1. What is ReactJS and what are its main features?

Answer:
ReactJS is a JavaScript library for building user interfaces. Its main features include component-based
architecture, virtual DOM for efficient rendering, and JSX for declarative syntax.

2. Explain the advantages of using ReactJS for web development.

Answer:
ReactJS offers benefits such as reusable components for modular development, virtual DOM for fast
rendering, and a rich ecosystem of libraries and tools. It also promotes a declarative approach to building UIs.

3. What are the disadvantages or limitations of ReactJS?

Answer:
ReactJS has a steep learning curve for beginners, lacks built-in features like routing and state management
(which can be addressed with additional libraries), and requires tooling setup for features like JSX
compilation.

4. How do you set up a development environment for ReactJS?

Answer:
Setting up a ReactJS development environment involves installing Node.js and npm, creating a new React
app using Create React App or manual setup, and using a code editor like Visual Studio Code.

5. What are components in ReactJS and why are they important?

Answer:
Components are reusable UI elements in ReactJS. They promote modular development, encapsulation of
functionality and styling, and maintainability of code.

6. Differentiate between class components and function components in ReactJS.

Answer:
Class components use ES6 classes and have access to lifecycle methods and state, while function
components are simpler and stateless. With the introduction of hooks, function components can also manage
state and have lifecycle functionality.

7. What is the role of props in ReactJS?

Answer:
Props (short for properties) are used to pass data from parent components to child components in ReactJS.
They allow components to be reusable and configurable.
8. How are states managed in ReactJS applications?
Answer:
States in ReactJS are managed using the useState hook or by extending the Component class and using
this.state. States hold data that can change over time, triggering re-renders of the component.

9. What is page routing in ReactJS and why is it useful?

Answer:
Page routing in ReactJS involves navigating between different views or components based on the URL. It's
useful for creating single-page applications (SPAs) with multiple views and maintaining a clean URL
structure.

10. Describe the concept of hooks in ReactJS.

Answer:
Hooks are functions that allow functional components to use state and other React features without writing a
class. They enable side effects and state management in function components.

11. How do hooks improve the development experience in ReactJS?

Answer:

Hooks simplify state management and lifecycle functionality in functional components, making code more
concise and readable. They also encourage reuse and composition of logic across components.

12. What are some commonly used hooks in ReactJS?

Answer:
Commonly used hooks include useState for managing component state, useEffect for handling side effects,
useContext for accessing context, and useCallback and useMemo for performance optimization.

13. Explain how ReactJS applications can be structured into apps.

Answer:
ReactJS applications can be structured into reusable components organized in a component tree. Components
can be further organized into folders based on functionality or feature.

14. What are the steps involved in connecting a ReactJS application to a backend server?
Answer:
Steps include setting up a server with appropriate APIs, making HTTP requests from React components
using libraries like Axios or Fetch, and handling responses to update component state.

15. How do you handle deployment of a ReactJS application?

Answer:
Deployment involves building the React app for production using tools like npm or yarn, configuring a web
server to serve the built files, and uploading the files to a hosting service or server.

16. What are some common deployment platforms for ReactJS applications?
Answer:
Common deployment platforms include cloud services like AWS, Heroku, Netlify, and Vercel, as well as
traditional web hosting providers.

17. How does ReactJS facilitate the creation of single-page applications (SPAs)?
Answer:
ReactJS facilitates SPAs by efficiently updating the DOM using its virtual DOM algorithm, enabling
dynamic UI updates without full page reloads. It also provides tools for routing and state management.

18. Discuss the role of JSX in ReactJS development.

Answer:
JSX is a syntax extension for JavaScript that allows developers to write HTML-like code within JavaScript
files. It makes React component structure more readable and expressive.

19. What is the virtual DOM in ReactJS and why is it important?

Answer:
The virtual DOM is a lightweight representation of the actual DOM. React uses it to efficiently update the UI
by comparing changes and minimizing DOM manipulation, resulting in better performance.

