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12 - Z Transforms

The z-transform is a mathematical tool that generalizes the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) to characterize a broader class of discrete-time signals and linear time-invariant (LTI) systems, including unstable systems. It allows for the analysis of signals that may not be absolutely summable and provides insights into system stability and causality. Key concepts include poles, zeros, and the region of convergence (ROC), which are essential for understanding the behavior of the z-transform.

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11 views50 pages

12 - Z Transforms

The z-transform is a mathematical tool that generalizes the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) to characterize a broader class of discrete-time signals and linear time-invariant (LTI) systems, including unstable systems. It allows for the analysis of signals that may not be absolutely summable and provides insights into system stability and causality. Key concepts include poles, zeros, and the region of convergence (ROC), which are essential for understanding the behavior of the z-transform.

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qqq893524
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The Z -Transform

Dr. J. Aravinth
Why z-Transform?

The DTFT characterizes the discrete-time signals and LTI systems in


terms of complex sinusoids.

However, the DTFT can be applied only to those discrete-time LTI A sequence h[n] is said to be
A sequence
absolutely summable
absolutelyifsummable
the
systems that are stable because the DTFT exists (in the point-wise [] is said to be
sum
if the of
sumtheofabsolute values
the absolute ofof
values
sense) only if the impulse response is absolutely summable. its terms is finite
its terms is finite

The z-transform characterizes the discrete-time signals and LTI


systems in terms of complex exponentials that are generalization of
complex sinusoids.

Therefore, the z-transform can provide a characterization of a


broader class of discrete-time LTI systems, including unstable
systems, and their interaction with a larger class of signals, e.g.,
signals that are not absolutely summable.
Why z-Transform?
In summary
Bilateral z-Transform?
Poles of the z-transform are values of z for which X(z) goes to infinity. These

Zeros and Poles are critical points and typically occur where the denominator of X(z) becomes
zero.
Zeros and Poles
When ROC is bounded by poles, means ROC is delimited by locations of
poles on complex plane. Specifically:

-> The ROC is a ring or annulus-shaped region.


-> The inner boundary of the ROC is defined by the pole with the
smallest magnitude.
-> The outer boundary of the ROC is defined by the pole with the largest
magnitude.
Region of Convergence (ROC)
Region of Convergence (ROC)
Unilateral Vs. Bilateral z-Transform?
Connection with Fourier Transforms, Stability and
Causality Properties
Relationship Between z-Transform and DTFT
Let 𝑋(𝑧) be the z-transform of 𝑥[𝑛].

If we substitute 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒
𝑗Ω
in 𝑋(𝑧), then we get the DTFT of 𝑟−𝑛 𝑥[𝑛] , that is,

The z-transform of any discrete-time signal is the Fourier


transform of an exponentially-decreasing weighted
version of that signal.
Due to this (negative) exponential weighting, the in nite
sum will converge and the z-transform of a sequence may
exist even when the Fourier transform of the same sequence
may not.

If we substitute 𝑧 = 𝑒
𝑗Ω
in 𝑋(𝑧), then we get the DTFT of 𝑥[𝑛], that is,

The DTFT of any discrete-time signal is its z-transform


evaluated on the unit circle 𝑧 = 𝑒𝑗Ω .
Causality
Stability
z-Transform Properties
Properties of z-Transform
z-Transform Pairs
Linearity
Translation (Time Shifting)
z Domain Scaling
Time Reversal
Upsampling
Downsampling
Conjugation
Convolution
z-Domain Di erentiation
Time Di erencing
Time Accumulation
Initial Value Theorem
Final Value Theorem
Finding Inverse z-Transforms
Partial Fraction Method
Partial Fraction Method
Partial Fraction Method
Partial Fraction Method
Partial Fraction Method
Direct Method Method

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