by: Engr. Ricrey E.

Marquez, PCpE
Today’s Agenda
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• How to write a/an:

A. Introduction G.Scope and Limitation of the Study
B. Background of the Study H. Significance of the Study
C. Project Description I. Research Methodology
D. Statement of the Problem (SOP) a) Research Design
E. Research Framework b) Sources of Data
a) Theoretical Framework c) Research Instruments
b) Conceptual Framework d) Data Gathering Procedure
F. Project Objectives J. Definition of Terms
Writing a Design Project Introduction
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• Introduction should describe your design project

which:
– Provides the reader with the basis behind the work,
– Enables the reader to understand and appreciate the aims of the
study, and
– Demonstrate the underlying theories or principles that anchor to
subject matter or study focus

• Introduction should not exceed two (2) pages

Parts of Introductory Chapter
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

1. Background or historical development of the technology related to the

research,
2. Importance of the system or specific technology that will be used in
conducting a research or project,
3. The background of the current process, system, or procedure, as well
gaps from the previous related studies (for EE or ECE this should be
separate part),
4. Problems of encountered in No. 3, (for EE or ECE this should be
separate part) and
5. State the importance of the your proposed project or solution and
discuss the basic function (for CpE this should be discuss in details in
Project Description);
Approach to an Effective Introduction
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• Approaches vary widely, however for in design project

the following approach can produce an effective
introduction:
1. Describe the rationale (significance) of the study;
2. Defend the model (conceptual FW);
3. Provide a underlying principle (theoretical FW);
4. Briefly describe the research study (basic operation and functions).
1 - Describe the rationale of the research study
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• Why was this significance doing in the first place?

• Provide a broad context
– Review Literature (RL) should provide you with an sufficient
background of your chosen topic
2 - Defend the Model (Conceptual Framework)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• Why did you use this particular system or models?

– state the advantages of the proposed research study,
– critiques its suitability from a theoretical point of view (gaps)
as well as indicate practical reasons for why the study needs
to be develop.
3 - Provide a Foundation (Theoretical Framework)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• State the theories or principles behind the proposed

study or research project,
• State your specific objective(s),
• Describe the perceptive that led you to select the topic
or research project.
4 - Briefly describe your research (Operations and
Functions)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• Describe the experimental design,

• Describe how it accomplished the stated objectives,
• Should be written for a general readerships
 Relation of research to
the background

Importance of research
project

Indicator that the

research project must be
develop

Source: Microcontroller – based Solar - powered Oil Extractor (Brugada & La Torre, 2017)
 Importance of advancement of
technology

Relation of research to the

background

Initial investigation about long

waiting lines

Importance of the emerging

technologies that will used to in
conducting the research project

Source: E-QuIPS: Electronic Queuing and Integrated Payment System using Near Field Communications
(Cabarrubias, Duran, & Ortiz, 2016)
Formulation of Background of the Study
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study in a research paper goes is a part of

introductory chapter
– may contain the general description, and may include the broader
description of the topic,
– discuss the current setup or process of the selected client or locale
as well as gaps from cited related studies,
– identify the problems encountered with present setup or process
which directed you to formulate your statement of the problem, and
– write about the background of the research (or topic) that helps you to
explain why the research was either essential or accepted.
 Introduction of traditional oil
extraction

Discussion of the current oil

extraction method or process

Problem identified with the

current process

Due to these problems,

researchers directed them to
conduct this study

Source: Microcontroller – based Solar - powered Oil Extractor (Brugada & La Torre, 2017)
Formulation of Project Description (for CpE)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• Project Description refers to the general or specific

information that led to the identification of the topic.
– Describe briefly the functions of the project;
– Describe the concepts and theories that led you to select the topic;
and
– Describe the significance of the theories or technology which helps
you to conduct a study.
 Describe the research
study basic operation
and functions, concepts,
and technologies

Source: PC-Based Digital Logic IC Tester via USB Port (Agawin, Fernando, & Yango, 2009)
Writing a Statement of the Problem
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• Statement of the Problem (SOP) is a more specific description

of the problem described in the introduction.
– Problem description should include the scope of the problem and any
outside elements that would affect the outcome of the problem.
– It contains the general problem as well as specific problems.
– Clear and precise statement of the problem to be addressed and the
need for solution.

