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The document provides an overview of basic statistics, including types of statistics (descriptive and inferential), types of data (qualitative and quantitative), and measures of central tendency and spread. It also covers probability basics, distributions, sampling methods, hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, and correlation and regression. Each section includes definitions and examples to illustrate key concepts.

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5 views3 pages

Untitled Document

The document provides an overview of basic statistics, including types of statistics (descriptive and inferential), types of data (qualitative and quantitative), and measures of central tendency and spread. It also covers probability basics, distributions, sampling methods, hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, and correlation and regression. Each section includes definitions and examples to illustrate key concepts.

Uploaded by

kaitlynbell1822
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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📊 Basic Statistics Notes

1. Types of Statistics

●​ Descriptive Statistics: Summarize and describe data.​

○​ Examples: Mean, Median, Mode, Range, Standard Deviation​

●​ Inferential Statistics: Make predictions or inferences about a population based on a


sample.​

○​ Examples: Hypothesis testing, confidence intervals​

2. Types of Data

●​ Qualitative (Categorical): Non-numeric (e.g., colors, names)​

○​ Nominal: No natural order (e.g., gender, eye color)​

○​ Ordinal: Ordered categories (e.g., rankings)​

●​ Quantitative (Numerical): Numeric data​

○​ Discrete: Countable (e.g., number of students)​

○​ Continuous: Measurable (e.g., height, weight)​

3. Measures of Central Tendency

●​ Mean (Average): Sum of values ÷ number of values​

●​ Median: Middle value (or average of two middle values)​

●​ Mode: Most frequent value​


4. Measures of Spread (Dispersion)

●​ Range: Max – Min​

●​ Variance (σ² or s²): Average of squared differences from the mean​

●​ Standard Deviation (σ or s): Square root of variance​

●​ Interquartile Range (IQR): Q3 – Q1​

5. Probability Basics

●​ Probability (P): Likelihood of an event (0 ≤ P ≤ 1)​

○​ P(A) = (# of favorable outcomes) / (total outcomes)​

●​ Complement Rule: P(A') = 1 - P(A)​

●​ Addition Rule (for A or B): P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)​

●​ Multiplication Rule (for A and B): P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B|A)​

6. Distributions

●​ Normal Distribution: Symmetrical, bell-shaped curve​

●​ Skewed Distribution:​

○​ Positive (Right): Tail on right, mean > median​

○​ Negative (Left): Tail on left, mean < median​

●​ Uniform Distribution: All outcomes equally likely​

7. Sampling Methods
●​ Simple Random Sample​

●​ Stratified Sample (subgroups)​

●​ Cluster Sample (random groups)​

●​ Systematic Sample (every nth person)​

8. Hypothesis Testing

●​ Null Hypothesis (H₀): No effect/difference​

●​ Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): There is an effect/difference​

●​ P-value: Probability of observing results if H₀ is true​

○​ If p < α (significance level), reject H₀​

9. Confidence Intervals

●​ Range of values likely to contain the population parameter​

●​ Example: 95% CI means we’re 95% confident the true value lies within the interval​

10. Correlation & Regression

●​ Correlation (r): Measures strength/direction of linear relationship (–1 ≤ r ≤ 1)​

●​ Linear Regression: Predicts y from x using line of best fit​

○​ y = mx + b (m = slope, b = intercept)​

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