Dams

Problem 1 judith
Problem 2: jamilha
Assume that the concrete dam shown weighs 23.6 kN/m3 and rests on a solid foundation.
Determine the minimum coefficient of friction between the dam and the foundation required
to keep the dam from sliding at the water depth shown. Neglect a possible uplift along the
base. Base your analysis on a unit length of the dam.

SOLUTION:

The angular portion of the dam decreases by 4 m (from 6 m to 2 m) as the dam rises 5 m.
Thus, the angle at the base of the dam = tan-1(5 m/4 m) = 0.8961 radians = 51.34o. This is
also the angle, θ, that the water makes with the sloping surface of the dam, which is used in
our formula for the resultant force. See the sketch at the left for the forces acting on the
dam.The slanted length of the dam, below the surface of the water, is (4 m)/sin θ = (4
m)/sin(0.8961) = 5.122 m. The area of a unit width of the dam is (5.122 m)(1 m)2 = 5.122
m2. The value of yc = (5.122/2 m) = 2.5561 m. With these data we can find the resultant
force of the water on a unit length of the dam.

For force equilibrium in the x direction, the x component of the resultant force, FRsin θ =
(100.4 kN)sin(0.8931)
= 78.40 kN, must equal the friction force, Ff. Force equilibrium in the y direction requires the
weight of the dam,
which is the product of the specific weight times the volume of the unit length of the dam.
The cross sectional
area has two parts: (1) a rectangle with an area of (2 m)(5 m) = 10 m2
and (2) a triangle with an area of (4 m)(5
m)/2 = 10 m2
. The volume of a unit length of the dam is thus (10 m2 + 10 m2
)(1 m) = 20 m3
. Thus the weight of
concrete in the unit length of he dam is (23.6 kN/m3
)(20 m3
) = 472 kN. With this weight we have the following
force balance in the y direction.
N = FR
cos +W = (100.4 kN)cos0.8931+ 472 kN = 534 kN
The friction coefficient, ɳ, is simply the friction force divided by the normal force.

kung hindi maintindihan:

Problem 3 Joross
What is the minimum width b for the base of a dam 120 ft high if hydrostatic uplift is
assumed to vary uniformly from full hydrostatic head at the heel to zero at the toe, and also
assuming an ice thrust P₁ of 15,000 lb per linear foot of dam at the top? For this study, make
the resultant of the reacting forces cut the base at the downstream edge of the middle third
of the base and take the weight of the masonry as 3γ.

GIVEN: REQUIRED: b
H=120ft
P1= 15000 lb/linear foot
W= 3y
Y= 62.4 lb/〖ft〗^3

SOLUTION:
F= yhA
Fh= y×(h1+h2)/2×A = Fh=62.4×((120+0)/2)×(120×1) = 449,280lb

Fu=((h×y)/2)(1×b) = Fu= (120×62.4)/2(1×b)= 3,744b

W1=(depth×y)(width×thickness) = W1=(3×62.4)(20×120×1)= 449,280lb

W2=(depth×y)((width×thickness)/2) = W2=(3×62.4)[(b-20)((120×1)/2)]= 11,232(b-20)
∑_mu▒〖=0〗
(Fh×120/3)+(Fu×b/3)-(Fh×b/3)-(W2×1/3 (b-20)-b/3)+(P1×H)=0
(448,640×120/3)+(3,744×b/3)-(448,640×b/3)-(11,232(b-20)×1/3 (b-20)-b/3)+(15,000×120)=0

〖3b〗^2+120b-28,800)=0
[〖1248b〗^2-22640b+21268800](1/416)

b=80ft

Problem #4
Bugarin
A concrete dam has the figure profile shown in Figure P-911.

If the density of concrete is 2400kg/m³

and that of a water is 1000 kg/m³, determine the maximum comprehensive stress at section
m-n if the depth of water is behind the dam is h= 15m.