• Use the statement of the problem to show that the proposed

project is definitely needed.
Criteria of Formulating a Problem Statement
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• The following criteria should be considered in formulating the

problem statement as suggested by Edralin (2000):
1. Research problem is written in question form,
2. Research problem identifies a specific area,
3. Topic is phrased in workable and manageable term,
4. Scope is limited to realistic parameters that are neither too narrow nor too broad;
5. Words used are balanced, objective, and not emotion-laden,
6. Phrases or wordings are measureable and can be empirically proven,
7. Research problem identifies the data and techniques needed to answer the
questions, and
8. Research problem is stated clearly in acceptable in grammatical terms.
Five Key Questions to Answer Your Problem
Statement
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• Does your problem statement:

1. demonstrate a precise understanding of the problem you are
attempting to solve?
2. clearly convey the focus of your project early in the background of the
study?
3. indicate the relationship of your project to a larger set of problems
and justify why your particular focus has been chosen?
4. demonstrate that your problem is feasible to solve?
5. make others want to read it further?
Sample SOP (1)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Source: Microcontroller – based Solar - powered Oil Extractor (Brugada & La Torre, 2017)
Sample SOP (2)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Source: PC-Based Digital Logic IC Tester via USB Port (Agawin, Fernando, & Yango, 2009)
Sample SOP (3)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Source: E-QuIPS: Electronic Queuing and Integrated Payment System using Near Field Communications (Cabarrubias, Duran, & Ortiz, 2016)
Formulation of Research Framework
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• Research Framework is the foundation that provides base and support.

• A framework should be FRAME that WORKS.

• There are two types of framework

– Theoretical Framework (TF)
– Conceptual Framework (CF)

• The formulation of a theoretical or conceptual framework is considered as

one the most difficult part/component of research.
Formulation of Theoretical Framework
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• Theoretical Framework is used frequently to describe the

content of scientific investigation.
– Consist of one or more theories and/or empirical information that
serves as the scientific anchor or support in conducting the study

• TF defines:
– relationships of all the variables pertinent to the study,
– explains the theory underlying these relationships and describes the
nature, and the direction of these relationships.
Guidelines in Making the Theoretical Framework
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• In the course of your review, select one or more theories and/or empirical
information that tends to best describe and explain, relate to and/or
support your design project problem and objectives.
• Take note the following:
1. Name of the theory, if none use the author’s name
2. Background/expertise of the author
3. Bibliographic references
4. Factors/concepts discussed, definitions and their relationship to one another
• Discuss how these selected theories influence or affect your proposed
project.
• End your presentation with the author’s diagram or visual illustration of
the theories.
Sample Theoretical Framework (1)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Brief introduction

Describe the importance

of smart card technology

Impact of cashless system

Sample Theoretical Framework (2)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
Impact of cashless system cont.

Theory or principle 1 (How to

Interface NFC on a Mobile
Phone?)

Theory or principle 2
(Interfacing NFC on Android
Application)
Sample Theoretical Framework (3)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
Theory or principle 2 cont.
(Interfacing NFC on Android
Application)

Theory or principle 3 (How to

Interface NFC on a
Microcontroller?)
Sample Theoretical Framework (4)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Theory or principle 3 cont.

(How to Interface NFC on a
Microcontroller?)

Source: E-QuIPS: Electronic Queuing and Integrated Payment System using Near Field Communications (Cabarrubias, Duran, & Ortiz,
2016)
Formulation of Conceptual Framework
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• Conceptual Framework (CF) operationalizes (applies) the

theoretical framework, or a “modification” of the theoretical
framework to fit the particulars or specifics of the study being
done.
– Graphical representation of theoretical framework
– Diagrammatic representation showing the relationships of the variables
indicated in the framework to fit the design project problem and
objectives.
Some Guidelines in Formulating Conceptual
Framework
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• Explain why you choose your theoretical framework and how it

influence your proposed study.
• Identify the factors, concepts, or terms mentioned in the
theoretical framework which you are adapting to fit “your own”
framework
• Define each factor according to why and how they will affect
your day.
• Formulate and define your own terms and their
interrelationships.
Sample Conceptual Framework (1)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Brief the introduction