20. Explain the concept of reconciliation in ReactJS.

Answer:
Reconciliation is the process by which React updates the DOM to reflect changes in component state or
props. It compares the virtual DOM with the previous state to determine minimal changes needed for update.

21. How does ReactJS handle data flow within components?

Answer:
ReactJS follows a unidirectional data flow, where data is passed from parent components to child
components via props. Changes in state trigger re-renders, propagating updates down the component tree.

22. Describe the process of component lifecycle in ReactJS.

Answer:
The component lifecycle consists of three phases: mounting, updating, and unmounting. During mounting, a
component is created and inserted into the DOM. During updating, a component receives new props and
updates its state. During unmounting, a component is removed from the DOM.

23. What are some popular libraries or frameworks used in conjunction with ReactJS?
Answer:
Popular libraries and frameworks include Redux for state management, React Router for routing, Material-UI
or Bootstrap for UI components, and Axios or Fetch for HTTP requests.

24. How do you handle forms in ReactJS applications?

Answer:
Forms in ReactJS are controlled components, where form elements like input fields are controlled by
component state. They can be managed using state hooks like useState, and form submission can be handled
using onSubmit event handlers.

25. What are some best practices for optimizing performance in ReactJS?
Answer:
Best practices include minimizing unnecessary re-renders using shouldComponentUpdate or React.memo,
optimizing component rendering with PureComponent, lazy loading components and routes, and using code
splitting to reduce initial bundle size.

26. What is JSX in React and why is it used?

Answer:
JSX is a syntax extension for JavaScript that allows mixing HTML-like code within JavaScript. It's used in
React to write UI components in a more declarative and familiar way.

27. Explain the concept of components in React. What are the building blocks of UI in React
applications, allowing developers to split the UI into independent and reusable pieces?
Answer:
In React, components are the core building blocks of the UI, allowing developers to split the interface into
smaller, reusable pieces. There are two types: class components (older, with state and lifecycle methods) and
functional components (simpler, often using hooks). Props are inputs passed to components from parents,
while state stores mutable data inside components. JSX is used to describe the UI, written like HTML in
JavaScript. Components can respond to user actions using event handlers. React's modular approach
promotes reusability and maintainability in UI development.

28. How do you define a functional component in React? How can you create a component in React
using a JavaScript function instead of a class, typically used for simpler components without state or
lifecycle methods?
Answer:
A functional component is defined as a JavaScript function that returns JSX to describe the UI. It takes props
as an argument and can be used to render UI based on those props. A basic functional component looks like
this:
function MyComponent(props) {
return <h1>{props.message}</h1>;
}
Functional components are simpler and typically used for components without state or lifecycle methods,
though with hooks, they can manage state and side effects.
29. What is the purpose of props in React components? How do you pass data from parent to child
components in React, allowing components to be customizable and reusable?
Answer:
A props (short for properties) are used to pass data from a parent component to a child component. They
allow components to be customizable and reusable by providing dynamic values. Props are immutable,
meaning the child component cannot modify them. To pass data, the parent component includes the props as
attributes when rendering the child. The child component can access the props via this.props (in class
components) or directly in the function arguments (in functional components).

30. Describe the useState hook in React and how it's used. How do you add state to functional
components in React, allowing them to manage their own data using the useState hook?
Answer:
The useState hook in React allows functional components to manage state. It returns an array with two
elements: the current state value and a function to update it. To use it, you call useState(initialValue) inside a
functional component, passing an initial value. The update function can then be used to change the state,
triggering a re-render. This enables functional components to hold and modify their own data.

31. What is the useEffect hook in React and when would you use it? How do you perform side effects in
React, such as data fetching or subscriptions, and when is it appropriate to use the useEffect hook?
Answer:
The useEffect hook in React allows you to perform side effects in functional components, such as data
fetching, subscriptions, or manual DOM manipulation. It runs after the component renders, and you can
specify dependencies to control when it should re-run. Use it for tasks like fetching data, updating the DOM,
or handling timers. The hook takes a function as an argument, which can optionally return a cleanup function.
It's appropriate to use useEffect when you need to interact with external systems or perform actions that
should happen after render.

