKvk

Origin and evolution of business
e¨emv‡qi DrcwËi BwZnvm ïiæ nq †mB my`~i cÖvPxb Kv‡jB| m„wói cÖv_wgK chv©‡q gvbyl cÖK…wZi Ici wbf©i K‡i
Rxeb aviY Ki‡Zv| c„w_ex‡Z ZLb gvby‡li msL¨v wQj Kg Ges cÖK…wZi ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g cÖvß djg~jB Zv‡`i
ÿzwbœe„wËi Rb¨ h‡_ó wQj| gvby‡li msL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡bI ˆewPÎ Avm‡Z ïiæ K‡i| wb‡R‡`i
Drcvw`Z cY¨mvgMÖx Qvov Ab¨vb¨ cY¨mvgMÖxi Afve †`Lv w`‡Z ïiæ Ki‡jv| Afve c~i‡Yi ¯^v‡_©B cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv
w`j cY¨ wewbg‡qi|

w`b Mwo‡q hvq, gvby‡li iæwPi cwieZ©b Av‡m| gy`ªv e¨e¯’vi cÖPjb nq| wkí‡ÿ‡ÎI †`Lv †`q GK ˆecøweK
cwieZ©b| e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡ÎI e¨vcK m¤úªmviY N‡U| e¨emvq ax‡i ax‡i AvaywbK iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i|

e¨emv‡qi G µ‡gvbœqb‡K Avgiv wZbwU hy‡M wef³ Ki‡ev Ges cy‡iv weeZ©b‡K K‡qKwU ¯Í‡i wefvRb K‡i
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev:

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-4
 e¨emv‡qi wfwË

cÖhyw³ I Z_¨ e¨e¯’v ¯Íi

3. AvaywbK hyM
wkí wecøe

Jcwb‡ewkK ¯Íi

evRvi e¨e¯’v 2. ga¨ hyM

gy`vª i e¨envi

wewbgq ¯Íi
1. cÖvPxb hyM
Avw`g ¯Íi

wPÎ 1.2: e¨emv‡qi µgweeZ©b

1. cÖvPxb hyM (Ancient period)

(K) Avw`g ¯Íi (Prinitive stage): cÖvPxb hy‡M gvbyl cÖK…wZ-wbf©i Rxebhvcb KiZ| cÖK…wZ cª`Ë djg~j †L‡q
Ges wkKvi Kvh© K‡i Zviv Rxeb aviY KiZ| AwaKvsk gvbyl wQj hvhvei Rxeb e¨e¯’vq Af¨¯Í| †KD †KD
mgvRe×fv‡e evm Ki‡jI e¨emv‡qi cÖPjb ZLb wQj bv|
(L) wewbgq ¯Íi (Exchange stage): e¨emv‡qi ïiæ g~jZ G ¯Í‡iB| hvhvei e¨e¯’vi cwieZ©b NwU‡q gvbyl
cwievi †Kw›`ªK Drcv`b ïiæ K‡i| ïiæ K‡i cY¨ wewbgq Kvh©| Gfv‡eB Barter system ev cY¨ wewbgq e¨e¯’vi
e¨vcK cÖPjb N‡U| Z‡e G e¨e¯’v ¯’vqx Avmb Mvo‡Z mÿg nqwb|

2. ga¨hyM (Middle age)

(K) gy`vª i e¨envi (Use of coin): Barter system ev cY¨ wewbgq e¨e¯’v AKvh©Ki nevi d‡j gvbyl wewbg‡qi
weKí cš’v †ei Ki‡Z m‡Pó nq| cÖ_g w`‡K gvbyl g~j¨evb kvgyK, wSbyK, cv_i, Kwo G me‡KB wewbg‡qi gva¨g
wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| cieZx©‡Z ïiæ nq avZe gy`vª †hgb-Zvgv, †eªvÄ, †mvbv, i~cv BZ¨vw`i e¨envi|
`ªe¨ wewbg‡qi mgm¨v `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ Kvjµ‡g wewbg‡qi gva¨g wn‡m‡e ïiæ nq gy`vª i cÖPjb| kvmK †kÖwYi
c„ô‡cvlKZvq G e¨e¯’vi cÖPjb nq| d‡j e¨emvq Kvh© QvovI kÖwgK‡`i gRywi cÖ`vb, LvRbv I Ki Av`vq G‡Z
mnRZi nq|
(L) evRvi e¨e¯’vi D™¢e (Growth of market system): gy`vª e¨e¯’vi cÖmv‡ii d‡j e¨emvq AviI we¯Í…wZ jvf
K‡i| wewbg‡qi Rb¨ ZLb cÖ‡hvRb nq nvUevRv‡ii| evRvi n‡”Q Ggb GKwU †K›`ª †hLv‡b †µZv I we‡µZv
mg‡eZ n‡q Zv‡`i Drcvw`Z I cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨ weµq I µ‡qi my‡hvM cvq| evRvi m¤úªvmi‡Yi d‡j M‡o I‡V
eo eo e¨emvq †K›`ª I kni e›`i| cY¨ cwien‡bi Rb¨ ¯’j I †bŠc‡_i AwaK e¨envi ïiæ nq| e¨emvqx‡`i
wbivcËvi ¯^v‡_© m„wó n‡jv Merchant guild (ewYK mgevq msN), Craft Guild (KvwiMwi mgevq msN) BZ¨vw`
e¨emvqx †Rv‡Ui|
(M) Jcwb‡ewkK ¯Íi (Colonial stage): ga¨hy‡M c„w_exi wewfbœ Rbc‡` e¨emv‡qi we¯Í…wZ NU‡jI f~ga¨mvMixq
A‡j Zvi e¨vcK mg„w× N‡U| e¨emvqxMY Zv‡`i c‡Y¨i AwaK cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ bZzb bZzb evRvi LyuR‡Z _v‡K|
Kj¤^v‡mi Av‡gwiKv Avwe®‹vi I fv‡¯‹v-wW-Mvgvi fviZ gnv‡`k Avwe®‹vi †bŠc‡_ e¨emv‡qi m¤úªvmvi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| G mg‡q BD‡iv‡ci A‡bK evwYwR¨K cÖwZôvb we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k Dcwb‡ek m„wói gva¨‡g cÖfzZ¡

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-5
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¯’vc‡b m‡Pó nq| fvi‡Z B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb, Av‡gwiKvq nvWmb †Kv¤úvwb, f~ga¨mvMixq A‡j †bfvì
†Kv¤úvwb G ai‡bi Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb e¨e¯’v Kv‡q‡g Zv‡`i e¨vemvevwYR¨ AvšÍRv©vwZK A½‡b we¯Ívi NUvq|

3. AvaywbK hyM (Modern period)

(K) wkí wecøe (Industrial revolution): 1750 mvj †_‡K 1850 mvj ch©šÍ wQj wkí wecøe Kvj- hv
e¨emv‡qi m¤úªmviY I Dbœq‡b wekvj cwieZ©b mvab K‡i| G mg‡qi KwZcq hyMvšÍKvix Avwe®‹vi, †hgb- †Rgm
IqvU Gi ev®úxq BwÄb, nviwMÖf‡mi w¯úwbs †Rwj, †K (Kay) Gi cvIqvi jyg, AvK©ivB‡Ui w¯úwbs †d«g BZ¨vw`
wk‡íi Dbœqb I AMÖMwZ‡Z AKíbxq f~wgKv iv‡L| wkí wecø‡ei d‡j BD‡ivcmn we‡k¦i wewfbœ A‡j e¨emv‡qi
e¨vcK Dbœqb mvwaZ nq| M‡o I‡V bZzb bZzb wkí KviLvbv| hvwš¿K kw³i e‡j Drcv`b †e‡o hvq eû¸‡Y|
e¨emv‡qi cvwievwiK Drcv`b e¨e¯’v KviLvbvq ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| weKvk N‡U ¸`vgRvZKiY, e¨vswKs, wegv, weÁvcbx
ms¯’v BZ¨vw` e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi| e¨emvwqK Kg©KvÐ we¯Ívi jvf K‡i GK †`k †_‡K Ab¨ †`‡k|
(L) cÖhyw³ I Z_¨ e¨e¯’v ¯Íi (Stage of technology and information system): wkí weíe cieZx© ¯Í‡i
wkí †ÿ‡Î M‡elYv I Dbœqb (R&D) Gi d‡j e¨emvq evwY‡R¨i ¸YMZ gvb e„w× cvq; Drcvw`Z nq bZzb bZzb
cY¨| cÖhyw³i AvaywbKvq‡bi d‡j e¨emv‡qi cwiwa AvšÍR©vwZK †ÿ‡Î e¨vwß jvf Ki‡Q| cÖhyw³i †Quvqv ÿz`ªvqZb
e¨emv‡qi cvkvcvwk e„n`vqZ‡bi †hŠ_ g~jabx e¨emvq m„wó‡Z mnvqK n‡q‡Q| mv¤úªwZK Kv‡j Kw¤úDUviwfwËK
Z_¨ e¨e¯’v AvaywbK hy‡Mi e¨emvq evwY‡R¨ GK ˆecøweK cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g gyn~‡Z©i g‡a¨ we‡k¦i
me©Î e¨emvwqK †hvM‡hvM mvwaZ n‡”Q| ïay ZvB bq, AvR Kw¤úDUviwfwËK Z_¨ e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g cÖwZwbqZ µq-
weµq Kvh©I m¤úvw`Z n‡”Q|

e¨emv‡qi ˆewkó¨vewj
Characteristics of business
Rxeb I RxweKvi cÖ‡qvRb Z_v A_©‰bwZK Kj¨vY mva‡b cY¨`ªe¨ Drcv`b, eÈb Ges G msµvšÍ cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ
mKj ˆea Kg©B e¨emvq| e¨emv‡qi cÖK…wZ we‡kølY Ki‡j Gi wb¤œwjwLZ †gŠwjK ˆewk󨸇jv cwijwÿZ nq:
1. gybvdv AR©b (Making profit): e¨emv‡qi cÖ_g I cÖavb ˆewkó¨ n‡jv gybvdv AR©b| KviY e¨emv‡qi aib
hv-B †nvK bv †Kb, gvwjKMY gybvdv AR©b‡KB cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i e¨emvq MVb I cwiPvjbv K‡i
_v‡Kb|
2. SzuwK MÖnY (Bearing risk): e¨emv‡qi Ab¨Zg cÖavb ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q jvf-†jvKmv‡bi SzuwK| cÖ‡Z¨K e¨emvqx
Zvi mvdj¨ m¤ú‡K© m¤ú~Y© AwbwðZ| myZivs e¨emv‡qi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i mv‡_ jvf-†jvKmv‡bi AwbðqZvi SzuwK
RwoZ|
3. D‡`¨vM MÖnY (Entrepreneurship): e¨emvqx cÖwZôv‡bi weKv‡ki Rb¨ e¨w³MZ, mgwóMZ ev ivóªxq ch©v‡q
D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| KviY D‡`¨vM MÖnY Qvov †Kv‡bv e¨emvq ¯’vwcZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| myZivs D‡`¨vM MÖnYI
e¨emv‡qi GKwU Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨|
4. g~jab ms¯’vb (Supply of capital): g~jab e¨emv‡qi g~j PvwjKvkw³| mwVK mg‡q e¨emv‡qi myôz MVb I
cwiPvjbvi wbwg‡Ë mwVK cwigvY g~jab cÖ‡qvRb| gvwjK ev D‡`¨v³vMY G g~jab wb‡R‡`i Znwej †_‡K ev
Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Drm †_‡K FY wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
5. msMVb (Organisation): cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKviY¸‡jv‡K GKwÎZ ev mgwš^Z K‡i gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ Kvh© ïiæ
Kivi bvgB msMVb| Drcv`‡bi Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb¸‡jv A_v©r f~wg, kÖg I g~jab KviI D‡`¨vM ev mvsMVwbK
f~wgKv e¨ZxZ GKwÎZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| msMV‡bi mvd‡j¨i IciB e¨emv‡qi mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i|
6. m¤ú` AvniY (Wealth earning): †fv³v‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡bi w`‡K jÿ †i‡L e¨emvqx cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` AvniY I
D‡Ëvjb K‡i Ges Zv †µZv‡`i e¨evn‡ivc‡hvMx K‡i cwi‡ekb K‡i|

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-6
 e¨emv‡qi wfwË

7. Drcv`b ev Dc‡hvM m„wó (Production of creation of utility): †µZvMY Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨vw` P~ovšÍ
†fv‡Mi Dc‡hvMx K‡i †c‡Z Pvq| G R‡b¨B e¨emvq AvnwiZ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i gv‡S Dc‡hvwMZv m„wó K‡i Ges
†µZv‡`i †fv‡Mi Dc‡hvMx K‡i Zv evRviRvZ K‡i|
8. wgZe¨wqZv (Frugality): e¨emvqx me©`vB wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î e¨q Kwg‡q gybvdv e„w× Ki‡Z Pvq| Avi G `„wó‡KvY
†_‡K e¨emvqx AcÖ‡qvRbxq mg¯Í e¨q Kwg‡q gybvdv evovevi cÖ‡Póvq wjß _v‡K|
9. cY¨ eÈb (Distribution of products): e¨emv‡qi Av‡iKwU ˆewkó¨ n‡jv Drcvw`Z c‡Y¨i myôz eÈb|
e¨emv‡qi gva¨‡g cY¨mvgMÖx Drcv`b¯’j †_‡K †fv³vi wbKU eÈb Kiv nq|
10. ¸YMZ DrKl© e„w× (Development of quality): cY¨ ev †mevi ¸YMZ DrKl©Zv e„w× e¨emv‡qi we‡kl K‡i
AvaywbK e¨emv‡qi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ˆewkó¨| cÖ‡Z¨K e¨emvqxB Pvq Zvi cY¨ ev †mev †fv³v‡`i mš‘wó jvf
mÿg †nvK Ges GwU cY¨ ev †mevi evRv‡i wewkóZv jvf KiæK|
11. †µZv-we‡µZv (Buyer and seller): e¨emvwqK †jb‡`‡bi GKwU Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q †µZv-we‡µZv| A_©
cÖ`vb I A_© MÖnY, G `ywUi Aw¯ÍZ¡ e¨emvwqK †jb‡`‡b Acwinvh©|
12. mywbw`©ó DcKiY (Specific input): cY¨, †mev, Drcv`b, eÈb, evRviRvZKiY, ¸`vgRvZvKiY, cwienb
G¸‡jv n‡”Q e¨emv‡qi KwZcq mywbw`©ó DcKiY| G DcKiY¸‡jv Qvov e¨emvq m¤ú~Y© APj|
13. c~ev©bygvb (Forecasting): fwel¨Z evRv‡ii mwVK Abygv‡bi IciB e¨emv‡qi gybvdv AR©b Z_v mdjZv
wbf©i K‡i| myZivs e¨emvqx‡K †µZv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb, AwfiæwP, cQ›` BZ¨vw`i wfwˇZ fwel¨Z evRvi m¤ú‡K©
c~ev©bygvb K‡i †mB Abyhvqx cY¨`ªe¨ Drcv`b, AvniY I gRyZ Ki‡Z nq|
14. wbqwgZ †jb‡`b (Regular transactions): e¨emvwqK †jb‡`b wbqwgZ I †cŠbtcywbKfv‡e n‡Z nq|
AvKw¯§K †Kv‡bviƒc †jb‡`b‡K e¨emvq ejv hvq bv|
15. kÖg wefw³KiY (Division of lobor): Drcv`bg~jK e¨emv‡qi GKwU jÿYxq ˆewkó¨ n‡jv kÖ‡gi
wefw³KiY| kÖg wefw³Ki‡Yi gva¨‡g e¨emv‡qi Drcv`vb ÿgZv e„w×i cÖqvm Pvjv‡bv nq|
16. mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ (Social responsibility): eZ©gvb hy‡M e¨emv‡qi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨ n‡jv gybvdv
AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvjb| RbMY I wewfbœ cwi‡ekev`x †Mvôxi Pv‡ci Kvi‡Y mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡
cvjb e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ Acwinvh© n‡q c‡o‡Q|
17. †mevg~jK g‡bvfve (Service motive): †mevg~jK gvbwmKZv wb‡q e¨emvq MÖvnK‡`i iæwP I Pvwn`v Abyhvqx
mwVK ¯’v‡b mwVK mg‡q cY¨mvgMÖx nv‡Z †cuŠ‡Q †`q|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, e¨emvq gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ m¤úvw`Z Kvh©Kjvc n‡jI Zv‡Z Ic‡i D‡jøwLZ ˆewkó¨vewj
we`¨gvb _vKv Avek¨K| Gme ˆewkó¨ Abycw¯’Z _vK‡j Zv‡K e¨emvq ev e¨emvwqK Kvh©Kjvc e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv
hvq bv|