Given Data:
Density of Concrete (Pc) = 2400kg/m³
Density of Water (Pw) = 1000kg/m³
Depth of water (h) = 15m
Dimensions;
Height (H) = 25m, Base Width = 9m,
Top Width = 3m

Solution:
The dam has trapezoidal cross section area of:
A= ½( b1+b2)H
A= ½ (9+3) 25
A= 150m² The volume per unitwidth
V= A×1= 150m²
Weight
W= V × Pc × g
W=150(2400)(9.81)
W= 3.53×10^6N

Hydrostatics force
Fw = ½ Pw × g × h²
Fw = ½ 1000(9.81)(15²)
Fw = 1.10 × 10^ 6 N

Resultant Location
x = b1+2b2/3 = 9+6/3 = 5m
The moment due to dam weight point (n)
Mw = W × 5 = (3.53×10^6) × (5)
Mw1 = 1.765×10^7 Nm

The moment due to water force

Mw = Fw × 5 = (1.10×10^6) ×( 5)
Mw2= 5.50×10^6 Nm

Total Moment
M(total) = (Mw1+Mw2)
= (1.765×10^7) - (5.50×10^6)
= 1.215×10^7 Nm

Compute Normal Stress

Normal stress (ōn) = W/A
(3.53×10^6) /150 = 23.53kPa
Bending Stress (ōb) = My/I
Wherein I= bH³/12
9×25/12= 11718.75 m⁴

Ōb= 1.215 × 10^7 × 4.5/ 11718.75

Ōb= 46.65kPa

Maximum Stress
Ōmax= ōn+ ōb
= 23.53 + 46.65
= 70. 18kpa
The maximum comprehensive stress at section m-n is 70.18kPa.

PROBLEM # 5 ALMARIE
Assuming that the concrete dam shown weighs 23.6kN / (m ^ 3) The coefficient of the static
friction mu = 0.23 The the hydrostatic uplift varies from 20% of the full hydrostatic pressure
at heel to zero at the toe. Calculate the minimum and maximum pressure on the soil where
the dam rests and the Factor of safety against sliding and overturning

PROBLEM 6 Bugarin
A concrete dam of trapezoidal cross section as shown with T=1m, B= 4.3m, H=9m, and h=
6m. The weight of the concrete is 24kN/m³ For the conditions Evaluate the following
a) Total Hydrostatic Force of the Dam in KN per meter per length
b) The resting moment of the dam overturning in Kn-m per length of the dam
c) Factory of saferty against sliding if the coefficient of friction

Solution

PROBLEM 9: CYROLD
A dam is triangular in cross-section with the upstream face vertical. Water is flushed with the
top. The dam is 8 m high and 6 m wide at the base and weighs 2.4 tons per cubic meter.
The coefficient of friction between the base and the foundation is 0.8. Determine the
maximum and minimum unit pressure on the foundation, and the factors of safety against
overturning and against sliding.

Given:

𝑏= 6 m
ℎ= 8 m

𝛾= 2.4 tons/m³ (convert to kN/m³:

2.4×9.81≈23.54kN/m³)
μ = 0.8
Required:
a) Maximum and minimum unit pressure on the foundation.
b) Factors of safety against overturning and sliding.

SOLUTION:
PROBLEM 7: CYROLD
A concrete dam retaining water is shown. If the specific weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/m3,
find the factor of safety against sliding, overturning and the maximum and minimum pressure
intensity on the base. Assume there is no hydrostatic uplift and that the coefficient of friction
between the dam and the foundation soil is 0.48.

𝛾= 23.5 kN/m³
Given:

𝜇= 0.48
Required:
a) Factor of safety against sliding
b) Factor of safety against overturning
c) Maximum and minimum pressure intensity
on the base

SOLUTION:
PROBLEM 8: JACUSALEM, JADE HARVEY R.