32. Explain the difference between state and props in React. What are the two types of data that
components can handle in React, where props are passed from parent to child components, and state is
managed internally within a component?
Answer:
A props are read-only data passed from a parent component to a child, allowing communication between
components. State, on the other hand, is mutable data managed within a component, typically used for
handling user inputs or dynamic content. Props cannot be changed by the receiving component, while state
can be updated within the component. Components handle two types of data: props (external) and state
(internal). Props allow data flow between components, while state allows a component to manage and update
its own data.

33. How do you handle events in React? How can you respond to user interactions like clicks or input
changes in React components using event handlers?
Answer:
Events are handled using event handlers, which are functions triggered by user interactions like clicks or
input changes. You attach event handlers to elements using JSX syntax, e.g., onClick for click events or
onChange for input changes. These handlers receive an event object with details about the interaction. You
can update the component's state within the handler to reflect the changes in the UI. Event handlers are
typically defined as methods within class components or functions within functional components.

34. What is conditional rendering in React? How do you display different UI components or elements
based on certain conditions in React, allowing for dynamic rendering?
Answer:
Conditional rendering in React allows you to display different UI components or elements based on certain
conditions. This can be achieved using JavaScript operators like if, ternary operator (? :), or logical && to
evaluate conditions and render specific content. React re-renders the component whenever the condition
changes, enabling dynamic UI updates.

35. Describe the concept of lifting state up in React.How can you manage state in multiple related
components by lifting it up to their closest common ancestor, enabling sharing and synchronization of
state?
Answer:
Lifting state up in React involves moving state from a child component to its closest common ancestor to
allow multiple related components to share and synchronize the state. This is done by passing the state and a
function to update it as props to child components, enabling them to interact with and reflect changes in the
shared state. This approach helps maintain a single source of truth for related components.

36. What is React Router and what is its role in a React application? How do you handle navigation
and routing in React applications, and what role does React Router play in managing the application's
URL?
Answer:
React Router is a library used to handle navigation and routing in React applications. It enables developers to
define different routes and render specific components based on the application's URL. By using React
Router, you can create a single-page application (SPA) where URL changes load different views without
reloading the entire page. It manages the browser's history and updates the URL accordingly, allowing for
seamless navigation.

37. How do you manage forms in React? How can you handle form submission and user input in React
applications, including controlled components, form state management, and form validation?
Answer:
Forms are typically managed using controlled components, where form elements like inputs are bound to the
component's state. Form state is updated using the useState hook (for functional components) or setState (for
class components). Form submission is handled by an onSubmit event, where input data is processed or sent
to an API. Form validation can be done manually by checking the input values before submission or using
libraries like Formik or React Hook Form for more complex validations.

38. What are keys in React and why are they important? What are unique identifiers assigned to
elements in React lists, allowing React to efficiently update the DOM, and why are they important for
optimizing rendering performance?
Answer:
Keys are unique identifiers assigned to elements in a list to help React efficiently update and manage the
DOM. They allow React to track each element's identity, enabling it to minimize re-renders by only updating
the changed elements. Keys improve rendering performance by reducing unnecessary DOM manipulations,
ensuring that React can quickly determine which elements have changed.

39. Explain the concept of component lifecycle methods in React.What are the different phases a React
component goes through from initialization to destruction, and what methods can you use to hook into
these lifecycle events?
Answer:
Component lifecycle methods are functions that allow developers to hook into different stages of a
component's life, from creation to destruction. The three main phases are Mounting (initialization), Updating
(state or props changes), and Unmounting (cleanup before removal). Key lifecycle methods include
componentDidMount (after initial render), componentDidUpdate (after state or props change), and
componentWillUnmount (before removal). With functional components, these lifecycle events are handled
using hooks like useEffect.