mvims‡ÿc

gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖK…wZ cª`Ë m¤ú‡`i AvniY, iƒcvšÍiKiY I evRviRvZKi‡Yi ci fwel¨Z cÖ‡qvR‡bi
wbwg‡Ë G‡`i cwienb, ¸`vgRvZKiY, µqweµq BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g †fv³vi Kv‡Q cY¨ I †mevKg© †cuŠ‡Q †`evi
hveZxq Kvhv©ewj‡K e¨emvq e‡j| e¨emv‡qi cÖK…wZ‡K `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq, h_v - e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK I mve©Rbxb|
e¨emv‡qi DrcwËi BwZnvm ïiæ nq †mB my`~i cÖvPxb Kv‡jB| e¨emv‡qi µ‡gvbœqb‡K Avgiv wZbwU hy‡M wef³
Ki‡Z cvwi Ges cy‡iv weeZ©b‡K K‡qKwU ¯Í‡i wefvRb Kiv hvq, h_v- cÖvPxb hyM, ga¨hyM Ges AvaywbK hyM|
e¨emv‡qi wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y Gi wewfbœ ai‡bi ˆewkó¨I cwijwÿZ nq|

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-7
weweG †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 1.2 e¨emv‡qi Kvhv©ewj I cwiwa

Functions and Scope of Business

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 e¨emv‡qi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e¨emv‡qi Kvh©vewj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e¨emv‡qi AvIZv ev cwiwa m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AvaywbK A_©bxwZ‡Z e¨emv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

RxweKv AR©‡bi me‡P‡q ¯^vaxb, mnRZg I m¤§vbRbK Dcvq n‡jv e¨emvq| e¨emv‡qi gva¨‡g ab m¤ú` AR©b
K‡i wb‡Ri, mgv‡Ri Z_v †`‡ki AMÖMwZ mvab Kiv m¤¢e| we‡k¦i ivRbxwZ, ivóªbxwZ, mgvRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ me
wKQyB e¨emvq Øviv we‡klfv‡e cÖfvweZ| Pjgvb we‡k¦i me wKQyB †_‡g hv‡e hw` e¨emvq †_‡g hvq| we‡k¦i cÖwZwU
gvbylB cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ fv‡e e¨emvq Øviv DcK…Z n‡”Q| cÖwZwU †`kB e¨emvq evwY‡R¨i gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK mg„w×
AR©‡bi †Póv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q| e¨emv‡qi Kvh©vewj Ges Gi cwiwa m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡gB Avgv‡`i †R‡b †bqv
`iKvi e¨emvq Kx D‡Ï‡k¨ msMwVZ nq| G cv‡V Avgiv e¨emv‡qi D‡Ïk¨, Kvh©vewj, cwiwa ev AvIZv Ges
AvaywbK A_©bxwZ‡Z e¨emv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

e¨emv‡qi D‡Ïk¨
Objectives of business
e¨emvq msMVb cÖwZôv I cwiPvjbvi †cQ‡b gvby‡li KwZcq cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ D‡Ïk¨ RwoZ _v‡K| Z‡e
e¨emv‡qi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q gybvdv AR©b| GwU e¨emv‡qi cÖavbZg cÖZ¨ÿ D‡Ïk¨ n‡jI eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvc~Y©
e¨emvq RM‡Z ïaygvÎ gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ïk¨‡K wN‡i e¨emvq cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| GKRb e¨emvqx‡K gybvdv
AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk †µZv, mgvR I miKv‡ii w`KwUI we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z nq| d‡j e¨emvwqK D‡Ïk¨ n‡q c‡o
eûgyLx| wb‡¤œ e¨emv‡qi D‡Ïk¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

e¨emv‡qi D‡Ïk¨

A_©‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨ mvgvwRK D‡Ïk¨ gvbweK D‡Ïk¨ RvZxq D‡Ïk¨

 gybvdv AR©b  mgv‡Ri Pvwn`v c~iY  kÖwgK-e¨e¯’vcbv m¤úK©  RvZxq A_©‰bwZK
 g~jab wewb‡qvM  c‡Y¨i h_vh_ eÈb Dbœqb Dbœqb
 m¤ú‡`i mylg e¨envi  Kg©ms¯’vb  †µZv‡`i mv‡_ m¤úK©  RvZxq m¤ú` e„w×
 bZzb D™¢veb  mgvRKj¨v‡Y AskMÖnY ¯’vcb  RvZxq m¤ú‡`i e¨envi
 RbM‡Yi e„w×  mgvR we‡ivax KvR bv
Kiv
wPÎ 1.3: e¨emv‡qi eûwea D‡Ïk¨

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-8
 e¨emv‡qi wfwË

1. gybvdv AR©b (Making profit): e¨emvqx Zvi g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i wbR kÖg I †gav w`‡q e¨emvq MVb I
cwiPvjbv K‡ib ïaygvÎB AwaK A_© jv‡fi Avkvq| gybvdvB e¨emvqxi cÖavbZg jÿ¨| gybvdv AR©b e¨ZxZ
†Kv‡bv e¨emvq cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
2. g~jab wewb‡qvM (Investment of capital): e¨evmvqx cÖ_gZ, wb‡Ri mwÂZ g~jab QvovI mviv‡`‡k
wewÿßfv‡e Qwo‡q wQwU‡q _vKv ÿz`ª ÿz`ª mÂq e¨vswKs e¨emv‡qi gva¨‡g GKwÎZ K‡i g~jab MVb K‡i| G‡Z
ÿz`ª mÂqKvix n‡Z kyay K‡i cY¨ ev †mevi †fv³v ch©šÍ DcK…Z n‡q _v‡Kb|
3. m¤ú‡`i mylg e¨envi (Proper Utilization of wealth): gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖwZwU
gvbyl‡KB Ac‡ii Drcv`b ev †mevi Ici wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î Drcv`bKvixi cY¨ cÖK…Z e¨enviKvixi
nv‡Z †cŠu‡Q w`‡q e¨emvh †`‡ki m¤ú‡`i mylg e¨envi wbwðZ Ki‡Q|
4. bZzb D™¢veb (Innovation): gybvdv AR©‡bi jÿ¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L GKRb e¨emvqx RbM‡Yi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx
bZzb bZzb cY¨ D™¢ve‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡ib| d‡j GwU mgvR‡i cÖ‡qvR‡bi ZvwjKvq GKwU we‡kl ms‡hvRb wn‡m‡e
we‡ewPZ nq|
5. RbM‡Yi Avq e„w× (Increase of income of the people): e¨emvq GKw`‡K †hgb Gi gvwjK Ges Kg©iZ
kÖwgK Kg©Pvix‡`i Avq e„wׇZ mnvqZv K‡i, Ab¨w`‡K b¨vh¨ g~‡j¨ cY¨mvgMÖx wKb‡Z cvivq †`‡ki RbM‡Yi A_©
†eu‡P hvevi Kvi‡Y Zv‡`iI Avq e„w× cvq| d‡j RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gv‡biI Dbœqb N‡U|
6. mgv‡Ri Pvwn`v c~iY (Fulfilment of social demand): mgv‡Ri Pvwn`v Abyhvqx e¨emvqx wb‡R cY¨ `ªe¨
Drcv`vb K‡i, msiÿY K‡i, cwienb K‡i Ges †µZvi mwbœK‡U mieiv‡ni wbðqZvmn gRy` iv‡L| GwU
mgvRe× gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b cÖ‡qvRb †gUvevi wbðqZvI †`q|
7. c‡Y¨i h_vh_ eÈb (Proper distribution of product): cY¨mvgMÖx †Kv‡bv GKwU we‡kl ¯’v‡b Drcvw`Z
n‡jI Zv mgMÖ †`‡ki RbMY †fvM K‡i _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î e¨emvq cÖwZwU GjvKvi cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i cY¨mvgMÖx
Drcv`vb ¯’j †_‡K eÈb K‡i Ges mK‡ji Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i|
8. Kg©ms¯’vb (Employment)t e¨emvq cÖwZôvb ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g e¨emvqxiv wb‡Ri Ges mgvRe× Ab¨vb¨ †eKvi
†jvK‡`i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡i _v‡K| G‡Z †`‡ki †eKvi I A`ÿ †jvRb my`ÿ n‡q I‡V Ges †`‡ki Rb¨
Zviv Drcv`vb Kv‡R Ask wb‡Z cv‡i|
9. mgvRKj¨v‡Y AskMÖnY (Participation in social welfare): mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹„wZi weKvk mva‡b, agx©q,
RbwnZKi ev mvgvwRK Ab¨vb¨ AvPvi Abyôv‡b cÖZ¨ÿ mvnvh¨ `v‡bi gva¨‡g e¨emvq mgvRKj¨v‡Y Ask wb‡q
_v‡K|
10. mgvRwe‡ivax KvR bv Kiv (Refraining from anti-social work): nxb ¯^v_© PwiZv_© Kivi wbwg‡Ë
Kv‡jvevRvwi, †PvivKvievwi, A‡nZzK cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨ gRy` Kiv n‡Z weiZ _vKv e¨emv‡qi †gŠwjK `xÿv|
11. kÖwgK e¨e¯’vcbv m¤ú‡K© Dbœqb (Development of labour management relationship): cÖwZôv‡b
kvwšÍ cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ¨ e¨emvqxiv kÖwgK-Kgx©‡`i Kj¨vYv‡_© bvbvwea Kvh©µg MÖnY K‡ib| †hgb-evm¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v
Kiv, Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i wkÿv I ¯^v¯’¨ iÿvi Kvh©µg MÖnY BZ¨vw`| G‡Z kÖwgK Kgx©iv Aby‡cÖiYv cvq| d‡j
kÖwgK-e¨e¯’vcbv m¤ú‡K©i Dbœqb N‡U|
12. †µZv‡`i mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vcb (Relation with customers): e¨emv‡qi GKwU Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q
†µZv‡`i mv‡_ mym¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g gybvdv AR©b Kiv| e¨emvqxiv †µZv‡`i Pvwn`v I iæwP Abyhvqx cY¨
mieivn K‡i Zv‡`i mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vcb I Dbœqb K‡ib|

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-9
weweG †cÖvMÖvg

13. RvZxq A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb (Development of national economy): RvZxq Dbœqb cwiKíbv Abymv‡i
Drcv`b, eÈb, cwienb BZ¨vw` Kvh© cwiPvjbv K‡i e¨emvq cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡b I RvZxq A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b
mvnvh¨ K‡i|
14. RvZxq m¤ú` e„w× (Increase of national resources): e¨emvqx †fv³v‡`i Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z Drcv`b Kvh©
cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡Kb| Gi d‡j RvZxq m¤ú` †e‡o hvq Ges †`k DbœwZi w`‡K avweZ nq|
15. RvZxq m¤ú‡`i e¨envi (Use of national resources): †`‡ki me©cÖKvi cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`vw` AvniY Ges
e¨emvq Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi gva¨‡g H m¤ú‡`i mylg e¨envi wbwðZ Kiv e¨emv‡qi D‡Ïk¨| Abyiƒc m¤ú‡`i
e¨envi †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb wbwðZ K‡i|

myZivs †Kej gybvdv AR©bB e¨emv‡qi D‡Ïk bq, mgv‡Ri gvby‡li wewfbœgyLx Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi g‡a¨B e¨emv‡qi
Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbf©ikxj| A_© DcvR©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ mvgvwRK I RvZxq Kj¨vY mva‡bi g‡a¨ e¨emv‡qi cÖK…Z D‡Ïk¨
wbwnZ|

e¨emv‡qi Kvh©vewj
Functions of business
gybvdv AR©b, †mev cÖ`vb I RvZxq Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ e¨emvq KwZcq Kvhv©ewj m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| e¨emv‡qi Gme
Kvhv©ewj wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. mvsMVwbK Kvhv©ewj (Organisation functions): Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb¸‡jv (A_v©r f~wg, kÖg, g~jab) GK‡Î
mwbœ‡ek Ges `ÿZvi mv‡_ Avi¤¢ I cwiPvjbv e¨emv‡qi Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR|
2. cY¨mvgMªx msMÖn (Supply of products): †fv³v‡`i cÖ‡qvRb‡K mvg‡b †i‡L e¨emvq weµ‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨
bvbvwea cY¨ †`‡ki ev we‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’vb n‡Z msMÖn K‡i †µZvi wbKUZg weµq‡K‡›`ª gRy` iv‡L|
3. Drcv`b Kvh© cwiPvjbv (Administering production function): cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` msMÖn ev D‡Ëvjb K‡i
†fv³v‡`i Afve c~i‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ G¸‡jv‡K e¨env‡ivc‡hvMx Kiivi Rb¨ e¨emvq Drcv`b Kvh© cwiPvjbv K‡i
_v‡K| G KvR‡K iƒcMZ Dc‡hvwMZv m„wóI ejv n‡q _v‡K|
4. cwienb (Transportation): mvaviYZ cY¨mvgMÖx †`‡ki we‡kl we‡kl GjvKvq Drcvw`Z nq Ges Zv †`‡ki
wewfbœ As‡k †fvM Kiv nq| GgZve¯’vq Drcvw`Z cY¨ cwien‡Yi gva¨‡g Drcv`b †K›`ª n‡Z, †`‡ki wewfbœ
GjvKvq wb‡q wM‡q †fv³v‡`i KvQvKvwQ gRy` Kiv nq| G KvR‡K c‡Y¨i ¯’vbMZ Dc‡hvwMZv m„wó ejv nq|
cY¨mvgMÖx‡K ¯’vbvšÍ‡i cwievwnZ Kiv n‡jB Zv †fv‡M jvMv‡bv m¤¢e nq|
5. ¸`vgRvZKiY (Warehousing): A‡bK mgq cY¨mvgMÖx Drcv`‡bi ci GKUv wbw`©ó mg‡qi e¨eav‡b
†µZv‡`i †fv‡M Av‡m| †hgb, MigKv‡j Drcvw`Z kxZe¯¿ cieZx© mg‡q weµq Kiv nq| Drcv`b I e¨env‡ii
ga¨eZx© ch©v‡q cY¨ ¸`vgRvZ K‡i ivLv nq| Avi ¸`vgRvZKiY e¨emv‡qiB KvR|
6. gvwjKvbv n¯ÍvšÍi (Transfer of ownership): e¨emv‡qi gva¨‡g cY¨mvgMÖxi gvwjKvbv Drcv`‡Ki wbKU
†_‡K e¨enviKvix ev †fv³vi wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv nq|
7. A_© mieivn (Supply of money): e¨emv‡qi cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i e¨vswKs-G wb‡qvwRZ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv A_©
mieiv‡ni gva¨‡g e¨emvq evwYR¨‡K MwZkxj K‡i †Zv‡j|