A CONCRETE DAM OF TRAPEZOIDAL CROSS-SECTION HAS A WIDTH AT A TOP OF

1.0 m AND AT THE BOTTOM OF 4.30 m. DAM HEIGHT IS 9m, AND THE WATER LEVEL
HEIGHT IS 6m (ON THE VERTICAL SIDE OF THE DAM). THE WEIGHT OF CONCRETE
IS 24 Kn/m^3. EVALUATE:
THE TOTAL HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON THE DAM (Kn) PER METER LENGTH
THE FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST OVERTURNING
THE FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST SLIDING IF THE COEFFICIENT OF
FRICITION BETWEEN THE SUPPORTING GROUND AND CONCRETE IS 0.50.
SOLUTION:
a)
γ_c=24 kN/m^3
γ_w=9.8 kN/m^3
WEIGHT
W_1=(1)(9)(1)(24)=216kN
W_2=(1/2)(3.3)(9)(24)=356.4kN
HYDROSTATIC FORCE, F_H
F_H=(1/2)(9.81)(6)(6)
F_H=176.58kN
b)
FS_O=(overturning)
RM=216kN(3.3m+0.5m)+356.4kN(2/3)(3.3m)
RM=1604.88kN.m
OM=176.58kN(1/3)(6m)
OM=353.16kN.m

∴FS_O=RM/OM
=1604.88kN/353.16kN
FS_O=4.54
c)
FS_S (sliding),μ=0.50

FS_S=(Resist (F_f ))/(Slide (F_H ) ) F_f=μ×R_Y ;R_Y=W_1+W_2

=286.2kN/176.58kN =0.5(216kN+356.4kN)
FS_S=1.62 F_f=286.kN

PROBLEM 9. ROTCIV
A vertical concrete dam wall holds back a reservoir of water with depth H = 75 meters. The
water has density ρ = 1000 kg/m³, and gravitational acceleration is g = 9.81 m/s².

a) Calculate the hydrostatic pressure at the base of the dam wall.

b) Determine the total hydrostatic force acting on a 1-meter-wide section of the dam wall.

c) Find the location of the center of pressure (the point where the resultant force acts).

SOLUTION:

Given:
● Water depth H = 75 meters
● Water density ρ = 1000 kg/m³
● Gravitational acceleration g = 9.81 m/s²

(a) Calculate the hydrostatic pressure at the base of the dam wall.
The hydrostatic pressure at depth h is given by: P = ρgh

At the base (h = H = 75 m): P = 1000 kg/m³ × 9.81 m/s² × 75 m P = 735,750 Pa

P ≈ 735.8 kPa

(b) Determine the total hydrostatic force acting on a 1-meter-wide

section of the dam wall.
For a vertical wall, the pressure varies linearly from zero at the water surface to ρgH at the
bottom. The total force is the integral of the pressure over the height:

F = ∫(0 to H) ρgh · 1 · dh F = ρg · 1 · ∫(0 to H) h · dh F = ρg · 1 · [h²/2](0 to H) F =

ρg · 1 · (H²/2 - 0) F = ρgH²/2

Substituting the values: F = 1000 kg/m³ × 9.81 m/s² × (75 m)²/2 F = 1000 ×
9.81 × 5625 / 2 F = 27,590,625 N F ≈ 27.6 MN per meter width

(c) Find the location of the center of pressure.

The center of pressure (CP) is the point where the resultant force acts. For a triangular
pressure distribution on a rectangular vertical surface, the center of pressure is located at a
distance from the water surface equal to:

h_cp = 2H/3

Therefore: h_cp = 2 × 75 m / 3 h_cp = 50 m from the water surface

This means the center of pressure is located 50 meters below the water surface, or at 2/3 of
the total depth.

PROBLEM 10: MICHAELLA

Water flows over a spillway of a dam with height H = 50 meters. The water depth at the crest
of the spillway is h₁ = 1.5 meters, and the water flows with a velocity v₁ = 8 m/s at this point.
After flowing down the spillway, the water enters a horizontal stilling basin where a hydraulic
jump forms.

a) Calculate the Froude number at the bottom of the spillway before the hydraulic jump.

b) Determine the water depth h₂ after the hydraulic jump.

c) Calculate the energy dissipated by the hydraulic jump.