40. Describe the useContext hook in React and its purpose. How can you share data across components
without prop drilling in React, and what is the useContext hook used for in managing shared state?
Answer:
The useContext hook in React allows you to share data across components without prop drilling by accessing
values from a Context directly. It simplifies state management by providing a way to avoid passing props
manually through each intermediate component. The useContext hook helps components consume the
context value and manage shared state more efficiently.

41. How does ReactJS handle state management in larger applications, and what are some
recommended patterns or libraries for state management?
Answer:
React manages state using components' internal state and sometimes shared state using context API.
Recommended patterns or libraries include Redux for centralized state management and Context API for
simpler cases.

42. Discuss the role of higher-order components (HOCs) in ReactJS and provide an example of how
they can be used.
Answer:
Higher-order components are functions that take a component and return a new component with enhanced
functionality. For example, a `withAuthentication` HOC can wrap a component to provide authentication
logic.

43. What are React Hooks, and how do they simplify state management and component logic in
ReactJS applications?
Answer:
React Hooks are functions that allow functional components to use state and other React features. They
simplify state management and logic by allowing developers to use state and other React features without
writing class components.

44. Explain the concept of context API in ReactJS and how it helps with global state management.
Answer:
Context API allows data to be passed through the component tree without having to pass props down
manually at every level. It helps with global state management by providing a way to share data across
components without prop drilling.

45. Discuss the differences between controlled and uncontrolled components in ReactJS, and when you
would use each approach.
Answer:
Controlled components are components whose state is controlled by React, while uncontrolled components
maintain their own state. Controlled components are typically used when you need to manipulate component
state from React, while uncontrolled components are useful for form inputs that manage their own state.

46. How does React Router facilitate page routing in ReactJS applications, and what are some
advanced features it offers?
Answer:
React Router provides declarative routing for React applications, allowing you to define routes as
components. Advanced features include nested routing, route parameters, and dynamic route matching.

47. Describe the concept of code splitting in ReactJS and how it improves application performance.
Answer:
Code splitting involves breaking down your JavaScript bundle into smaller chunks that can be loaded on
demand. This improves performance by reducing the initial load time of your application.

48. What are lazy loading and suspense in ReactJS, and how can they be used to optimize the loading
of components?
Answer:
Lazy loading involves deferring the loading of components until they are needed, while suspense allows you
to handle loading states for lazy-loaded components. Together, they optimize the loading of components by
only loading them when necessary and providing a loading indicator in the meantime.

49. Explain the concept of server-side rendering (SSR) in ReactJS and its advantages in terms of
performance and SEO.
Answer:
Server-side rendering involves rendering React components on the server and sending the HTML to the
client, improving performance by reducing time to first render and enhancing SEO by providing searchable
content to web crawlers.

50. How do you handle form validation in ReactJS applications, and what are some best practices?
Answer:
Form validation in ReactJS can be handled using built-in HTML validation attributes, libraries like Formik,
or custom validation logic. Best practices include displaying validation errors to users, using controlled
components for input fields, and providing feedback as users interact with the form.

51. Discuss the role of error boundaries in ReactJS and how they help with error handling in
applications.
Answer:
Error boundaries are React components that catch JavaScript errors anywhere in their child component tree.
They help with error handling by preventing the entire application from crashing due to errors in specific
components and allowing you to gracefully handle errors and display fallback UI.

52. What are the benefits of using TypeScript with ReactJS, and how does it enhance developer
productivity and code quality?
Answer:
TypeScript enhances developer productivity and code quality by providing static typing, improved tooling
support, and better code documentation. It helps catch errors early in the development process and improves
code readability and maintainability.

53. Explain the concept of memoization in ReactJS and how it optimizes rendering performance.
Answer:
Memoization involves caching the result of a function call based on its arguments. In React, memoization
optimizes rendering performance by preventing unnecessary re-renders of components that receive the same
props or state.

54. Discuss the concept of code reusability in ReactJS and how you can achieve it using custom hooks
and higher-order components.
Answer:
Code reusability in ReactJS is achieved by creating components, hooks, or higher-order components that
encapsulate logic or behavior and can be reused across different parts of an application. Custom hooks and
higher-order components are common patterns for achieving code reusability.