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-10
 e¨emv‡qi wfwË

8. SzuwK n¯ÍvšÍi (Supply of money): e¨emv‡qi gva¨‡g e¨emv-msµvšÍ eûwea SuzwKI n¯ÍvšÍwiZ nq| cY¨
enbKv‡j wKsev e¨emvq cwiPvjbvKv‡j AwMœKvÐ, eb¨v, f~wgK¤ú, Pzwi-WvKvwZ BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y †hme SzuwKi m„wó
nq wegv †Kv¤úvwb †mme SzuwKi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i|
9. µq-weµq (Buying and selling): e¨emv‡qi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KvR n‡jv cY¨ I †mev µq-weµq Kiv|
mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©, cY¨ I †m‡evi µqweµq e¨emv‡qi cÖvY¯^iƒc|
10. c‡Y¨i †hvMvb `vb (Supply of commodities): e¨emvq mvgwqKfv‡e RbM‡Yi Pvwn`v I cQ›` Abyhvqx cY¨
wKsev †mevi †hvMvb †`q| Gfv‡e RbM‡Yi Afve c~i‡Y e¨emvq mnvqZv K‡i|

e¨emv‡qi AvIZv ev cwiwa

Scope of business
gvby‡li hveZxq cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ cY¨mvgMÖx D‡Ëvjb, Drcv`b, evRviRvZKiY, eÈb, cwienb,
My`vgRvZKiY Ges G¸‡jvi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ mKj Kvhv©ewjB e¨emv‡qi AšÍf©y³| gvby‡li Afve wewfbœgyLx Ges
wewPÎagx©| Afve c~i‡Yi wbwg‡Ë mwVK mg‡q, mwVK ¯’v‡b cY¨ ev †mev †cŠQv‡Z nq| d‡j GKw`‡K †hgb
e¨emv‡qi bZzb bZzb w`MšÍ D‡b¥vwPZ n‡”Q, †Zgwb Ab¨w`‡K e¨emv‡q wbZ¨bZzb RwUjZvI †e‡o hv‡”Q|
djkÖæwZ‡Z e¨emv‡qi †ÿÎ AviI we¯Í…wZ jvf Ki‡Q| wb‡¤œv³ wP‡Î e¨emv‡qi AvIZv cÖ`k©bc~e©K Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡jv:

e¨emvq
Business

ewYR¨ wkí-evwY‡R¨i mnvqK Kvh©vewj cÖZ¨ÿ †mev wkí

1. cY¨ µq-weµ‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ cY¨ M‡elYv, eRvi 1. f‚wg Kl©‡Yi gva¨‡g

gvby‡li mš‘wó
Af¨šÍixY I ˆe‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ M‡elYv, weµwqKZv dmjvw` Drcv`b Kiv
weav‡bi Rb¨
wjß _vKv BZ¨vw` mnvqK Kvh© 2. cÖRbb cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g
mivmwi †mev`vb
2. c‡Y¨i ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ m¤úv`b Drcv`b Kvh© Pvjv‡bv
cwienb Kvh© m¤úv`b Kiv 3. cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë Drm †_‡K
3. msiÿ‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ cY¨ m¤ú` AvniY Kiv
¸`vgRvZ Kiv 4. hš¿ I kÖ‡gi e¨env‡ii
4. evwYwR¨K SuywK MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ gva¨‡g iƒcMZ Dc‡hvM m„wó
wegvi e¨e¯’v Kiv 5. RbMY‡K †mevi
5. e¨vswKs e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g DcKiYvw` cwi‡ekb Kiv
A_©ms¯’vb Kiv 6. wewfbœ cÖKvi wbg©vY Kv‡h©
6. cÖPv‡ii wbwg‡Ë weÁvc‡bi wb‡qvwRZ _vKv
Av‡qvRb Kiv

wPÎ 1.4: e¨emv‡qi AvIZv

1. wkí (Industry): †h cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë m¤ú‡`i e~cMZ Dc‡hvM m„wó Kiv nq Zv‡K wkí e‡j|
cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë m¤ú` AvniY Ges gvby‡li e¨env‡ii Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ m¤ú‡`i AvKvi-AvK…wZ cwieZ©b
KivB wk‡íi KvR| mvaviYZ Qq cÖKvi wk‡íi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †`Lv hvq, h_v- K…wlRvZ wkí, cÖRbb wkí, wb®‹vkb wkí,
Drcv`b wkí, †mev wkí I wbgv©Y wkí|

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-11
weweG †cÖvMÖvg

K…wlRvZ wkí K…wlcY¨ (h_v-avb, cvU, Mg BZ¨vw`) Drcv`‡b wb‡qvwRZ| cÖRbb wk‡í Drcvw`Z cY¨ cybivq
Av‡iKwU cY¨ Drcv`‡b e¨vc„Z _v‡K (h_v-nvum-gyiMxi Lvgvi, cï Lvgvi, †cvbv Drcv`b Lvgvi BZ¨vw`)| wb®‹vkb
wkí cÖK…wZ †_‡K (h_v-cvwb, evqy ev gvwUi wbP †_‡K) m¤ú` AvniY K‡i| wbgv©Y wk‡íi gva¨‡g cyj, iv¯Ív, `vjvb
BZ¨vw` wbwg©Z nq| Avi KvuPvgvj‡K cÖwµqvRvZ K‡i cY¨ cÖ¯‘Z nq Drcv`b wk‡í| †mev cÖ`v‡b (hv_v-M¨vm I
cvwb mvcøvB, we`y¨r weZiY) e¨vc„Z _v‡K †mev cwi‡ekK wkí|
2. evwYR¨ (Commerce): evwYR¨ Drcv`‡Ki wbKU †_‡K Drcvw`Z cY¨mvgMÖx e¨enviKvix ev †fv³vi wbKU
†cŠu‡Q †`Iqvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K| G QvovI Avav-cÖ¯‘Z cY¨ (Semi-processed Products) I KvuPvgvj wkí-
KviLvbvi gvwjK‡`i wbKU †cŠu‡Q †`Iqvi Kv‡RI evwYR¨ RwoZ _v‡K| Drcv`‡Ki wbKU †_‡K c‡Y¨i
e¨enviKvixi wbKU cY¨ †cŠuQv‡bvi cÖwµqvq †h mg¯Í cÖwZeÜKZv †`Lv †`q, evwYR¨ †m¸‡jv‡K `~ixf~Z K‡i| cY¨
wewbgq (trade) cwienb, ¸`vgRvZKiY, wegv, e¨vswKs, weÁvcb BZ¨vw` evwY‡R¨i AvIZvfy³|
3. cÖZ¨ÿ †mev (Direct service): cÖ‡Z¨K †mev GK ai‡bi A`„k¨gvb cY¨| cÖZ¨ÿ †mev ej‡Z †mme
†mevKg©‡K †evSvq hv †fv³v‡`i mivmwi cÖ`vb Kiv nq| wkÿKZv, Wv³vwi, IKvjwZ, mvsevw`KZv, msMxZ
cwi‡ekb BZ¨vw` cÖZ¨ÿ †mevi AšÍf©y³| Gme †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³iv Ab¨‡`i‡K mivmwi †mev cÖ`vb K‡i
_v‡Kb| Zviv †Kv‡bv `„k¨gvb cY¨ cÖ¯‘Z K‡ib bv, Z‡e `„k¨gvb cY¨ cÖ¯‘ZKvix‡`i `ÿZv e„wׇZ h‡_ó Ae`vb
iv‡Lb|
4. wkí I evwY‡R¨i mnvqK evhv©ewj (Activities auxiliary to industry and commerce): wkí I evwY‡R¨i
mnvqK Kvhv©ewj n‡”Q †mme Kvhv©ewj hv c‡ivÿfv‡e wkí I evwY‡R¨i mv‡_ RwoZ Ges cÖwZwbqZB wkí I
evwYR¨‡K mnvqZv K‡i Avm‡Q| cY¨ M‡elYv, evRvi M‡elYv, weµwqKZv BZ¨vw` G Kvhv©ewji AšÍf©y³|
cwi‡k‡l Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, gvby‡li †hme kÖg I †mev Kg© A_© DcvR©‡bi Rb¨ cwiPvwjZ nq Ges gvby‡li
e¯‘MZ I Ae¯‘MZ Pvwn`v cyi‡Y mÿg, †m mKj Kvhv©ewjB e¨emv‡qi AvIZvfz³| ïay ZvB bq, A_© DcvR©‡bi
j‡ÿ¨ cwiPvwjZ mKj cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ Kvhv©ewjI Gi AvIZvfz³|

AvaywbK A_©bxwZ‡Z e¨emv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

Importance and necessity of business in modern economy
†h †Kv‡bv †`‡kB e¨emvq A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv Ab¨Zg kw³kvjx wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK
Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB e¨emv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| wb‡¤œ A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK †ÿ‡Î e¨emv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

e¨emv‡qi ¸iæZ¡

A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡ mvgvwRK ¸iæZ¡

1. A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb 1. Kg©ms¯’vb
2. kÖgwefv‡Mi mydj 2. c‡Y¨i gvb Dbœqb
3. cwienb e¨e¯’vi DbœwZ 3. cvi¯úwiK wbf©iZv
4. cyuwR MVb 4. bMivqb
5. cÖhyw³i e¨envi I A_©‰bwZK Kj¨vY 5. RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœqb
6. miKvwi Avq e„w× 6. AvšÍRv©wZK m¤úªxwZ
7. m¤ú‡`i e¨envi 7. ms¯‹…wZi weKvk
8. Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bv
9. Avw_©K cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Dbœqb
wPÎ 1.5: e¨emv‡qi A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK ¸iæZ¡

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-12
 e¨emv‡qi wfwË

K. A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡
Economic importance
1. A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb (Economic development): cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë wewfbœ m¤ú` AvniY K‡i e¨emvq wk‡íi gva¨‡g
bZzb bZzb Dc‡hvM m„wó K‡i| †`‡ki cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i h_vh_ e¨envi wbwðZ K‡i e¨emvq A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
2. kÖgwefv‡Mi mydj (Merits of division of labour): e¨emvwqK ZrciZv e„w× cvIqvi `iæb Drcv`b I
Ab¨vb¨ e¨emvwqK Kvh©µ‡g kÖgwefvM Ges we‡klxKi‡Yi D™¢e n‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j c‡Y¨i g~j¨ Kg c‡o Ges
†fv³viv ¯^í e¨‡q cY¨ µq K‡i Zv †fvM Ki‡Z mÿg nq|
3. cwienb e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb (Development of transport system): Drcv`b Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †hgb KviLvbvq
KvuPvgvj Avbqb cÖ‡qvRb †Zgwb P~ovšÍ cY¨I weµ‡qi wbwg‡Ë †fv³vi wbKU †cŠuQv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb| Dfqwea Kv‡RB
cwienb AZ¨vek¨K| ZvB †`Lv hvq, †`‡k e¨emvqx Kvh©µg h‡Zv †ewk nq cwienb e¨e¯’vi DbœwZI Z‡Zv †ewk
nq| Avi cwienb e¨e¯’vi DbœwZ A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Acwinvh©|
4. cyuwR MVb (Fromation of capital): †`‡k cywuRMV‡bi nvi h‡Zv †ewk nq, A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi nviI Z‡Zv
†e‡o hvq| e¨emvh e¨vswKs e¨e¯’v, wegv e¨e¯’v BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g †`‡ki †fZiKvi wewÿß mÂq GKwÎZ K‡i cyuwR
MV‡b mnvqZv K‡i Ges G cyuwR e¨emvq-evwYR¨ e¨envi K‡i RvZxq Drcv`vbkxjZv e„w× K‡i| d‡i A_©‰bwZK
Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z nq|
5. cÖhyw³i e¨envi I A_©‰bwZK Kj¨vY (Use of technology and economic welfare): e¨emvq DbœZ ai‡bi
cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g wbZ¨-bZzb cY¨ Drcv`b K‡i gvby‡li AZ…ß Pvwn`v c~iY Kivi cÖqvm cvq| cÖhyw³ Dchy³
e¨envi mgv‡R gvby‡li Kj¨vY e‡q Av‡b Ges A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i|
6. miKvwi Avq e„w× (Increase of government income): e¨emvqx cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi wbKU †_‡K wewfbœ cÖKvi
Ki I ïé eve` miKvi cÖPzi ivR¯^ Avq K‡i| GB A_© miKvi RbwnZKi Kv‡h© e¨q K‡i †`‡ki mvgwMÖK A_©bxwZ
Pv½v K‡i †Zv‡j|
7. m¤ú‡`i e¨envi (Use of resources): e¨emvqx Kvh©Kjv‡ci gva¨‡g †`‡ki †fZ‡i cÖvß cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i
Dchy³ e¨envi m¤¢eci nq| Lwb †_‡K LwbR m¤ú` D‡Ëvjb, mgy`ª †_‡K grm¨ m¤ú` AvniY, eb-RsMj †_‡K
ebR m¤ú` msMÖn BZ¨vw` meB e¨emv‡qi djkÖæwZ|
8. Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bv (Satisfying the need by fulfillment of demand): e¨emvq
Av‡Q e‡jB gvbyl wewfbœ cÖKvi cY¨mvgMÖxi Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡Z mÿg nq| cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖx †fv‡Mi Rb¨ gvby‡li
g‡bi g‡a¨ †h myß AvKv•ÿv _v‡K, e¨emvq Zv cwiZ…ß K‡i| d‡j gvby‡ li ˆ`bw›`b Rxeb myLgq nq Ges Zv
A_©bxwZi A½‡bI cÖvYPvÂj¨ m„wói mnvqK|
9. Avw_©K cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Dbœqb (Development of financial institutions): e¨emvq evwY‡R¨i Dbœq‡bi
mv‡_ mv‡_ †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ e¨vcKfvc‡e e„w× cvq| Gi `iæb †`‡ki Avw_©K cÖwZôvbmg~n, †hgb-e¨vsK,
wegv BZ¨vw`i DbœqbI Z¡ivwš^Z nq|