Discuss the INPUT block

Discuss the PROCESS block

Discuss the OUTPUT block

Sample Conceptual Framework (2)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

IPO diagram showing all the

variables indicated in theoretical
framework

Source: E-QuIPS: Electronic Queuing and Integrated Payment System using Near Field Communications (Cabarrubias, Duran, & Ortiz, 2016)
Sample Conceptual Framework (3)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Source: Development of Driver’s Wearable Device with Drowsiness Monitoring and Alert Notification System Through the Application of Interpretive
Model Algorithm in Brainwave Biosensor (Marquez, R., 2017)
Formulation of Project Objectives
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• The statement of the problem should be followed by the objectives of the

study.
– General objectives provide a short statement of the development goal being
pursued by the research.
– Specific objectives are operational in nature.

• Objectives are written to clearly indicate the specific focus and purpose of
the research study
• These are clear statements that describe intended outcomes (output).
• Strengthen goals and translate them into action.
Formulation of Project Objectives
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• A good objective emphasizes what will be done,

whereas a method will explain why or how it will be
done.
• Keep your objectives:
– Specific - indicate precisely what you intend to change/do through your
project
– Logical – how each objective contributes systematically to achieving
your overall goal
SMAAC Model in Writing Project Objectives
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

S pecific – are the objectives stated clearly and specifically, are they easily
understood as to what is intended, and indicate what is to be achieved
through the research study
M easurable – ensuring that the objectives can measure what has been
intended through the research study. Can the stated objectives
measure what the “RESEARCHER” claim?
A chievable – are the objectives realistic and can they be achieved? Can
they actually achieve what it was originally intended?
A ccountable – who is responsible to ensure that the objective is put into
action and what specifically is being put into action?
C ompatible – are the objectives in line with the purpose and focus of the
research study?
Criteria of Formulating the Project Objectives
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

1. Project objectives must be stated in a declarative form.

2. Specific variables to be investigated must be written clearly.
3. Concepts to be studied must be measurable.
4. The scope of the study must be attainable.
5. Each statement is related to the main problem.
6. SPOs IS ALWAYS parallel to SOPs
Sample Project Objectives (1)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Main objective related to

main problem

Related to main aim and

parallel to specific
problems

Source: Microcontroller – based Solar - powered Oil Extractor (Brugada & La Torre, 2017)
Sample Project Objectives (2)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Main objective related to

main problem

Related to main aim and

parallel to specific problems

Source: PC-Based Digital Logic IC Tester via USB Port (Agawin, Fernando, & Yango, 2009)
Sample Project Objectives (3)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Main objective related to main

problem

Related to main aim and parallel

to specific problems

Source: E-QuIPS: Electronic Queuing and Integrated Payment System using Near Field Communications
(Cabarrubias, Duran, & Ortiz, 2016)
Defining the Scope and Limitation of the Project
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• Scope of the investigation defines where and when the study

will be conducted and whom the subjects were set the precise
limits and boundaries, i.e. the parameters of the research.
– The researcher must tell what is to be included and not to be included
in the process of investigation).

• Limitation of the study is the phase or aspect of the

investigation that may adverse affects the results of the study
but you have no control.
Sample Scope and Limitation (1)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Proposed study capable

to do

Proposed study
boundaries or limitations

Source: Microcontroller – based Solar - powered Oil Extractor (Brugada & La Torre, 2017)
Sample Scope and Limitation (2)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Proposed study capable to do

Proposed study boundaries or

limitations

Source: E-QuIPS: Electronic Queuing and Integrated Payment System using Near Field Communications
(Cabarrubias, Duran, & Ortiz, 2016)
Sample Scope and Limitation (3)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Describe the capability & limits