55. How does ReactJS handle asynchronous data fetching, and what are some common approaches for
managing asynchronous operations?
Answer:
ReactJS handles asynchronous data fetching using techniques like promises, async/await, or libraries like
Axios or Fetch. Common approaches for managing asynchronous operations include using lifecycle methods
or useEffect hook to trigger data fetching, handling loading and error states, and updating the UI with fetched
data.

56. What are the differences between server-side rendering (SSR) and client-side rendering (CSR) in
ReactJS, and when would you use each approach?
Answer:
Server-side rendering (SSR) involves rendering React components on the server and sending the generated
HTML to the client, while client-side rendering (CSR) renders components in the browser using JavaScript.
SSR is suitable for improving initial load time and SEO, whereas CSR provides better interactivity for
dynamic applications.

57. How can performance be optimized in ReactJS applications, and what techniques can you employ
for this purpose?
Answer:
Performance optimization in ReactJS involves techniques like memoization, which caches the results of
expensive computations, shouldComponentUpdate lifecycle method, which prevents unnecessary re-renders,
and PureComponent, which performs shallow comparisons to determine if a component should update.

58. What is the purpose of React DevTools, and how does it assist developers in debugging and
profiling ReactJS applications?
Answer:
React DevTools is a browser extension that enables developers to inspect React component hierarchies, track
component state and props, debug component behavior, and profile performance, enhancing the debugging
and development experience.

59. How do you implement internationalization (i18n) and localization in ReactJS applications, and
what libraries can facilitate this process?
Answer:
Internationalization and localization in ReactJS can be achieved by managing translations, date formats, and
locale-specific content. Libraries like react-i18next or react-intl provide tools for managing translations and
formatting.

60. Why is accessibility (a11y) important in ReactJS applications, and how can you ensure your
components are accessible to all users?
Answer:
Accessibility is crucial in ReactJS applications to ensure all users, including those with disabilities, can
access and interact with the content. Techniques like adding aria attributes, providing keyboard navigation,
and conducting screen reader testing can help ensure accessibility.
61. What does "state lifting" mean in ReactJS, and in what scenarios would you use it to manage
shared state between components?
Answer:
"State lifting" refers to managing shared state among components by moving the state up to their common
ancestor. It is used when multiple components need access to the same state or when state needs to be shared
between sibling components.

62. How does ReactJS handle server-side rendering of data fetched from APIs, and what
considerations should be taken into account for SSR with dynamic data?
Answer:
ReactJS fetches data from APIs on the server, renders the component tree with the fetched data, and sends the
HTML to the client. Considerations for SSR with dynamic data include handling asynchronous data fetching
and data hydration on the client.

63. What are React portals, and how do they enable rendering outside the parent DOM hierarchy?
Answer:
React portals provide a way to render a child component at a different location in the DOM hierarchy,
outside its parent component. They enable rendering of components like modals or tooltips outside their
parent's DOM hierarchy while maintaining React's event bubbling and context.

64. How does composition promote component reusability and modularity in ReactJS?
Answer:
Composition in ReactJS involves building complex UI components by combining smaller, reusable
components. It promotes reusability and modularity by allowing components to be composed from smaller,
self-contained parts, making them easier to understand, maintain, and reuse.

65. What are some recommended best practices for structuring and organizing larger ReactJS
applications to maintain scalability and code maintainability?

Answer:
Recommended best practices for structuring and organizing larger ReactJS applications include using
architectural patterns like MVC or Flux, maintaining a clear folder structure, separating concerns into
modules or components, and following design principles like DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself) and SRP (Single
Responsibility Principle) to manage complexity effectively.

66. How does ReactJS manage component state, and what are the differences between state and props?
Answer:
ReactJS manages component state using the useState hook or the setState method in class components. State
represents data that can change over time and is specific to each instance of a component, while props are
immutable data passed from parent to child components.