L. mvgvwRK ¸iæZ¡
Social Importance
1. Kg©ms¯’vb (Employment): GKwU †`‡k AmsL¨v e¨emvq cÖwZôvb A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZ‡Z Ae`vb iv‡L| Gme
cÖwZôv‡b kZ kZ †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vb nq| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, e¨emvq Kg©ms¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK DbœwZi
hvÎvc_ wbwe©Nœ Kivi cÖqvm cvq|

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-13
weweG †cÖvMÖvg

2. c‡Y¨i gvb Dbœqb (Improvement of the quality of products): e¨emv‡qi AvaywbKvq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_
Drcvw`Z c‡Y¨i gvb e„w×i cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv nq| wbav©wiZ cY¨ ¸‡Y-gv‡b DËg n‡j †fvMKvixiv h‡_ó DcK…Z nq|
†fvMKvix‡`i DcKvi mvgvwRK Kj¨v‡YiB bvgvšÍi|
3. cvi¯úwiK wbf©iZv (Inter-dependency): e¨emv‡qi cÖPjb wewfbœ mvgvwRK †Mvwô we‡kl K‡i e¨emvqx
m¤úªv`q‡K mw¤§wjZfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z DØy× K‡i| wewfbœ cÖwZôvb KvuPvgvj, kw³m¤ú` wKsev wecY‡bi e¨vcv‡i
ci¯ú‡ii Ici wbf©ikxj _v‡K| Zv‡`i cvi¯úwiK wbf©iZv mgv‡R GKwU HK¨m~‡Îi m„wó K‡i hv A_©‰bwZK
Kg©KvÐ GwM‡q wb‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
4. bMivqb (Urbanisation): e¨emvwqK ZrciZv bv _vK‡j eZ©gvbKv‡ji bMix¸‡jv Av‡`Š weKvk jvf KiZ
wK-bv m‡›`n| e¨emvq Z_v wkí-evwY‡R¨i cÖmv‡ii d‡jB bM‡ii DrcwË n‡q‡Q| bMix‡Z emevmiZ cÖwZwU gvbylB
AvaywbK fveavivi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m Rxeb‡K DbœZ Ki‡Q|
5. RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœqb (Improvement of standard of living): e¨emvq GKw`‡K cÖPzi cY¨`ªe¨ †hgb
Drcv`b K‡i Ges Ab¨w`‡K Gme mvgMÖx e¨enviKvixi c`cÖv‡šÍ G‡b nvwRi K‡i| Gfv‡e e¨emvq mvgwMÖKfv‡e
RbM‡Yi myL-mg„w× e‡q Av‡m Ges Gi d‡j RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gv‡bi Dbœqb N‡U|
6. AvšÍRv©wZK m¤úK© (International relation): e¨emvq w`K w`M‡šÍ Gi evû cÖmvwiZ K‡i wewfbœ RvwZi g‡a¨
m¤úªxwZ I åvZ…Z¡ m„wó K‡i| AvšÍRv©wZK evwYR¨ e¨emv‡qi GKwU A½ wn‡m‡e wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ c‡Y¨i †jb‡`b
NwU‡q cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b BÜb †hvMvq|
7. ms¯‹…wZi weKvk (Development of culture): e¨emvq Z_v wkí-evwY‡R¨i cÖmv‡ii d‡jB c„w_exi wewfbœ
†`‡k wewfbœ ai‡bi wkí K‡g©i weKvk NU‡Q| djkÖæwZ‡Z e¨emvqx‡`i cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ mn‡hvwMZvq †`‡ki wkÿv
I ms¯‹…wZi gvb DbœZ n‡q‡Q|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, e¨w³, mvgvwRK I RvZxq Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨ m¤¢vi AvniY, Drcv`b I weZiY msµvšÍ
Kg©cÖwµqvq e¨emv‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©| e¨emvq †`‡ki mvgwMÖK A_©‰bwZK weKv‡k †hgb my`~i cÖmvix
f~wgKv iv‡L †Zgwb Zv mvgvwRK cÖMwZ I Dbœq‡bi c‡_I mydj e‡q Av‡b|

mvims‡ÿc
e¨emvq msMVb cÖwZôv I cwiPvjbvi †cQ‡b gvby‡li KwZcq cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ D‡Ïk¨ RwoZ _v‡K| Z‡e
e¨emv‡qi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q gybvdv AR©b| GwU e¨emv‡qi cÖavbZg cÖZ¨ÿ D‡Ïk¨ n‡jI eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvc~Y©
e¨emvq RM‡Z ïaygvÎ gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ïk¨‡K wN‡i e¨emvq cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| GKRb e¨emvqx‡K
gybvdv AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk †µZv, mgvR I miKv‡ii w`KwUI we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z nq| d‡j e¨emvwqK D‡Ïk¨ n‡q
c‡o eûgyLx| gybvdv AR©b, †mev cÖ`vb I RvZxq Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ e¨emvq KwZcq Kvhv©ewj m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K,
†hgb- mvsMVwbK Kvhv©ewj, cY¨mvgMªx msMÖn, Drcv`b Kvh© cwiPvjbv, cwienb, ¸`vgRvZKiY, gvwjKvbv
n¯ÍvšÍi, A_© mieivn, SzuwK n¯ÍvšÍi, µq-weµq Ges c‡Y¨i †hvMvb `vb| GKw`‡K †hgb e¨emv‡qi bZzb bZzb
w`wMšÍ D‡b¥vwPZ n‡”Q, †Zgwb Ab¨w`‡K e¨emv‡q wbZ¨bZzb RwUjZvI †e‡o hv‡”Q| djkÖæwZ‡Z e¨emv‡qi †ÿÎ
AviI we¯Í…wZ jvf Ki‡Q| †h †Kv‡bv †`‡kB e¨emvq A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv Ab¨Zg kw³kvjx wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i| A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB e¨emv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-14
 e¨emv‡qi wfwË

e¨emv‡qi †kÖwYwefvM
cvV 1.3 Business Classification

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb -

 wewfbœ cÖKvi e¨emvq m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

gvbyl e¨emvq K‡i g~jZ gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨| G e¨emvq †m K‡i wewfbœfv‡e| G‡KK cÖKvi e¨emv‡qi mv‡_
G‡KK cÖKvi SzuwK I Kvh©µg RwoZ| Gi KviY †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv e¨emvq i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jvi mv‡_ wkí RwoZ; Avevi
†Kv‡bvUvi mv‡_ cY¨-wewbgq msµvšÍ KvR RwoZ; Avevi †Kv‡bvUv †bnv‡qZB †mev cÖ`v‡bi mv‡_ mswkøó| Gme
Kvi‡Y wewfbœ cÖKvi e¨emv‡qi LyuwUbvwU m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv _vKv evwY‡R¨i cÖ‡Z¨K QvÎ-QvÎxi Rb¨B Acwinvh©| G
D‡Ï‡k¨ AÎ cv‡V Avgiv e¨emv‡qi †kÖwYwefvM wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| cieZ©x cvV¸‡jv‡Z Avgiv wewfbœ †kÖwYi
e¨emvq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f`
Types of business
cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë m¤ú` AvniY, Drcv`b, eÈb Ges G‡`i mnvqK Kvhv©ewj‡K e¨emvq ejv nq| A_v©r wkí, evwYR¨,
cÖZ¨ÿ †mevKg© I wkí evwY‡R¨ mnvqZvKvix mKj Kvhv©ewjB e¨emvq| Giƒc `„wó‡KvY †_‡K e¨emvq‡K wkí,
evwYR¨, cÖZ¨ÿ‡mev I e¨emvq mnvqK Kvhv©ewj- G Pvifv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| wP‡Î we¯Í…ZvKv‡i G †kÖwYweb¨vm
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv:

e¨emvq
Business

wkí ewYR¨ cÖZ¨ÿ †mev wkí-evwY‡R¨i mnvqK Kvh©vewj

 K…wlRvZ wkí cwienb  wkÿKZv  cY¨ M‡elYv

¸`vgRvZKiY
 cÖRbb wkí  Wv³vwi  evRvi M‡elYv
wegv
 wb®‹vkb wkí  AvBbe„wË  weµwqKZv
e¨vswKs
 Drcv`b wkí  mvsevw`KZv
weÁvcb
 †mev cwi‡ekK wkí cY¨ wewbgq cvBKvwi e¨emvq
 wbgv©Y wkí Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨
LyPiv e¨emvq

Avg`vwb evwYR¨
‰e‡`wkK evwYR¨
ißvwb evwYR¨
wPÎ 1.6: e¨emv‡qi AvIZv
cybtißvwb evwYR¨

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-15
weweG †cÖvMÖvg

Avmyb mswÿßfv‡e e¨emv‡qi wewfbœ kvLv m¤ú‡K© †R‡b wbB| cieZ©x cvV¸‡jv‡Z Avgiv wkí Ges evwYR¨ wb‡q
we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

wkí (Industry)
†hme cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i e¨env‡ii Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjv nq †mme cÖwµqvi
me¸‡jvB wk‡íi AvIZvfz³| †hme cÖwµqvRvZKiY-Dc‡hvMx welq wk‡íi AvIZvq c‡o †m¸‡jv n‡jv- K…wlRvZ
`ªe¨ (cÖv_wgK wkí), grm¨ AvniY, †Mv-gwnlvw` cvjb, nuvm-gyiwMi Lvgvi cÖwZôv, dz‡ji Pvl, dj evMvb cÖwZôv
(cÖRbb wkí), Lwb †_‡K Kqjv, †jŠn, ¯^Y©-‡iŠc¨, M¨vm, Acwi‡kvwaZ †Zj I wewea cÖKvi LwbR m¤ú` AvniY
(D‡Ëvjb wkí), BgviZ wbg©vY, moK wbg©vY, , euva wbg©vY, †mZz wbg©vY (wbg©vY wkí)| h‡š¿ i mvnv‡h¨ cÖv_wgK cY¨ ev
KuvPvgvj †_‡K cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g P~ovšÍ cY¨ ˆZwi Kiv QvovI ågY, cy¯K Í cÖKvkbv BZ¨vw`I wk‡íi
AvIZvfz³|

evwYR¨ (Commerce)
evwYR¨ Ggb GKwU c×wZ hv mgv‡Ri †jvK‡`i wbKU e¯‘MZ wewbgq‡hvM¨ myweavw` mnRjf¨ K‡i †Zv‡j| A_©vr
e¯‘MZ cY¨mvgMÖx RbM‡Yi wbKU †cuŠwQ‡q †`Iqvi †h c×wZ Zv-B n‡jv evwYR¨| e¨emv‡qi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© A½
wn‡m‡e evwYR¨ eûwea D‡Ïk¨ mvab K‡i| cY¨`ªe¨ µq-weµq †_‡K ïiæ K‡i AvšÍR©vwZK †mŠnv`©¨ e„wׇZ evwYR¨
e¨vcK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

cÖZ¨ÿ †mev (Direct service)

†hme †mev (Service) †fv³v‡`i‡K mivmwi cÖ`vb Kiv nq †m¸‡jv‡K cÖZ¨ÿ †mev e‡j| Ggb wKQz e„wË ev †ckv
i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jvi gva¨‡g wewfbœ e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb‡K cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e †mev cÖ`vb Kiv nq| wkÿKZv, Wv³vwi, IKvjwZ,
msMxZ cwi‡ekb BZ¨vw` G ai‡bi †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³iv Ab¨‡`i‡K mivmwi Zv‡`i †mev cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb|
Zviv `„k¨gvb cY¨ cÖ¯‘Z K‡ibv, Z‡e `„k¨gvb cY¨ cÖ¯‘ZKvix‡`i `ÿZv e„wׇZ Zviv h‡_ó Ae`vb iv‡L| AvaywbK
mf¨Zvi µgweKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ Gi AvIZv AviI e„w× cv‡”Q Ges fwel¨‡Z Gi cÖmvi AviI evo‡e, G‡Z †Kv‡bv
m‡›`n †bB|

wkí I evwY‡R¨i mnvqK Kvh©vewj (Functions of trade & commerce)

wkí I evwY‡R¨ mnvqZv K‡i G ai‡bi wewfbœ KvRI e¨emv‡qi AvIZvfz³| †hgb- cY¨ M‡elYv, evRvi M‡elYv,
†KŠkj D™¢veb, evRviRvZKiY cÖmvi BZ¨vw`|

mvims‡ÿc
gvbyl e¨emvq K‡i gyjZ gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨| cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë m¤ú` AvniY, Drcv`b, eÈb Ges G‡`i mnvqK
Kvhv©ewj‡K e¨emvq ejv nq| A_v©r wkí, evwYR¨, cÖZ¨ÿ †mevKg© I wkí evwY‡R¨ mnvqZvKvix mKj Kvhv©ewjB
e¨emvq| Giƒc `„wó‡KvY †_‡K e¨emvq‡K wkí, evwYR¨, cÖZ¨ÿ‡mev I e¨emvq mnvqK Kvhv©ewj- G Pvifv‡M fvM
Kiv hvq| †hme cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i e¨env‡ii Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjv nq †mme
cÖwµqvi me¸‡jvB wk‡íi AvIZvfz³| e¯‘MZ cY¨mvgMÖx RbM‡Yi wbKU †cuŠwQ‡q †`Iqvi †h c×wZ Zv-B n‡jv
evwYR¨| Ab¨w`‡K, †hme †mev †fv³v‡`i‡K mivmwi cÖ`vb Kiv nq †m¸‡jv‡K cÖZ¨ÿ †mev e‡j| GQvov, wkí I
evwY‡R¨ mnvqZv K‡i G ai‡bi wewfbœ KvRI e¨emv‡qi AvIZvfz³|

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-16
 e¨emv‡qi wfwË

e¨emv‡qi †kÖwYwefvM: wkí

cvV 1.4 Business Classification: Industry

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb -

 wkí ej‡Z Kx †evSvq ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wewfbœ cÖKvi wkí eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ GKwU ga¨ Av‡qi Dbœqbkxj Ges w¯’wZkxj A_©bxwZ| G A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b mePvB‡Z †ewk
Ae`vb evsjv‡`‡ki wk‡íi| evsjv‡`‡ki wkí-AeKvVv‡gv `ye©j n‡jI GLv‡b `¶ kÖwg‡Ki msL¨v A‡Xj Ges
gRywiI m¯Ív| cÖwZK~j cwi‡ek m‡Ë¡I cÖwZ eQi nvRvi †`‡oK bZyb wkíKviLvbv M‡o IV‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki
wkíKviLvbv¸‡jvi 99 kZvskB e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb, hv wkí Lv‡Z e¨w³ D‡`¨vM Ges Gi mvd‡j¨i w`KwUB Zy‡j
ai‡Q| Zvn‡j Avmyb †R‡b wbB wkí Kx Ges Kq ai‡bi wkí we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q|

wkí Kx
What is industry
cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë Acwimxg m¤ú‡`i me¸‡jv Avgiv A‡bK mgq mivmwi †fvM Ki‡Z cvwi bv| G m¤ú`‡K e¨env‡ii
Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ bvbvwea cÖwµqv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq| wewfbœ c×wZi gva¨‡g m¤ú‡`i AvK…wZMZ wKsev
iƒcMZ cwieZ©b mvab Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq| cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë m¤ú`‡K e¨env‡ii Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ †h me
cÖwµqv e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡KB wkí e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, m¤ú‡`i iƒcMZ Dc‡hvM m„wóB wkí|
mvaviYfv‡e Avgiv cY¨ I †mevi Drcv`b‡K wkí wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i _vwK| D`vniY¯^iƒc, e‡bi GKwU e„nr e„ÿ
mivmwi †K‡U G‡b GwU‡K emvi Avmb wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv h‡_ó AmyweavRbK | †Pqvi evbv‡bvi Rb¨ D³
MvQwU‡K cÖwµqvRvZ K‡i Gi AvK…wZ cwieZ©b K‡i iƒcMZ Dc‡hvM m„wó Kiv nq| G cÖwµqvB wkí| wb‡¤œ wkí
m¤ú‡K© `yRb we‡klÁ e¨w³i msÁv †`Iqv n‡jv:

P.H. Collin (wc. GBP. Kwjb): Òwkí n‡jv mKj KviLvbv, cÖwZôvb A_ev cÖwµqv hv cY¨ cÖ¯‘‡Zi mv‡_
m¤ú„³Ó (Industry means all factories or companies of processes involved in the
4
manufacturing of products.)