Describe the capability & limits

Source: Development of Driver’s Wearable Device with Drowsiness Monitoring and Alert Notification System
Through the Application of Interpretive Model Algorithm in Brainwave Biosensor (Marquez, R., 2017)
Stating the Significance of the Study
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• Contains a discussion of the relevance of the study which also

includes an explanation of who will benefit from the study (and
how will they benefit).
• Researchers must present that the study is value from their:
– time,
– effort, and
– expenses.
Stating the Significance of the Study
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• According to Edralin (2000), – Organization Level

study-derived benefits that may • Schools/Academe
• Industries/Companies
contribute to all or any of the
• Associations/Organizations
following:
– Others
– Individuals Level • Communities
• Researchers • Government
• Students/Future Researches • Consumers
• Employees
Sample Significance of the Study (1)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Source: Microcontroller – based Solar - powered Oil Extractor (Brugada & La Torre, 2017)
Sample Significance of the Study (2)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Source: E-QuIPS: Electronic Queuing and Integrated Payment System using Near Field Communications (Cabarrubias, Duran, & Ortiz, 2016)
Sample Significance of the Study (3)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Source: Development of Driver’s Wearable Device with Drowsiness Monitoring and Alert Notification System Through the Application of Interpretive
Model Algorithm in Brainwave Biosensor (Marquez, R., 2017)
Research Methodology
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• Explain how you will conduct your research in as much detail

as possible,
• Discuss the kinds of sources you hope to consult and the
methods you will use to extract and process the information
you gather in as much detail as is possible at this stage, and
• Discuss also the appropriate instruments and data gathering
procedures in conducting a study.
Research Design
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• Research Design provides the glue that holds the

research project together.
– A design is used to structure the research, to show how all
of the major parts of the research project -- the samples or
groups, measures, treatments or programs, and methods of
assignment -- work together to try to address the central
research questions.
– Contains description of details such methods to be
employed in collecting and analyzing data.
Parts of Research Design
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• According to Lapis (2001), Research Design appears to be

the overall plan, structure and strategy of how the research
problem should be answered

STRATEGY
• Description of
STRUCTURE details such as
methods to be
• More specific employed in
PLAN outline of how the collecting and
variables are analyzing data
• Over-all scheme to operated
be followed in
conducting the
research
Research Design
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• There are two research methods usually used in

design project
– Descriptive Research (describe, analyze, explain, define,
and illustrate the existing condition)
– Experimental Research (determine the effects, examine
the differences, compare the results and analyze the
influence)
Other Types of Research Design
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
Sample Research Design (1)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Short introduction

Type of research design that

will be used in research
project, and explain how
they will be utilize in
conducting research

Source: E-QuIPS: Electronic Queuing and Integrated Payment System using Near Field Communications
(Cabarrubias, Duran, & Ortiz, 2016)
Sample Research Design (2)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Short introduction

Type of research design

that will be used in research
project, and explain how
they will be utilize in
conducting research

Source: Development of Driver’s Wearable Device with Drowsiness Monitoring and Alert Notification System Through
the Application of Interpretive Model Algorithm in Brainwave Biosensor (Marquez, R., 2017)
Sample Size
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

How to get the sample:

n = N
(1 + Ne2)

where: n = sample
N = population
e = margin of error (0.01, 0.05, or 0.10)
Sampling Design
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Probability Sampling

• Simple Random. Selecting a sample size from a universe

such that each member has an equal chance of being included

• Stratified. Selecting samples in such a way that the specific

subgroups or strata will have sufficient number of
representatives
Sampling Design
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• Example (Stratified Random Sampling)

Percentage
Sub Population Sample Size
Respondents Distribution
Size (Ni) (ni)

Students 150 75% 99

Instructors 30 15% 20
Administrators 20 10% 13
Total N=200 100% n=132

▪ For n1: f1 = N1/N = 150/200 = 0.75, n1 = f1 * n = 0.75 *132 = 99

▪ For n2: f2 = N2/N = 30/200 = 0.15, n2 = f2 * n = 0.15 * 132 = 20

▪ For n3: f3 = N3/N = 20/200 = 0.10, n3 = f3 * n = 0.10 * 132 = 13

Sampling Design
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Non-probability Sampling