67. Discuss the concept of React Context and its role in managing global state in React applications.
Answer:
React Context provides a way to share data between components without having to pass props through every
level of the component tree. It's particularly useful for managing global state, such as user authentication or
theme settings, making it accessible to any component in the application.

68. Explain the significance of key reconciliation in React and how it contributes to efficient rendering.
Answer:
Key reconciliation in React ensures that the virtual DOM efficiently updates only the necessary components
when changes occur, rather than re-rendering the entire DOM. It uses keys assigned to each element to
determine which components need to be updated, improving rendering performance.

69. What are the benefits of using React Router for navigation in React applications, and how can you
implement nested routing?
Answer:
React Router simplifies navigation in React applications by providing declarative routing solutions. It allows
for dynamic routing, nested routes, and route matching based on URL patterns, enabling complex navigation
structures while maintaining a single-page application experience.

70. Describe the concept of code splitting in React and its impact on application performance and user
experience.
Answer:
Code splitting involves breaking down the application bundle into smaller chunks that are loaded
asynchronously when needed. This improves application performance by reducing initial load times and
enhances user experience by prioritizing critical resources while deferring non-essential ones.

71. How do you handle side effects in React components, and what is the purpose of the useEffect
hook?
Answer:
Side effects in React components, such as data fetching, subscriptions, or DOM manipulation, are handled
using the useEffect hook. useEffect allows you to perform side effects after rendering, ensuring that they do
not block the browser's main thread and are executed asynchronously.

72. Discuss the concept of React suspense and how it helps in handling asynchronous operations, such
as data fetching.
Answer:
React suspense is a feature that enables components to suspend rendering while waiting for asynchronous
data to resolve. It simplifies error handling and data fetching logic by allowing components to specify
loading states and fallback UIs, improving the user experience during asynchronous operations.
73. Explain the differences between React.createClass and ES6 class components in ReactJS.
Answer:
React.createClass was the traditional way of creating components in React, using a createClass method. ES6
class components, on the other hand, are JavaScript classes that extend React.Component, providing a more
modern syntax and additional features like lifecycle methods and state.

74. How can you optimize the rendering performance of React applications, and what role does
shouldComponentUpdate play in this process?
Answer:
Rendering performance in React applications can be optimized by minimizing unnecessary re-renders.
shouldComponentUpdate is a lifecycle method that allows components to control when they should re-render
based on changes in props or state, preventing unnecessary updates and improving performance.

75. What are the advantages of using Redux for state management in React applications, and how does
it differ from React's built-in state management?
Answer:
Redux provides a centralized state management solution for React applications, making it easier to manage
complex application state and data flow. Unlike React's built-in state management, which is local to each
component, Redux enables global state management across the entire application, enhancing scalability and
maintainability.

76. Describe the role of middleware in Redux, and provide examples of commonly used middleware.
Answer:
Middleware in Redux intercepts actions dispatched to the store before they reach the reducers, allowing for
additional functionality such as logging, asynchronous actions, or routing. Commonly used middleware
includes Redux Thunk for handling asynchronous actions and Redux Logger for logging dispatched actions
and state changes.

77. How does React handle forms, and what are controlled and uncontrolled components in form
handling?
Answer:
React handles forms using controlled and uncontrolled components. Controlled components tie form input
values to React state, enabling React to control the input's state and behavior. Uncontrolled components, on
the other hand, rely on the browser to manage the input's state, with React acting as a mediator to access the
input's value when needed.

78. Discuss the concept of React Hooks, including useState and useEffect, and how they simplify state
management and side effects.
Answer:
React Hooks are functions that enable functional components to use state and lifecycle features previously
available only in class components. The useState hook allows functional components to manage state, while
useEffect handles side effects like data fetching or subscriptions, simplifying state management and side
effect handling in functional components.

79. Explain the concept of higher-order components (HOCs) in React, and provide examples of how
they can be used to enhance component functionality.
Answer:
Higher-order components (HOCs) are functions that accept a component as input and return a new enhanced
component with additional functionality. HOCs are commonly used for cross-cutting concerns like
authentication, logging, or code reuse. For example, an authentication HOC can wrap a component and
provide authentication-related props or behavior.