M.C. Shukla (Gg. wm. ïKjv): Òc‡Y¨i D‡Ëvjb, Drcv`b, iƒcvšÍiKiY, cÖwµqvKiY wKsev ms‡hvRb
cÖwµqv‡K wkí e‡jÓ (The process of extraction, production, conversion, processing or
fabricalion of products are described as indrstry.)5

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, †h cÖwµqv ev Kg©cÖ‡Póv Øviv cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë m¤ú` AvniY K‡i Gi cÖwµqvRZKiY ev iƒcvšÍ‡ii
gva¨‡g Dc‡hvM m„wó Kiv nq Zv‡K wkí e‡j|

4
Collin, P. H. (2006). Dictionary of Business, p. 145
5
Shukla, M. C. (2010). Business Organisation and Management, p. 10

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-17
weweG †cÖvMÖvg

Ny‡i `vuov‡”Q RvnvR wbg©vY wkí

evsjv‡`‡k bxi‡e M‡o I‡V‡Q RvnvR wbg©vY wkí| Uvbv Pvi
eQ‡ii g›`v fve KvwU‡q Ny‡i `vuov‡”Q RvnvR wbg©vY wkí| B`vbxs
G-Lv‡Z D¾¡j m¤¢vebv ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| wkc wewìs BqvW©¸‡jv‡Z
GLb i‡q‡Q ch©vß AW©vi| G wkí GLb Avkvi Av‡jv †`L‡Z ïiæ
K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k wbwg©Z cY¨ Ges hvÎx enbKvix RvnvR †`‡ki
evB‡i †WbgvK©, Rvg©vb, †cvj¨v‡Û hv‡”Q| Gme †`k QvovI
c…w_exi Ab¨vb¨ †`k evsjv‡`‡k wbwg©Z RvnvR µq Ki‡Z AvM«nx
n‡q I‡V‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k RvnvR wbg©vY wk‡íi m~Pbv cÖvPxbKvj
†_‡KB| 15 ‡_‡K 17 kZvãxi g‡a¨ Avgv‡`i †`‡k RvnvR
wbg©vY wk‡íi m~Pbv N‡U| 1806 mv‡ji w`‡K PÆMÖvg wkcBqvW©
1000 Ub cY¨evnx evwYwR¨K RvnvR wbg©vY K‡i| GKB mgq
e…wUk †bŠevwnbxi Rb¨ hy× RvnvR wbg©vY Kiv nq| ZLbKvi mg‡q
m¤ú~Y© Kv‡Vi RvnvR wbg©vY Kiv n‡Zv| eZ©gvb mg‡q m¤ú~Y©
w÷‡ji ewW RvnvR wbg©vY Kiv n‡”Q| eZ©gv‡b RvnvR wbg©vY wk‡í
Pxb mevi kx‡l© _vK‡jI evsjv‡`k RvnvR wbg©vY wk‡í Px‡bi
KvQvKvwQ †cŠu‡Q hv‡”Q|
Av‡jvKwPÎ: G‡mvwm‡qkb Ae wkcwewìs wW‡cøvgv BwÄwbqvm© evsjv‡`k m~Î: †iRvDj Kwig †LvKb, B‡ËdvK, wW‡m¤^i, 2017|

wk‡íi cÖKvi‡f`
Kinds of industry
wkí n‡”Q cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë m¤ú‡`i AvK…wZMZ wKsev iƒcMZ cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g gvby‡li e¨envi Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjvi
GKwU cÖwµqv| cÖK…wZMZ w`K Ges cwiPvjbv I AvqZbMZ w`K we‡ePbvq wkí‡K Avgiv wb¤œwjwLZ †kÖwY‡Z wef³
Ki‡Z cvwi:

wkí

cÖK…wZMZ w`K we‡ePbvq wkí cwiPvjbv I AvqZbMZ w`K we‡ePbvq wkí

K…wlRvZ cÖRbb wb®‹vkb Drcv`bg~jK †mev cwi‡ekK wbgv©Y ivóª cwiPvwjZ e„n`vqZb ÿz`ª KzwUi

cÖwµqvRvZ we‡kølYg~jK †hvwMK ms‡hvRb mgwš^Z

wPÎ 1.7: wewfbœ cÖKvi wkí

cÖK…wZMZ w`K we‡ePbvq wkí‡K Qq fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:

1. K…wlRvZ wkí (Agricultural industry): K…wlRvZ wkí n‡”Q †m ai‡bi wkí hv Rjevqy I gvwU †_‡K
cÖK…wZMZfv‡e Drcvw`Z n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-avb, Mg BZ¨vw` dmjvw` Drcv`vb K…wlRvZ wk‡íi D`vniY|
2. cÖRbb wgí (Genetic industry): cÖRbb ev Rb¥`v‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK…Z wkí †K cÖRbb wkí ejv nq| G wkí
cÖRbb cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g Drcv`b Kv‡h© wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K| nvum-gyiMx cÖwZcvjb, grm¨ Pvm, bvmv©wi BZ¨vw` cÖRbb
wk‡íi D`vniY|

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-18
 e¨emv‡qi wfwË

3. wb®‹vkb wkí (Extractive industry): cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë wewfbœ Drm †_‡K m¤ú` AvniY KivB wb®‹vkb wk‡íi
KvR| †hgb- Lwb †_‡K AvKwiK Kqjv, †jŠn, LwbR †Zj BZ¨vw` D‡Ëvjb|
4. Drcv`bg~jK wkí (Manufacturing industry): wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖv_wgK `ªe¨ ev KvuPvgvj‡K hš¿ I kÖ‡gi
mvnv‡h¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i iƒcMZ Dc‡hvM m„wó Kiv n‡j Zv‡K Drcv`b wkí e‡j| cvU wkí, e¯¿ wkí, hš¿ wkí,
wPwb wkí BZ¨vw` Gi D`vniY| Drcv`b wkí‡K K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:
(K) cÖwµqvRZv wkí (Processing industry): G wkí KvuPvgvj ev AvavcÖ¯‘Z mvgMÖx‡K wewfbœ cÖwµqvi
gva¨‡g e¨env‡ii Dc‡hvMx c‡Y¨ iƒcvšÍi K‡i | †hgb-cvU wkí|
(L)we‡kølYgyjK wkí (Analystical idustry): †h wkí GKB e¯‘ †_‡K K‡qK cÖKvi `ªe¨ Drcv`b K‡i
Zv‡K we‡kølYg~jK wkí e‡j| GKwU we‡kl e¯‘‡K we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g †m e¯‘ †_‡K GK ev GKvwaK cY¨
ˆZwi Kiv nq e‡j Giƒc wkí‡K we‡kølYg~jK wkí e‡j| †hgb-LwbR †Zj‡K cwi‡kvab K‡i †c‡Uªvj,
†K‡ivwmb, AvjKvZiv, gwej BZ¨vw` cvIqv hvq|
(M) †hvwMK wkí (Synthetic industry): G wkí wewfbœ cÖKvi KvuPvgvj wgkÖY K‡i GKwU cY¨ Drcv`b
K‡i| †hgb- wm‡g›U wkí, mvevb I mvi wkí BZ¨vw`|
(N) ms‡hvRb wkí (Assembling industry): wewfbœ hš¿vsk GKwÎZ K‡i GKwU bZzb cY¨ ˆZwi Kiv
n‡j Zv ms‡hvRb wkí | †hgb-mvB‡Kj I Nwo ˆZwii wkí| evm, UªvK, †gvUiMvwo, †Uwjwfkb BZ¨vw`
ms‡hvRb wk‡íi ˆZwi cY¨|
(O) mgwš^Z wkí (Integrated industry): G wk‡í we‡kølY, †hvwMK, ms‡hvRb BZ¨vw` cÖwµqv m¤úv`b
Kiv nq| †hgb- †jŠn I B¯úvZ wkí| G ai‡bi wk‡í wewfbœ cÖKvi wkí cÖwµqvi mgš^q N‡U|
5. †mev cwi‡ekK wkí (service industry): †h me wkí cÖwZôvbmg~n RbM‡Y‡K †mevi DcKiYvw` cwi‡ekb
K‡i _v‡K †m¸‡jv‡K †mev cwi‡ekK wkí ejv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-we`y¨r Drcv`b, M¨vm Drcv`b BZ¨vw`|
6. wbgv©Y wkí (Construction industry): Gi Øviv mvaviYZ H mg¯Í wkí‡K †evSv‡bv nq †h¸‡jv †mZz, eva,
iv¯ÍvNvU, Nievwo BZ¨vw` wbgv©Y Kv‡R RwoZ _v‡K|
cwiPvjbv I AvqZbMZ w`K we‡ePbv wkí‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:
1. ivóª cwiPvwjZ wkí (State owned industry): ivóª cwiPvwjZ wkí ej‡Z ivóª KZ…©K PvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z
wkí‡K †evSvq| mvaviYZ †mevg~jK, e„n`vqZb I SzuwKc~Y© wkí ivóª KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ nq| A¯¿ KviLvbv, we`y¨r
Dbœqb †evW©, †Uwj‡dvb wkí ms¯’v BZ¨vw` G RvZxq wk‡íi D`vniY|
2. e„n`vqZb wkí (Large-scale insdustry): AvqZ‡bi w`K †_‡K e„n`vKvi wkí Gi AšÍfz©³| G¸‡jv AwaK
SzuwK m¤úbœ Ges mvaviYZ †Kv¤úvwb e¨emvq ev ivóª KZ…©K wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-Av`gRx RyU wgj, MÖvgxY
†dvb BZ¨vw`|
3. ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí (Small and cottage industry): ¯^í cyuwR, mxwgZ ¯’vb I ¯^í kÖgwfwËK wkí G¸‡jv|
ZvuZ wkí, g„rwkí, n¯Íwkí BZ¨vw` G wk‡íi AšÍfz©³|

mvims‡ÿc
cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë m¤ú`‡K e¨env‡ii Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ †h me cÖwµqv e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡KB wkí e‡j|
Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, m¤ú‡`i iƒcMZ Dc‡hvM m„wóB wkí| mvaviYfv‡e Avgiv cY¨ I †mevi Drcv`b‡K wkí
wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i _vwK| cÖK…wZMZ w`K, cwiPvjbv I AvqZbMZ w`K we‡ePbvq wkí‡K Avgiv `yB †kÖwY‡Z
wef³ Ki‡Z cvwi, h_v- cÖK…wZMZ w`K we‡ePbvq wkí Ges cwiPvjbv I AvqZbMZ w`K we‡ePbvq wkí|
cÖwZK~j cwi‡ek m‡Ë¡I cÖwZ eQi nvRvi ‡`‡oK bZyb wkíKviLvbv M‡o IV‡Q|

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-19
weweG †cÖvMÖvg

e¨emv‡qi †kÖwYwefvM: evwYR¨

cvV 1.5 Business Classification: Commerce

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb -

 evwYR¨ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evwY‡R¨i wewfbœ kvLv¸‡jv Ges AvIZv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evwY‡R¨i mgm¨vmg~n Ges Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cY¨ wewbgq Ges Gi aib I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ wkí I evwY‡R¨i m¤úK© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wk‡í wewfbœ cÖKvi cY¨`ªe¨ Drcvw`Z nq| wKš‘ cY¨ Drcvw`Z n‡jB me mgm¨vi mgvavb n‡q hvq bv| Drcvw`Z
cY¨ hZ¶Y bv e¨enviKvix ev †fv³vi nv‡Z †cŠuQv‡e ZZ¶Y ch©šÍ †mB cY¨ ‡Kv‡bv Kv‡R jvM‡e bv| d‡j wk‡íi
Aw¯ÍZ¡B wecbœ n‡q co‡e| wkí‡K G wecbœ Ae¯’v †_‡K D×vi Kivi Rb¨ D™¢e n‡q‡Q evwY‡R¨i| evwYR¨ wkí-
KviLvbv A_©vr Drcv`‡Ki wbKU †_‡K Drcvw`Z cY¨mvgMªx e¨enviKvix ev †fv³vi wbKU †cuŠwQ‡q †`Iqvi Kv‡R
wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K| G Rb¨B ejv nq ‡h, evwYR¨ n‡jv Ggb KwZcq cÖwµqvi (ev Kvh©vewji) mgwó hv cY¨ wewbg‡qi
mv‡_ mswkøó|
evwYR¨ Kx
What is commerce
evwYR¨ e¨emv‡qi GKwU cÖavb kvLv| cY¨`ªe¨ wewbg‡qi mv‡_ evwYR¨ cy‡ivcywi m¤úwK©Z| wk‡í wewfbœ cÖKvi
cY¨`ªe¨ Drcvw`Z nq| evwYR¨ wkí- KviLvbv A_v©r Drcv`‡Ki wbKU †_‡K cY¨mvgMÖx e¨enviKvix ev †fv³vi
wbKU †cuŠ‡Q †`evi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvRwU K‡i _v‡K| myZivs cY¨ wewYg‡qi mv‡_ mswkøó Kvh© cÖwµqvB n‡”Q evwYR¨| me©
cÖKvi cY¨mvgMÖx RbM‡Yi wbKU †cŠu‡Q †`Iqvi c×wZB n‡jv evwYR¨| evwYR¨‡K cY¨mvgMÖxi wewbg‡qi mv‡_
mswkøó Kvhv©ewji mgwó wn‡m‡eI AwfwnZ Kiv hvq|
evwYR¨ m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ MÖš’Kvi wewfbœ cÖKvi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb| GLv‡b Avgiv hy‡Mvc‡hvMx `ywU msÁv Zz‡j aijvg:

†Rgm w÷‡dbmb (James stephenson): cY¨ wewbgqKv‡j D™¢zZ e¨w³MZ, ¯’vbMZ, SzuwKMZ, mgqMZ I
A_©MZ cÖwZeÜKZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ †h me cÖwµqv RwoZ †m¸‡jv mvgwMÖKfv‡e evwYR¨ bv‡g cwiwPZ
(Commerce is the sum total of all those processes which are engaged in the removal of
hindrances of persons, place, risk, time and finance in the exchange of commodities.)6
Gg. wm. ïKjv (M.C. Shukla): evwYR¨ n‡”Q µq-weµqmn Hme KvR hv ¸`vgRvZKiY †kÖwYe× KiY,
†gvoKxKiY, A_©ms¯’vb, wegvKiY, cwienY BZ¨vw` myweav cÖ`vb K‡i cY¨ wewbg‡q mvnvh¨ K‡i (The
process of buying and selling and all those activities which facilitate trade, such ans storing,
grading, packaging, financing, insuring, transporting are called commerce.)7

6
Stephenson, J. (1965). Principles and Practice of Commerce, p. 17
7
Shukla, M. C. (2010). Business Organisation and Management, p. 13

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-20
 e¨emv‡qi wfwË

MÖš’Kvi؇qi msÁv `ywUi Av‡jv‡K Ges DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, evwYR¨ Ggb KwZcq
cÖwµqvi mgwó hv cY¨ wewbgqKv‡j m„ó wewfbœ evavmg~n `~ixvf~Z K‡i Ges cY¨mvgMÖx Drcv`‡Ki wbKU †_‡K
e¨enviKvixi wbKU †cŠu‡Q †`q|

evwY‡R¨i cwiwa ev AvIZv

The scope of commerce
Drcv`K I †fv³v hv †µZv I we‡µZvi g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ KwZcq Avbylw½K Kvhv©ewj m¤úv`b
Ki‡Z nq| Giƒc Kvhv©ewji me¸‡jvB evwY‡R¨i AvIZvfz³| GKKv‡j evwY‡R¨i cwiwa mxwgZ wQj| mf¨Zvi
Dlvj‡Mœ evwYR¨ ïay cY¨ nvZ- e`‡ji g‡a¨B mxgve× _vKZ| wKš‘ mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZi m‡½ m‡½ Drcv`bg~jK
Kvhv©ewji RwUjZv †hgb e„w× †c‡q‡Q †Zgwb Gi mv‡_ mv‡_ evwY‡R¨i AvIZvI m¤úªmvwiZ n‡q‡Q| GLb evwYR¨
ïay cY¨ †jb‡`‡bi g‡a¨B mxwgZ bq-Gi AvIZv AviI eû`yi we¯Í…Z| Kx Kx welq eZ©gv‡b evwY‡R¨i AvIZvfz³
Zv GK GK K‡i wb‡¤œ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. wk‡í Drcv`b ïiæ nIqvi c~‡e© cÖ‡qvRbxq gvjvgvj mieivn Kiv|
2. wk‡í Drcvw`Z cY¨`ªe¨ †µZvi wbKU †cŠuwQ‡q †`Iqv|
3. †µZvi wbKU cY¨ eÈbKv‡j wewfbœ cÖKvi Dc‡hvwMZv m„wó Kiv|
4. c‡Y¨i eȇb mnvqZvKvix wewfbœ gybvdv AR©bg~jK Kvhv©ewj h_v-e¨emvq, cwienb, ¸`vgRvZKiY, wegv,
e¨vswKs BZ¨vw`|
5. Kviev‡ii jÿ¨ AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ AviI KwZcq Kvhv©ewj m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq; h_v-weµwqKZv I weÁvcb,
c‡Y¨i gvb-wba©viY BZ¨vw`| G¸‡jvI evwY‡R¨i AvIZvfz³|
6. evwYR¨, c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v I mieiv‡ni g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ weav‡bi gva¨‡g evRv‡i g~‡j¨i fvimvg¨ eRvq †i‡L
RbKj¨vY mvab K‡i| ZvB Gfv‡e RbKj¨vY mvabI evwY‡R¨i AvIZvfz³|

evwY‡R¨i AvIZv eZ©gvb hy‡M ïay †`‡ki mxgvbvi g‡a¨B Ave× bq| Gi cwiwa AvšÍRv©wZK mxgvbv AwZµg K‡i
mvMi-gnvmvMi †cwi‡q AviI `~i`~iv‡šÍ Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q| evwYR¨ AvR we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`k‡K webv-m~wZi gvjvq Ave×
K‡i GKm~‡Î MÖw_Z K‡i wek¦-åvZ…‡Z¡ Gi be-w`M‡šÍi D‡b¥vPb K‡i‡Q|

evwY‡R¨i cÖwZeÜKZv ev mgm¨vmg~n

Hindrances of commerce
cY¨`ªe¨ Drcv`‡Ki wbKU †_‡K †fv³vi wbKU †cÖiYKv‡j wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖwZeÜKZvi ev evavi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| G
me cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n e¨w³, ¯’vb, mgq, SzuwK, A_© I cÖPvi m¤úwK©Z| wb‡¤œ evwY‡R¨i cÖwZeÜvKZvmg~‡ni Ici
Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv:
1. e¨w³MZ cÖwZeÜKZv (Hindrances relating to person): c‡Y¨i Drcv`K I †fv³vi g‡a¨ cÖZ¨ÿ m¤úK©
bv _vKvi d‡j evwY‡R¨i †ÿ‡Î e¨w³MZ cÖwZeÜKZvi m„wó nq| cY¨`ªe¨ †h ¯’v‡b Drcvw`Z nq †m ¯’v‡b Gi
me¸‡jvi Pvwn`v bv-I _vK‡Z cv‡i| ZvB †hLv‡b D³ cY¨¸‡jv Drcvw`Z nq bv †mLv‡b G¸‡jv‡K †cÖiY Kiv
Acwinvh© | cY¨-wewbg‡qi (Trade) gva¨‡g Drcv`K I †fv³vi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM m„wó K‡i e¨w³MZ cÖwZeÜKZv `~i
Kiv hvq|
2. ¯’vbMZ cÖwZeÜZv (Hindrances relating to place): Drcv`b ¯’vb I fvM ¯’v‡bi g‡a¨ `~iZ¡ weivR Ki‡j
¯’vbMZ cÖwZeÜKZv †`Lv †`q| D`vniY¯^iƒc-Kzwgjøvq Drcvw`Z LÏi Kvc‡oi Pvwn`v hw` XvKvq _v‡K Zvn‡j
Dfq ¯’v‡bi g‡a¨ cY¨ †cÖi‡Y Amyweav †`Lv †`q| G ai‡bi cÖwZeÜKZv‡K ¯’vbMZ cÖwZeÜKZv e‡j| cwien‡bi
(Transportation) gva¨‡g Drcv`‡Ki wbKU †_‡K †fv³vi wbKU cY¨ †cŠuQv‡bvi e¨e¯’v K‡i ¯’vbMZ cÖwZeÜKZv
`~ixf~Z Kiv hvq|

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-21
weweG †cÖvMÖvg

3. mgqMZ cÖwZeÜKZv (Hindrances relating to time): cY¨`ªe¨ Drcvw`Z nIqvi m‡½ m‡½B me weµq n‡q
hvq bv| Avevi wKQz wKQz cY¨ i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv GKwU we‡kl †gŠmy‡g Drcvw`Z nq wKš‘ G¸‡jvi Pvwn`v _v‡K mviv
eQi| Giƒc Drcvw`Z cY¨ msiÿY K‡i ivLv Acwinvh©| Drcv`‡bi mgq †_‡K Avi¤¢ K‡i †fv³vi nv‡Z †cŠuQv‡bv
ch©šÍ †h mgqMZ e¨eavb m„wó nq Zv‡KB mgqMZ cÖwZeÜKZv e‡j | ¸`vgRvZKiY (Warehousing) Gi gva¨‡g
mgqMZ cÖwZeÜKZvi wbimb K‡i|
4. SzuwKMZ cÖwZeÜKZv (Hindrances relating to risk): GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b cY¨ cwienbKv‡j wKsev
¸`v‡g _vKvKv‡j AwMœKvÐ, Pzwi-WvKvwZ, SoZzdvb, hy×weMÖn BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y cY¨ webó n‡q hvIqvi m¤¢vebv _vK‡Z
cv‡i| Giiƒc AwbðqZvg~jK cwi‡ek †_‡KB SzuwKMZ cÖwZeÜKZvi m„wó nq| cY¨ wewbg‡qi †ÿ‡Î wegv
(Insurance) SzuwKMZ cÖwZeÜKZv `~i K‡i|
5. A_© msµvšÍ cÖwZeÜKZv (Hindrances relating to finance): GKRb e¨emvqxi c‡ÿ me mgq cÖ‡qvRbxq
A_© †hvMvo Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| Avevi av‡i gvj weµq Ki‡j mgqgZ UvKv cvIqv hvq bv| G wØwea Kvi‡Y
e¨emvqxiv A_© msµvšÍ cÖwZeÜKZvi m¤§yLxb nb| A‡_©i ms¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g e¨vswKs ( banking) e¨e¯’v A_©msµvšÍ
cÖwZeÜKZv `~i K‡i|
6. cÖPvi msµvšÍ cÖwZeÜKZv (Hindrances relating to publicity): Zxeª cÖwZ‡hvwMZvc~Y© evwYwR¨K RM‡Z
GKRb e¨emvqx‡K Zvi Drcvw`Z ev weµq‡hvM¨ c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v e„w×i Rb¨ m¤¢ve¨ †µZv‡`i †MvP‡i c‡Y¨i DrKl©Zv
Zz‡j aivi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡Z nq| G cÖ‡Póv †_‡KB cÖPvi msµvšÍ cÖwZeÜKZvi m„wó nq| cY¨ Drcv`‡bi ci †µZvi
wbKU mwVK Z_¨ †cŠuwQ‡q w`‡q weÁvcb () cÖPvi msµvšÍ cªwZeÜKZv wbimb K‡i|

evwY‡R¨i wewfbœ kvLv ev wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii evwYR¨

Branches of commerce/Different kinds of commerce
Drcvw`Z cY¨`ªe¨ ev †mevmvgMÖx Drcv`‡Ki wbKU †_‡K †fv³vi wbKU †cŠuQvevi hveZxq Kvhv©ewjB evwYR¨|
evwY‡R¨i wewfbœ cÖwZeÜvKZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ †UªW, cwienb, ¸`vgRvZKiY, wegv, e¨vsK I weÁvc‡bi mvnvh¨ †bqv
nq| G¸‡jv‡K evwY‡R¨i wewfbœ kvLv ev cÖKvi‡f` wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wb‡¤œi eY©bvq G¸‡jv Zz‡j aiv
n‡jv:

evwYR¨

cY¨ wewbgq wegv ¸`vgRvZKiY cwienb e¨vswKs weÁvcb

s

Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨ ˆe‡`wkK evwYR¨

cvBKvwi e¨emvq Avg`vwb evwYR¨

ißvwb evwYR¨ wPÎ 1.8 t evwY‡R¨i †kÖwYwefvM

LyPiv e¨emvq cybtißvwb evwYR¨

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-22
 e¨emv‡qi wfwË

1. cY¨ wewbgq ev †UªW (Trade): evwY‡R¨i cÖavb kvLv n‡”Q †UªW ev cY¨ wewbgq| cY¨ eȇbi †ÿ‡Î
Drcv`bKvix I †fvMKvixi g‡a¨ e¨w³ msµvšÍ evav AcmviY KivB Gi cÖavb KvR| cY¨ wewbgq ev †UªW Avevi
`ycÖKvi:

 Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨ (Home trade): †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i msNwUZ µq weµq Kvh©‡K Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨
e‡j| GwU Avevi `yfv‡e msNwUZ nq-
(K) cvBKvwi e¨emvq (Whodesale trade): G †ÿ‡Î Drcv`bKvixi wbKU †_‡K AwaK cwigvY cY¨
µq K‡i Zv LyPiv e¨emvqxi wbKU weµq Kiv nq|
(L) LyPiv e¨emvq (Retail trade): hLb mivmwi Aí cwigvY cY¨ †fv³vi wbKU weµq Kiv nq ZLb
Zv‡K LyPiv e¨emvq e‡j|
 ˆe‡`wkK evwYR¨ (Foreign trade): `ywU †`‡ki g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z evwYwR¨K Kvh©µg‡K ˆe‡`wkK
evwYR¨ e‡j| G ai‡bi evwYR¨ Avevi wZb cÖKvi-
(K) Avg`vwb evwYR¨ (Import trade): wbR †`‡ki Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ hLb Ab¨ †Kvb †`k †_‡K
cY¨ µq Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K Avg`vwb evwYR¨ e‡j|
(L) ißvwb evwYR¨ (Export trade): †Kv‡bv †`k Ab¨ †`‡k cY¨ mvgMÖx weµq Ki‡j G weµq Kvh©B
ißvwb evwYR¨|
(M) cybtißvwb evwYR¨ (Re-export trade): cY¨ mvgMÖx wewfbœ †`k †_‡K Avg`vwb Kivi ci Zv wfbœ
†Kv‡bv †`‡k ißvwb Kiv n‡j Zv‡K cybtißvwb evwYR¨ e‡j|
2. cwienb (Transportation): cwienb e¨e¯’vcbvi gva¨‡g ¯’vbMZ cÖwZeÜKZv AcmvwiZ nq| Drcv`‡Ki
wbKU †_‡K †fv³vi wbKU cY¨`ªe¨ †cŠuQv‡bvi Rb¨ †Kej e¨emvqxi Dcw¯’wZB h‡_ó bq| G †ÿ‡Î Drcv`K I
†fv³vi g‡a¨ cwienb e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡gB ms‡hvM iÿv Kivi `iKvi nq| cwienb c‡Y¨i G ¯’vbMZ Dc‡hvM `~i
K‡i|
3. ¸`vgRvZKiY (Warehousing): ¸`vgRvZKiY c‡Y¨i mgqMZ cÖwZeÜKZv wbimb K‡i| fwel¨Z
cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq c‡Y¨i e¨envi wbwðZ Kiv Ges c‡Y¨i ¸bMZ DrKl©Zv eRvq ivLv wKsev web‡ói nvZ †_‡K
cY¨ iÿv Kivi wbwg‡Ë ¸`vg N‡i cY¨`ªe¨‡K msiÿY K‡i ivLv nq|
4. wegv (Insurance): cY¨ wewbg‡qi †ÿ‡Î wegv SzuwKMZ cÖwZeÜKZv `~i K‡i| gvby‡li m„ó wKsev ˆ`e-
`ywe©cv‡Ki Kvi‡Y cY¨`ª‡e¨i †h ÿwZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K wegv e¨e¯’v Zv `~ixf~Z K‡i| wegv Ggb GKwU
e¨e¯’v hvi gva¨‡g e¨emvqxiv `yN©Ubvi Rb¨ (†hgb-AwMœKvÐ, †bŠ-`yN©Ubv, Pzwi WvKvwZ BZ¨vw`) wegv †Kv¤úvwb
†_‡K Pzw³ Abyhvqx ÿwZc~iY cvq|
5. e¨vswKs (Banking): e¨vsK cY¨ eȇbi †ÿ‡Î A_©MZ cÖwZeÜKZv `~i K‡i| e¨emvq Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖPzi
g~jab cÖ‡qvRb nq| e¨vsK e¨emvqx‡`i‡K FY cÖ`vb K‡i| d‡j e¨emvqxi Avw_©K msKU `~i nq| e¨vswKs
e¨e¯’vi d‡j e¨vemv-evwY‡R¨i Avw_©K cÖwZeÜKZv AcmvwiZ nq| A_© ms¯’vb K‡i e¨vsK Avw_©K mgm¨vi myivnv
K‡i|
6. weÁvcb (Advertising): weÁvcb cÖPvi msµvšÍ cÖwZeÜKZv AcmviY K‡i| weÁvcb cY¨ msµvšÍ Leivw`
†µZvi †MvP‡i Avbqb K‡i c‡Y¨i evRvi m¤úªmviY Kivi cÖqvm cvq| ZvB †`Lv hvq, weÁvcb e¨e¯’vi
cÖPj‡bi gva¨‡g c‡Y¨i cÖPvi msµvšÍ Amyweav `~ixf~Z n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-23
weweG †cÖvMÖvg