• Accidental. Information are collected from respondents who by

chance are met by the researcher in the process of data gathering
• Purposive. Judgmental sampling using standard criteria
• Convenience. Allows the researcher to gather data from the
respondents who are conveniently available to provide the necessary
information
Sources of Data
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• Primary and Secondary Materials or Sources are

those information serving as proof/evidence of the
study.
– Data are either quantitative or qualitative, and written or
unwritten
– It should be noted that the best sources of materials and
data are those falling under the category of primary source.
Sources of Data – Primary Data
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• First hand information

• Usually the best and the purest
• Less chance of being contaminated
– Experimentation/Observations
– Interviews
– Questionnaires
– Surveys

• Interviewing is the most widely used technique in

requirements engineering.
Sources of Data – Secondary Data
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• Second hand information

• Information supplied by the person who is not a direct
observer or participant of the event/condition
• Data published or compiled by an individual or organization
taken from primary source
– Books
– Journals
– Magazines
– Previous theses/design projects
– Related written articles from various research institutions, libraries,
and the Internet
Sample Sources of Data (1)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Primary sources of data

Secondary sources of
data

Source: E-QuIPS: Electronic Queuing and Integrated Payment System using Near Field
Communications (Cabarrubias, Duran, & Ortiz, 2016)
Sample Sources of Data (2)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Source: Development of Driver’s Wearable Device with Drowsiness Monitoring and Alert Notification System Through the Application of Interpretive
Model Algorithm in Brainwave Biosensor (Marquez, R., 2017)
Research Instruments
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• These are materials and techniques that will appropriately

measures the variable of the study
• There are three research instruments that can be used in
design project such as:
– Survey questionnaire (series of written questions prepared and
calculated to solicit answers which will give the researchers the
needed information about the problem/topic)
– Interview schedule (structured set of questions which are usually
asked orally and recorded in writing by the interviewer)
– Interview guide (questions are directly asked by the researcher)
Sample Research Instruments (1)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Source: E-QuIPS: Electronic Queuing and Integrated Payment System using Near Field Communications (Cabarrubias, Duran, &
Ortiz, 2016)
Sample Research Instruments (2)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Source: Development of Driver’s Wearable Device with Drowsiness Monitoring and Alert Notification System Through the Application of Interpretive
Model Algorithm in Brainwave Biosensor (Marquez, R., 2017)
Data Gathering Procedures
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• Common data collection methods Elauria (2000)

1. Observation/experimental method
2. Interview method
3. Survey method
4. Internet surfing method
5. Library search method
6. Program or prototyping simulation method
Sample Data Gathering Procedures (1)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Source: E-QuIPS: Electronic Queuing and Integrated Payment System using Near Field Communications (Cabarrubias, Duran, &
Ortiz, 2016)
Sample Data Gathering Procedures (2)
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Source: Development of Driver’s Wearable Device with Drowsiness Monitoring and Alert Notification System Through the Application of Interpretive
Model Algorithm in Brainwave Biosensor (Marquez, R., 2017)
Definition of Terms
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

• These identifies and defines relevant terms significant to the study for
further understanding and interpretation.

• Major terms or variables in the study can be defined in two ways

– Conceptual definition (explaining the concepts or variables based on available
dictionaries, books, or manuals of the discipline)
– Operational definition (functional definition of the concept which involves the
transformation of the abstract meaning of the term into observable and
measureable data levels or components in the context of investigation, Edralin
(2000))

• Avoid multiple definitions each term

Sample Definition of Terms
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
Sample Definition of Terms
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Source: E-QuIPS: Electronic Queuing and Integrated Payment System using Near Field Communications (Cabarrubias,
Duran, & Ortiz, 2016)
ASSIGNMENT. As a group, create a Matrix of Methodology
based on the research objectives showing the following:
GROUP NO. : _________
RESEARCH TITLE : _________________________________________

MATRIX OF METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH SOURCES OF
RESEARCH DATA GATHERING DATA GATHERING
SETTINGS / DATA /
OBJECTIVES INSTRUMENTS PROCEDURES
LOCATION RESPONDENT

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
Thank You for Listening and
Good luck Researchers!