SOLUTION:

Given:
● Dam height H = 50 meters
● Water depth at spillway crest h₁ = 1.5 meters
● Water velocity at spillway crest v₁ = 8 m/s
● Gravitational acceleration g = 9.81 m/s²

(a) Calculate the Froude number at the bottom of the spillway before the
hydraulic jump.
First, we need to find the velocity v₂ and depth h₂ at the bottom of the spillway before the
jump.

Using conservation of energy from the spillway crest to the bottom:

v₂² = v₁² + 2gH v₂² = 8² + 2 × 9.81 × 50 v₂² = 64 + 981 v₂² = 1045 v₂ ≈ 32.3
m/s

Using continuity equation (conservation of mass): q = h₁v₁ = h₂v₂

Where q is the discharge per unit width.

Therefore: h₂ = h₁v₁/v₂ h₂ = 1.5 m × 8 m/s / 32.3 m/s h₂ ≈ 0.37 m

Now, we can calculate the Froude number at the bottom of the spillway:

Fr₂ = v₂/√(gh₂) Fr₂ = 32.3/√(9.81 × 0.37) Fr₂ = 32.3/1.90 Fr₂ ≈ 17.0

This Froude number is much greater than 1, indicating supercritical flow (fast and shallow)
before the hydraulic jump.

(b) Determine the water depth h₃ after the hydraulic jump.

For a hydraulic jump, the relationship between depths before and after the jump can be
derived from momentum conservation:

h₃/h₂ = (1/2)(√(1 + 8Fr₂²) - 1)

Substituting Fr₂ = 17.0: h₃/h₂ = (1/2)(√(1 + 8 × 17.0²) - 1) h₃/h₂ = (1/2)(√(1 + 8 ×

289) - 1) h₃/h₂ = (1/2)(√(1 + 2312) - 1) h₃/h₂ = (1/2)(√2313 - 1) h₃/h₂ = (1/2)(48.1
- 1) h₃/h₂ = (1/2)(47.1) h₃/h₂ = 23.55

Therefore: h₃ = 23.55 × h₂ h₃ = 23.55 × 0.37 m h₃ ≈ 8.7 m

This is the water depth after the hydraulic jump, which is significantly greater than the depth
before the jump (subcritical flow - slow and deep)

(c) Calculate the energy dissipated by the hydraulic jump.

The specific energy before the jump is: E₂ = h₂ + v₂²/(2g) E₂ = 0.37 + (32.3)²/(2
× 9.81) E₂ = 0.37 + 53.1 E₂ ≈ 53.5 m

The specific energy after the jump is: E₃ = h₃ + v₃²/(2g)

Using continuity: v₃ = q/h₃ = (h₂v₂)/h₃ = (0.37 × 32.3)/8.7 v₃ ≈ 1.4 m/s

Therefore: E₃ = 8.7 + (1.4)²/(2 × 9.81) E₃ = 8.7 + 0.1 E₃ ≈ 8.8 m

The energy dissipated by the hydraulic jump is: ΔE = E₂ - E₃ ΔE = 53.5 - 8.8 ΔE ≈

44.7 m

Alternatively, the energy dissipation can be calculated using the formula: ΔE =

(h₃ - h₂)³/(4h₂h₃) ΔE = (8.7 - 0.37)³/(4 × 0.37 × 8.7) ΔE = (8.33)³/(12.88) ΔE =
577.9/12.88 ΔE ≈ 44.9 m

This closely matches our previous calculation. The energy dissipation is approximately 44.7-
44.9 m, which represents about 83% of the total energy. This demonstrates the
effectiveness of hydraulic jumps as energy dissipators to prevent erosion downstream of
dams.