evwY‡R¨i ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

Importance and necessity of commerce
evwYR¨ gvbe †`‡ni †kvwYZ avivi gZ A_©bxwZi iæMœ †`‡n cÖvY mÂvi K‡i| cY¨ `ª‡e¨i eÈb, Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM
m„wó, c‡Y¨i DrKl© mvab, Drcv`b I †fv‡Mi mgš^q mvab BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g evwYR¨ GKwU †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| wb‡¤œi Av‡jvPbv †_‡K welqwU mn‡RB ¯úó n‡q IV‡e|

1. cY¨ `ªe¨ µq-weµq (Buying and selling of goods): Drcv`b ¯’vb †_‡K cY¨`ªe¨ msMÖn K‡i †fv‡Mi
¯’v‡b †cuŠ‡Q w`‡q evwYR¨ gvby‡li cÖfyZ Kj¨vY mvab K‡i| evwYwR¨K Kv‡h© wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³iv GK ¯’vb †_‡K
cY¨ µq K‡i Ab¨¯’v‡b †m¸‡jv weµ‡qi e¨e¯’v K‡i Ges Gfv‡e c‡Y¨i †jb‡`‡b Zviv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i|
2. A‡_©i cÖPj‡b mnvqZv (Helping to introduce money): evwY¨R¨ AvaywbKiƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ n‡qB mivmwi
cY¨ wewbgq e¨e¯’v AcmviY K‡i A‡_©i gva¨‡g †j‡`‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Q| evwY‡R¨i D™¢e bv n‡j A‡_©i
e¨envi mxwgZ n‡Z eva¨ n‡Zv|
3. wk‡ívrcv`b mnvqZv (Helping in industrial production): evwYR¨ `yfv‡e wk‡íi Drcv`b Kv‡h©
mvnvh¨ K‡i| cÖ_gZ, cÖ‡qvRbxq KvuPvgvj, hš¿cvwZ BZ¨vw` mieivn K‡i wk‡íi Drcv`b Kvh© Ae¨vnZ iv‡L|
wØZxqZ, wk‡í cÖ¯‘Z cY¨mvgMÖx †fv³v‡`i wbKU weµq K‡i Gme cY¨ weµ‡qi Amyweav `~i K‡i|
4. cY¨ wewbg‡q cÖwZeÜKZv `~ixKiY (To remove hindrance in exchange of commodities): cY¨
wewbgq Kv‡j wewfbœ cÖKvi mgm¨v (†hgb-mgqMZ,SzuwKMZ, ¯’vbMZ BZ¨vw`) †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| evwYR¨
h‡_vchy³ Dcv‡q Gme mgm¨v `yixf~Z K‡i e¨emvwqK Kvhv©ewj‡Z MwZgqZvi m„wó K‡i|
5. c‡Y¨i DrKl© e„w× (Developing quality of goods): evwYR¨ wewfbœ wµqvKjv‡ci gva¨‡g c‡Y¨i DrKl© ev
¸YMZ gvb e„w×i cÖqvm cvq| gvb wbav©iY, chv©wqZKiY, †gvoKxKiY, e¨vÛ wba©viY BZ¨vw` evwYwR¨K
Kvh©Kjvc c‡Y¨i gvb e„wׇZ mnvqZv K‡i|
6. evRvi m¤úªmviY (Expansion of market): evwYR¨ †`‡k †fZ‡i Ges evwn‡i Pvwn`v e„w× K‡i Ges GKB
mv‡_ cÖ‡qvRbvbymv‡i cY¨ †hvMvb w`‡q wkíRvZ c‡Y¨i evRv‡ii cwiwa we¯Í…Z K‡i| weµwqKZv I weÁvcb
GK ai‡bi evwYwR¨K Kvh©Kjvc| G `ywU wµqvKjv‡ci gva¨‡g evRv‡i Pvwn`v m„wó Kiv nq|
7. Drcv`b I †fv‡Mi mgš^q mvab (Coordination between production and consumtion): Pvwn`v
Abymv‡i cY¨ Drcv`b Kivi j‡ÿ¨ evwYwR¨K cÖwZôvbmg~n Drcv`‡Ki wbKU †fv³vi iæwP m¤úwK©Z Z_¨vw`
mieivn K‡i| d‡j Drcv`‡Ki c‡ÿ †fv³vi AvKv•ÿv I Pvwn`v Abyhvqx cY¨ Drcv`b Kiv m¤¢e nq| Gfv‡e
evwY‡R¨i gva¨‡g c‡Y¨i Drcv`b I †fv‡Mi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvwaZ nq|
8. Kg©ms¯’vb (Employment): evwY‡R¨ eûwea Kvh© m¤úv`b Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq Ges Gme Kvh© my ôzfv‡e
cÖwZcvjb Kivi Rb¨ AmsL¨ †jvK wb‡qvwRZ| G‡Z KgK©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM e„w× cvq Ges †`‡ki †jvKR‡bi
AvqI e„w× cvq| Avi Avq e„w× wbtm‡›`‡n RxebhvÎvi gvb e„w×i mnvqK|
9. e¨emv‡q MwZi mÂvi (Speeding up business): evwYR¨ gybvdv AR©‡bi c_ cÖk¯ÍZi K‡i| d‡j
e¨emvqxiv evwY‡R¨ AviI †ewk cwigv‡Y cyuwR wewb‡qv‡M DrmvwnZ nq| wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY e„w× cvIqvi `iæb
evwYwR¨K Kvhv©ewj‡Z AwaKZi ZrciZv I MwZ mÂvi nq|
10. Pvwn`vi cwic~iY (Fulfilment of demand): evwYR¨ Drcv`‡Ki wbKU †_‡K †fv³vi wbKU cY¨ †cuŠ‡Q
w`‡q †fv³vi †fvM Pvwn`vi cwiZ…wß mvab K‡i| wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY e„w× cvIqvi `iæb evwYwR¨K Kvhv©ewj‡Z
AwaKZi ZrciZv I MwZ mÂvi nq|
11. Avq e„w× (Increase of income): evwYR¨ GKw`‡K †hgb gybvdv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g e¨emvqxi Avq e„w× K‡i
Ab¨w`‡K eû †jv‡Ki K‡g©i my‡hvM m„wó K‡i Zv‡`i RxweKv wbev©‡ni e¨e¯’v K‡i| Avq e„w× cvIqvi `iæb
RbM‡Yi myL mg„w×I e„w× cvq|

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-24
 e¨emv‡qi wfwË

12. wek¦ A_©bxwZi mg„w× mvab (Growth in world economy): evwY¨R¨ †`‡ki MwÛ Qvwo‡q we‡`‡ki
A_©bxwZ‡KI cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q| d‡j D™¢e n‡q‡Q AvšÍRv©wZK evwYR¨| AvšÍRv©wZK evwY‡R¨i `iæb wek¦ A_©bxwZ
w`b w`b mg„×Zi n‡”Q|
13. AvšÍtAvÂwjK †mŠnv`¨© e„w× (Increasing inter-regional cordiality): evwY‡R¨i cÖmv‡ii d‡j †`‡ki
Af¨šÍ‡i AvšÍtAvÂwjK m¤úªxwZ e„w× cvq| †`‡ki GKvs‡ki RbM‡Yi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ As‡ki RbM‡Yi m¤úK©
¯’vwcZ nq| Gi `iæb G‡K Ac‡ii fveavivq cyó nq, hv mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
14. AvšÍRv©wZK m¤ú‡K©i Dbœqb (Developing international relation): AvšÍRv©wZK evwYR¨ cÖPwjZ nIqvi
c~‡e© wewfbœ †`k cÖvq wew”Qbœfv‡e Ae¯’vb KiZ| wKš‘ evwY‡R¨i m¤úªmviYkxj n¯Í c„w_ex‡K A‡bK Kv‡Q
†U‡b‡Q Ges AvšÍRv©wZK m¤ú‡K©i †ÿ‡ÎI GK hvMvšÍKvix cwieZ©b mvab K‡i‡Q|
15. A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb (Economic development): RbM‡Yi Avq e„w`a, Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó, c‡Y¨i
¯’vbvšÍi, Pvwn`v I mieiv‡ni mgš^q mvab, Pvwn`vi cwiZ…wß mvab BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g evwYR¨ †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK
Dbœq‡b weivU f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

e¯‘Z, evwYR¨ †h †Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©bxwZi mev©‡½ mÄxebx kw³i m„wó K‡i| e¨emv‡qi mKj cÖwZeÜKZv wbimb
K‡i cY¨ e¨enviKvix ev †fv³vi Pvwn`v c~i‡Y evwYR¨ GK AZ¨vek¨Kxq f~wgKvq AeZxY© nq|

cY¨ wewbgq Kx
What is trade
gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ cY¨`ªe¨ (ev †mevKg©) Drcv`bKvixi KvQ †_‡K µq K‡i †fvMKviwi wbKU weµq Kivi Kvh©B
n‡”Q †UªW ev cY¨ wewbgq| cY¨ wewbgq cÖwµqvq Drcv`bKvix I †fv³vi g‡a¨ †mZzeÜv‡bi m„wó nq| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ
AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB Drcv`‡Ki wbKU †_‡K †fv³vi `~iZ¡ G‡Zv †ewk †_‡K †h Df‡qi c‡ÿ ci¯úi wgwjZ n‡q
cY¨`ªe¨ µq-weµq Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| Drcv`K I †fv³vi G wØwea Amyweav wbimbK‡í †h evwYwR¨K e¨e¯’vi D™¢e
n‡q‡Q Zv‡KB †UªW ev cY¨ wewbgq e‡j| cY¨ wewbgq evwY‡R¨i GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kvLv wn‡m‡e evwY‡R¨i e¨w³MZ
cÖwZeÜKZv `~i K‡i Ges cY¨ †jb‡`‡bi gva¨‡g cy‡iv e¨emvq e¨e¯’v‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| wb‡¤œ †UªW ev cY¨ wewbgq
m¤ú‡K© wZbwU msÁv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:

Dictionary of Trade and Commerce Abyhvqx Ò†UªW ev cY¨ wewbgq n‡jv e¨emvq Kvh©µ‡gi g~j
welq hvi mv‡_ cY¨ ev †mev µq-weµq RwoZ| GwU we‡µZvi wbKU †_‡K †µZvi wbKU cY¨ ev †mevi
n¯ÍvšÍv‡i mvnvh¨ K‡iÓ (Trade means the final stage of business activity involving sale and
purchase of goods and services. It is to facilitate transfer of goods and services from the
seller to the buyer.)8
ksKi cÖmv` ¸n - Gi fvl¨g‡Z, Ò‡UªW Gi A_© n‡jv Drcbœ cY¨ mvgMÖxi µq-weµq| Drcv`vbKvix I
m‡¤¢vMKvixi g‡a¨ e¨w³MZ eva AcmviY K‡i Df‡qi ms‡hvM n‡jv †UªWÓ|9
P.H. Collin- Gi g‡Z, ÒcY¨ wewbgq n‡jv µq-weµ‡qi e¨emvqÓ (Trade means business of buying
and selling.)10

8
Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce, Vol. 1, 2018, p.241.
9
¸n, ksKi cÖmv` (1992). †Kv¤úvwb e¨e¯’vcbv, c„. 63
10
Collin, P. H. (2006). Dictionary of Business, p. 308