80. How can you optimize React application performance by using memoization and memo
components?
Answer:
Memoization is a technique for optimizing performance by caching the results of expensive computations
and returning the cached result when the same inputs occur again. In React, memoization can be applied to
functional components using the memo higher-order component, which memoizes the component's rendering
output based on its props, preventing unnecessary re-renders and improving performance.

81. How does ReactJS leverage virtual DOM to improve performance, and what are the underlying
mechanisms involved?
Answer:
ReactJS utilizes virtual DOM to minimize expensive DOM operations by maintaining a lightweight
representation of the actual DOM in memory. When state or props change, React compares the virtual DOM
with the previous version, calculates the difference (diffing), and updates only the necessary parts of the
actual DOM, resulting in faster rendering.

82. Discuss the concept of reconciliation in ReactJS and how it optimizes the rendering process.
Answer:
Reconciliation is the process of comparing the previous and current states of components and determining the
minimal set of changes needed to update the DOM. React's diffing algorithm reconciles changes efficiently
by traversing the component tree, identifying differences, and applying updates in a batched manner,
optimizing rendering performance.

83. Explain the role of Fiber in ReactJS and how it enables asynchronous rendering and scheduling.
Answer:
Fiber is a reimplementation of React's core algorithm that introduces a virtual stack frame (fiber) for each
component, enabling finer-grained control over the rendering process. Fiber's architecture supports
asynchronous rendering and scheduling, allowing React to pause, prioritize, and resume work, improving
responsiveness and concurrency in complex UIs.
84. What are some common performance bottlenecks in ReactJS applications, and how can you
address them?
Answer:
Common performance bottlenecks in ReactJS applications include excessive re-renders, inefficient
component updates, and unnecessary state management. To address these issues, developers can optimize
component rendering with shouldComponentUpdate or React.memo, minimize unnecessary state changes,
and implement code splitting and lazy loading to reduce initial load times.

85. Discuss the differences between ReactJS functional components and class components, including
their advantages and limitations.
Answer:
Functional components are simpler and more lightweight than class components, as they are just JavaScript
functions. They promote the use of React hooks for managing state and side effects, improving readability
and composability. However, class components offer features like lifecycle methods and local state
management, making them suitable for more complex logic and backward compatibility with older
codebases.

86. Explain the concept of component lifecycle in ReactJS and the various lifecycle methods available.
Answer:
The component lifecycle in ReactJS consists of three main phases: mounting, updating, and unmounting.
Each phase includes specific lifecycle methods, such as componentDidMount, componentDidUpdate, and
componentWillUnmount, which allow developers to perform initialization, side effects, and cleanup tasks at
different stages of a component's lifecycle.

87. How does ReactJS handle server-side rendering (SSR) of components, and what are the benefits of
SSR?
Answer:
ReactJS supports server-side rendering (SSR) by rendering components on the server instead of the client,
generating HTML markup that can be sent to the browser for initial page load. SSR improves performance by
reducing time-to-interactive and enhancing search engine optimization (SEO), as search engines can crawl
and index content more effectively.

88. Discuss the concept of code splitting and lazy loading in ReactJS, and how you can implement them
to improve application performance.
Answer:
Code splitting involves breaking down the application bundle into smaller chunks (bundles) that can be
loaded on demand. Lazy loading refers to loading these chunks only when they are needed, typically in
response to user actions or route changes. ReactJS supports code splitting and lazy loading through dynamic
import() syntax or tools like React.lazy and Suspense, enabling faster initial load times and better resource
utilization.

89. What are React hooks, and how do they change the way state and side effects are handled in
functional components?
Answer:
React hooks are functions that enable functional components to use state and lifecycle features previously
available only in class components. useState allows functional components to manage state, while useEffect
handles side effects. By allowing stateful logic to be encapsulated and reused in functional components,
hooks promote code reuse and composability.