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-25
weweG †cÖvMÖvg

D‡jøwLZ msÁvmg~‡ni Av‡jv‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, wk‡í Drcvw`Z cY¨ ev †mevmvgMÖx Drcv`‡Ki KvQ †_‡K P~ovšÍ
†fv³vi wbKU †cÖi‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ †h me e¨w³MZ evavi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq Zv `~ixKiYv‡_© m¤úvw`Z µq-weµq Kvh©‡K
†UªW ev cY¨ wewbgq e‡j|

cY¨ wewbg‡qi ¸iæZ¡

Importance of trade
†h †Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z cY¨ wewbg‡qi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| cY¨ wewbg‡qi cÖmv‡ii d‡jB Drcv`b Kvh© Z¡ivwš^Z
nq Ges eÈb Kv‡h© MwZkxjZvi m„wó nq| wb‡¤œi Av‡jvPbvq cY¨ wewbg‡qi ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv:
 Drcv`‡b mnvqZv (Assisting in Production): cY¨ wewbg‡qi Kvi‡Y Drcv`K wbwe©‡Nœ Drcv`b Kvh© Pvwj‡q
†h‡Z mÿg nq| †Kbbv e¨emvqxiv Drcvw`Z cY¨ weµq Kivi `vwqZ¡ enb K‡i Ges Drcv`K weµ‡qi Sv‡gjv
†_‡K †invB cvq| Gfv‡e cY¨ wewbgq mvivmwi Drcv`b Kv‡h© mnvqZv Ki‡Q|
 cY¨ weZi‡Y MwZgqZv (Dynamism in distribution of products): †UªW ev cY¨ wewbgq Kg© cÖ‡Póvi
gva¨‡g Drcvw`Z cY¨`ªe¨ myôyfv‡e e¨enviKvix †fv³vi wbKU eÈb Kiv m¤¢eci nq| cY¨ wewbg‡qi cÖPjb bv
n‡j cY¨ eȇb †h RwUjZvi m„wó n‡Zv Zvi Ke‡j c‡o †`‡ki †MvUv A_©bxwZ ûgwo †L‡q co‡Z eva¨ n‡Zv|
 Pvwn`v c~iY (Fulfiment of demand): cY¨ wewbgq Af¨šÍixY I ˆe‡`wkK cÖ‡qvR‡b cY¨mvgMÖx `ªæZ †fv‡Mi
Dc‡hvMx K‡i Zzj‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| †fv‡Mi AvKv•ÿv cwiZ…ß nIqvq RbM‡Yi Rxe‡b ¯^v”Q›`¨ Av‡m hv
RxebhvÎvi gvb e„w×i mnvqK|
 NvUwZ c~iY (Ful fillment of shortage): †`‡ki GK A‡j †Kv‡bv c‡Y¨i NvUwZ †`Lv w`‡j cY¨ wewbg‡qi
gva¨‡g †mLv‡b `ªæZ cY¨ †cÖiY Kiv m¤¢e nq| d‡j NvUwZ `~ixf~Z nq Ges NvUwZ A‡j c‡Y¨i AvKvj covi
m¤¢vebv K‡g hvq| G‡Z AvÂwjK fvimvg¨I iÿv cvq| eZ©gvb hy‡M AvÂwjK fvimvg¨ iÿvq cY¨ wewbg‡qi
Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©|
 Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó (Creating employment opportunity): cY¨ wewbg‡qi mv‡_ mswkøó
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv AmsL¨ †jv‡Ki PvKwii e¨e¯’v K‡i w`‡qI h‡_ó Ae`vb ivL‡Q| GwU nvRvi nvRvi †jv‡Ki
RxweKvi Drm wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i | d‡j Zv‡`i Avq Ges RxebhvÎvi gvb e„w× cvq|

cY¨ wewbg‡qi cÖKvi‡f`

Types of trade
cY¨ wewbgq cÖavbZ: `ycÖKvi-
1. Af¨šÍixY cY¨ wewbgq
2. ˆe‡`wkK ev AvšÍR©vwZK cY¨ wewbgq
1. Af¨šÍixY cY¨ wewbgq (Home trade): GKB †`‡ki mxgvbvi †fZ‡i †_‡K †h me e¨emvwqK Kvh© cwiPvwjZ
nq Zv‡K Af¨šÍixY cY¨ wewbgq e‡j| Af¨šÍixY cY¨ wewbgq‡K `y‡kÖwY‡Z wef³ Kiv hvq-
K. cvBKvwi e¨emvq (Wholesale business): Drcv`‡Ki wbKU †_‡K †ewk cwigv‡Y cY¨ Lwi` Kivi
ci †mB cY¨ Avevi †fv³vi wbKU weµq bv K‡i ïay LyPiv e¨emvqx‡`i wbKU Aí Aí cwigv‡Y weµq Kiv
n‡j Giƒc Kvh©µg‡K cvBKvwi e¨emvq e‡j|
L. LyPiv e¨emvq (Retail business): †fv³v‡`i wbKU Pvwn`v †gvZv‡eK mivmwi cY¨mvgMªx weµq Kiv‡K
LyPiv e¨emvq e‡j|

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-26
 e¨emv‡qi wfwË

cY¨ wewbgq

Af¨šÍixY cY¨ wewbgq ˆe‡`wkK cY¨ wewbgq

LyPiv e¨emvq cvBKvwi e¨emvq Avg`vwb evwYR¨ ißvwb evwYR¨ cybtißvwb evwYR¨

wPÎ 1.9: cY¨ wewbg‡qi †kÖwYwefvM

2. ˆe‡`wkK ev AvšÍR©vwZK cY¨ wewbgq (Foreing trade): wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ cY¨`ª‡e¨i †jb‡`b‡K ˆe‡`wkK
cY¨ wewbgq e‡j| wbR †`k †_‡K Ab¨‡`‡k †Kvb `ªe¨ weµq Kiv n‡j wKsev wfb‡`k †_‡K Ab¨‡Kv‡bv `ªe¨
wbR †`‡k wK‡b Avbv n‡j Zv‡K ˆe‡`wkK cY¨ wewbgq ejv nq|
ˆe‡`wkK cY¨ wewbgq‡K wZb †kÖwY‡Z wef³ Kiv hvq:
K. Avg`vwb evwYR¨
L. ißvwb evwYR¨;
M. cybt ißvwb evwYR¨
K. Avg`vwb evwYR¨ (Import trade): we‡`k †_‡K cY¨ `ªe¨ µq Kiv n‡j Zv‡K Avg`vwb evwYR¨ e‡j|
L. ißvwb evwYR¨ (Export trade): wbR †`k †_‡K we‡`‡k cY¨ `ªe¨ weµq Kiv n‡j Zv‡K ißvwb evwYR¨ ejv
nq|
M. cybt ißvwb evwYR¨ (Re-export trade): cY¨ `ªe¨ wewfbœ †`k †_‡K Avg`vwb Kivi ci Zv wfbœ †Kv‡bv
†`‡k ißvwb Kiv n‡j Zv‡K cybtißvwb evwYR¨ e‡j|

e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ wkí I evwY‡R¨i m¤úK©

Relation of business with indrstry and commerce
e¨emvq GKwU e¨vcK A_©‡evaK kã| gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ ev †mev Drcv`b †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †fv³vi nv‡Z
†cuŠQv‡bv ch©šÍ mKj A_©‰bwZK Kvh©KjvcB e¨emv‡qi AšÍf©y³| wkí I evwYR¨ DfqB e¨emv‡qi `y‡Uv kvLv|
myZivs e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ wkí I evwYR¨ Mfxifv‡e m¤úwK©Z| e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ wkí I evwY‡R¨i m¤úK©‡K wewfbœ
`„wó‡KvY †_‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv:
1. msÁvMZ m¤úK© (Definitional relationship): cY¨`ªe¨ I †mevmvgMÖx Drcv`b, eÈb, µqweµq Ges
GZ`mswkøó mKj A_©‰bwZK Kvh©KjvcB e¨emvq| wkí n‡”Q c‡Y¨i iƒcMZ Dc‡hvM m„wói GKwU cÖwµqv|
Ab¨w`‡K evwYR¨ n‡”Q cY¨ I †mevKg© eÈb I wewbg‡qi mv‡_ mswkøó Kvh©vewji mgwó|
2. mnvqK m¤úK© (Facilitating relationship): e¨emvq AZ¨šÍ we¯Í…Z welq| wkí I evwYR¨ e¨emv‡qiB `y‡Uv
¸iæZ¡c~Y© kvLv| K…wlRvZ wkí, cÖRbb wkí, wb®‹vkb wkí, Drcv`vb wkí, †mev cwi‡ekK wkí, wbgv©Y wkí
BZ¨vw` wk‡íi kvLv| evwY‡R¨i kvLv n‡”Q cY¨ webgq †UªW, cwienb, ¸`vgRvZKiY, wegv, e¨vswKs I weÁvcb|
3. Kvh©MZ m¤úK© (Functional relationship): cY¨`ªe¨ Drcv`vb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i eÈb ch©šÍ mKj KvRB
e¨emv‡qi AšÍfz©³| wkí Drcv`‡bi KvR K‡i Ges evwYR¨ eȇbi KvR K‡i _v‡K|
4. AvIZvMZ m¤úK© (Purview relationship): e¨emv‡qi AvIZv e¨vcK| wkí, evwYR¨, cÖZ¨ÿ †mevKg© Ges
wkí evwY‡R¨i mnvqK Kvh©vewj meB e¨emv‡qi AvIZvfz³|

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-27
weweG †cÖvMÖvg

5. Dc‡hvM welqK m¤úK© (Utility relationship): gybvdv AR©‡bi jÿ¨ wb‡q wewfbœ cÖKvi Dc‡hvM m„wó Kiv
e¨emv‡qi KvR| G‡`i g‡a¨ wkí iæcMZ Dc‡hvM m„wó K‡i _v‡K| Avi evwYR¨ e¨w³MZ, A_©MZ, mgqMZ,
SzuwKMZ, ¯’vbMZ Dc‡hvM m„wó K‡i _v‡K|
6. jÿ¨MZ m¤úK© (Objectinve oriented relationship): RbM‡Yi g‡b c‡Y¨i †h Pvwn`v myß _v‡K, Zv
cwicyiY Kivi gva¨‡g gybvdv AR©bB n‡jv e¨emv‡qi g~j jÿ¨| GKB iƒc jÿ¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L wkí I evwYR¨
cwiPvwjZ nq|
7. AvšÍtwbf©iZvi m¤úK© (Relationship of interdependence): e¨emvq Ges wkí-evwYR¨ ci¯úi wbf©ikxj|
GKwU‡K Qvov AciwU Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| wk‡í cY¨ Drcvw`Z nq| Avi evwYR¨ †mB Drcvw`Z cY¨ eȇbi `vwq‡Z¡
wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K| cÿvšÍ‡i, wkí I evwY‡R¨i mPjZv e¨emv‡qi MwZgqZv e„w× K‡i|
8. Ae¯’vbMZ m¤úK© (Positional relationship): e¨emvq n‡jv cÖK…Zc‡ÿ G‡Ki g‡a¨ wZb| wkí, evwYR¨ I
cY¨ wewbgq- G wZbwU wb‡qB e¨emv‡qi m„wó|
9. Dbœqbg~jK m¤úK© (Developmental relationship): wkí I evwYR¨ cY¨ Drcv`b I eȇbi gva¨‡g
e¨emv‡qi m¤úªmviY NUvq| Avi e¨emvq Zvi µgcÖmvigvb kw³i gva¨‡g †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡K kw³kvjx K‡i|

DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GUv my¯úó †h, e¨emvq n‡”Q GKwU we¯Í…Z †ÿÎ| wkí I evwYR¨ e¨emv‡qi kvLv wn‡m‡e
e¨emv‡qiB `ywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kv‡h© e¨vc„Z i‡q‡Q| myZivs Avgiv wbwðZfv‡e ej‡Z cvwi, e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ wkí I
evwYR¨ wbweofv‡e Rwo‡q Av‡Q|

mvims‡ÿc
cY¨ wewbg‡qi mv‡_ mswkøó Kvh© cÖwµqvB n‡”Q evwYR¨| me© cÖKvi cY¨mvgMÖx RbM‡Yi wbKU †cŠu‡Q †`Iqvi
c×wZB n‡jv evwYR¨| Drcv`K I †fv³v hv †µZv I we‡µZvi g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ KwZcq
Avbylw½K Kvhv©ewj m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq| Giƒc Kvhv©ewji me¸‡jvB evwY‡R¨i AvIZvfz³| cY¨`ªe¨ Drcv`‡Ki
wbKU †_‡K †fv³vi wbKU †cÖiYKv‡j wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖwZeÜKZvi ev evavi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| G me
cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n e¨w³, ¯’vb, mgq, SzuwK, A_© I cÖPvi m¤úwK©Z| evwY‡R¨i wewfbœ cÖwZeÜvKZv `~i Kivi Rb¨
†UªW, cwienb, ¸`vgRvZKiY, wegv, e¨vsK I weÁvc‡bi mvnvh¨ †bqv nq| G¸‡jv‡K evwY‡R¨i wewfbœ kvLv ev
cÖKvi‡f` wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| evwYR¨ gvbe †`‡ni †kvwYZ avivi gZ A_©bxwZi iæMœ †`‡n cÖvY
mÂvi K‡i| cY¨ `ª‡e¨i eÈb, Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó, c‡Y¨i DrKl© mvab, Drcv`b I †fv‡Mi mgš^q mvab
BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g evwYR¨ GKwU †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-28
 e¨emv‡qi wfwË

BDwbU g~j¨vqb

1. e¨emv‡qi msÁv w`b| Gi cÖavb ˆewkó¨ I D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

2. AvaywbK A_©bxwZ‡Z e¨vemv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb|
3. e¨emv‡qi A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4. e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ wkí I evwY‡R¨i Kx m¤úK© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
5. e¨emv‡qi cwiwa wPÎmn eY©bv Kiæb|
6. e¨emv‡qi AvIZv we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq gvby‡li cÖ‡qvR‡bi mv‡_ GUv m¤úwK©Z- Avcwb GKgZ?
we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
7. e¨emv‡qi Kvhv©ewj eY©bv Kiæb|
8. Ògvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b Kvhv©ewj cÖvq mg¯Í wKQzB e¨emv‡qi AvIZvfz³|Ó K_vwU KZUzKz mZ¨?
9. e¨emv‡qi cÖK…wZ KLb e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK (individualistic) Ges KLb mve©Rbxb (universal) nq?
10. ÔSu&zwK MÖnYÕ †K e¨emv‡qi GKwU †gŠwjK ˆewkó¨ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq †Kb?
11. Avcwb GKwU e¨emvq Avi¤¢ Kivi c~‡e© Kx Kx welq we‡ePbv Ki‡eb?
12. e¨emv‡qi †kÖwYwefvM ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
13. wk‡íi msÁv w`b| Gi cÖKvi‡f` Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
14. evwbR¨ Kx? evwY‡R¨i cÖwZeÜKZv ev mgm¨vmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
15. evwY‡R¨i cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n Acmvi‡Yi Dcvq Kx?
16. evwY‡R¨i wewfbœ kvLv m¤ú‡K© mswÿß Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
17. D`vniYmn wewfbœ cÖKvi evwY‡R¨i eY©bv w`b|
18. evwY‡R¨i ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Kiæb| e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ wkí I evwY‡R¨i m¤úK© Kx?
19. evsjv‡`‡ki wkí I evwYR¨ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
20. †UªW ev cY¨ wewbgq Kx? wkí I evwY‡R¨i mv‡_ †UªW Gi m¤úK© Kx?
21. ‡UªW ev cY¨ wewbg‡qi †kÖwYweb¨vm Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
22. evwYR¨ Kx? evwY‡R¨i ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
23. Avcbvi GKRb cÖwZ‡ekx GKwU nvum-gyiMxi Lvgvi M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| GUv †Kvb cÖKvi wk‡íi AšÍfz©³? e¨vL¨v
w`b|
24. av‡bi Rwg †_‡K cvwb wb®‹vkb‡K †Kvb ai‡bi wb®‹vkb wkí ejv hvq? †Kb?
25. evwY‡R¨ SzuwKMZ cÖwZeÜKZvi m„wó nq †Kb?

BDwbU-1 c„ôv-29