90. Explain the differences between useState, useEffect, and useContext hooks in ReactJS, and when
you would use each hook.
Answer:
useState is used for managing component-level state within functional components, allowing them to
maintain their own stateful data. useEffect is used for performing side effects in functional components, such
as data fetching or subscriptions. useContext is used for accessing global state or context within a component
tree, providing a way to pass data down without prop drilling.

91. Discuss the use of React Suspense and concurrent mode in handling asynchronous operations and
rendering in ReactJS.
Answer:
React Suspense and concurrent mode allow React to pause and resume rendering work while handling
asynchronous operations, such as data fetching or lazy loading. Suspense enables components to suspend
rendering until data is ready, while concurrent mode prioritizes more important updates and interleaves
rendering with other tasks, improving performance and user experience.

92. How does ReactJS support error boundaries, and what are some strategies for gracefully handling
errors in components?
Answer:
ReactJS supports error boundaries, which are components that catch JavaScript errors in their child
component tree during rendering, lifecycle methods, and constructors. Error boundaries provide a way to
gracefully handle errors and prevent them from crashing the entire application by displaying fallback UIs or
logging errors for debugging.

93. Explain the concept of synthetic events in ReactJS and how they differ from native DOM events.
Answer:
Synthetic events in ReactJS are a cross-browser wrapper around native DOM events, providing a consistent
interface for handling events across different browsers. Unlike native DOM events, which have varying
behavior and properties, synthetic events are normalized and optimized for performance, allowing React to
implement event delegation and efficiently manage event listeners.

94. Discuss the use of React Portals and how they enable components to render outside their parent
DOM hierarchy.
Answer:
Portals allow components to render their children into a different part of the DOM hierarchy, outside their
parent components. This enables components to break out of their container's constraints and render content
in a separate DOM node, such as modals, tooltips, or popovers, without affecting the parent's styles or layout.
95. What are some common patterns for managing global state in ReactJS applications, and how do
they compare?
Answer:
Common patterns for managing global state in ReactJS applications include prop drilling, context API, state
management libraries (e.g., Redux), and component composition. Prop drilling involves passing props down
through multiple levels of components, while context API provides a centralized way to share state across the
component tree. State management libraries offer more advanced features for managing complex application
state, while component composition allows components to share state and behavior through composition
rather than inheritance.

96. What is the role of React Redux in state management, and how does it integrate with ReactJS
applications?
Answer:
React Redux serves as a predictable state container for managing the application's state and enabling efficient
data flow throughout React components. How does it achieve this integration and ensure seamless
communication between components?

97. When considering server-side rendering (SSR) versus client-side rendering (CSR) in ReactJS
applications, what are the benefits and drawbacks of each approach?
Answer:
SSR offers advantages such as improved SEO and initial load performance, but it may introduce complexity
and overhead. Conversely, CSR provides dynamic and interactive experiences, yet it might suffer from
slower initial rendering and SEO challenges. How do these factors influence the choice between SSR and
CSR?

98. How does ReactJS handle the implementation of code splitting and lazy loading for components,
and what advantages do these techniques offer?
Answer:
ReactJS utilizes mechanisms like dynamic import() and React.lazy() to split bundles into smaller chunks,
loading components only when necessary. What benefits do these techniques provide in terms of reducing
initial load times and optimizing resource utilization?

99. Can you explain the concept of memoization in ReactJS and its impact on the performance of
functional components?
Answer:
Memoization involves caching the results of expensive function calls to improve performance by avoiding
unnecessary recalculations. How does ReactJS utilize memoization to optimize rendering performance,
particularly in functional components?

100. What is the significance of server-side rendering (SSR) in ReactJS applications, and how does it
affect search engine optimization (SEO) and initial page load performance?
Answer:

Server-side rendering (SSR) in ReactJS generates HTML on the server rather than the client, improving
initial page load times and making content available to search engines. SSR boosts SEO by delivering fully
rendered content to search engine crawlers, which helps in indexing the page effectively. It also enhances
performance by reducing the time users wait for content to appear, as the server sends a fully rendered page
to the browser.