BEV 40603

POWER QUALITY
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WITH WISDOM WE EXPLORE
 Lecturer’s Info
• Coordinator :Dr. Jabbar Al-Fattah Bin Yahaya

• Lecturer :Dr. Sim Sy Yee

• Lecturer : Dr. Abba Lawan

• Main Medium: AUTHOR UTHM

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1. Define the power quality (PQ) problem from measurement parameter and end user perspectives.

2. Explain the cause of PQ problem : Harmonics, Flickers, Sag, Swell

3. List the organizations responsible for developing PQ standards.

4. Name any TWO regions of operation in the ITIC curve.

5. A switchgear busbar is subjected to voltage variations of +-15% from its nominal value lasting for up to 0.20 seconds due to the
operation of an automatic welding machine. (i) Argue, whether a device that is compliant with the ITIC curve shown above could
tolerate these voltage deviations. (ii) By referring to the ITIC curve, deduce the impact if the duration of the voltage swings lasts for 2
seconds
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Power Quality
(PQ)
1.1 Definition
1.2 PQ issues
1.3 Sources of PQ problems
1.4 Effects of PQ
1.5 CBEMA CURVES
1.6 PQ Standards

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WITH WISDOM WE EXPLORE
Chapter 1: Introduction to Power Quality
(PQ)

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WITH WISDOM WE EXPLORE
 Power quality definitions (contd…)
What is PQ?
Different perspectives

Equipment designer
Electrical utility Industrial/ end-user
or manufacturer

“A perfect
“The power that
sinusoidal wave,
works for
with no variations
“V availability or whatever
in the V, and no
outage.” equipment the
noise present on
end-user is
the grounding
applying.”
system.”

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Power quality definitions (contd…)
More concise
definition:
IEEE Definition:
“PQ is asset of
“The concept of electrical boundaries
powering and that allows a piece of
grounding sensitive equipment to function
electronic equipment in its intended
in a manner suitable manner without
for the equipment.” significant loss of
performance or life
expectancy.”

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Power quality definitions (contd…)

Roger Dugan,
Gerry Heydt: Mark
“Measure, analysis, McGranaghan,
and improvement of and Wayne Beaty:
bus voltage, usually a
load bus voltage, to “Any power problem
maintain that voltage manifested in V, I, and
to be a sinusoid at f deviations that result
rated voltage and in failure or mis
frequency.” operation of customer
equipment.”

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 Power quality definitions (contd…)

SUPPLY/ UTILITY
What PQ?
PQ=Reliability
Why PQ?
- Loss of production
- Product damages Voltage
- Maintenance
Quality Current and PQ
- Hidden cost
frequency Quality

CONSUMERS/
LOADS
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Power Frequency (PF) Disturbance

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

Power System Transients

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)

Power System Harmonics

Power Factor Correction (PFC)

Grounding and Bonding

Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)

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Reasons for concern with PQ

Complexity of industrial processes.

End-user equipment become more
sensitive to PQ due to many
microprocessor-based controls.

Power electronics equipment used

for enhancing system stability,
operation and efficiency. They are
major source of bad PQ and are
Large computer systems in many vulnerable to bad PQ as well.
businesses facilities.

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 Recent sources of PQ problems

High efficiency
Modern load & adjustable-speed
Increased awareness
equipments are more motor drives and
of the PQ issues by
sensitive to PQ shunt capacitors
the end users.
variations. results in increasing
harmonic levels.

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 Internal Cause External Cause
• Approximately 80% of electrical • About 20% of PQ problems
disturbances originate within a originate with the utility
business facility. transmission and distribution
• E.g. Large equipment start-up system.
or shutdown, Improper wiring • E.g. The most common cause is
and grounding, Overloaded a lightning strike; others
circuits or Harmonics Equipment failure, Neighboring
business, and even Normal
operation of utility equipment

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Sources of PQ problems causing Transients

Distribution System
• External:
• Lightning
• Car hitting poles
• Internal
• Switching Operations (Breakers,
Capacitors,…)
• Fault Clearing/Breaker Operations

Consumers / Loads
• External
• Lightning
• Internal:
• Arcing Devices
• Starting & Stopping Motors
• Breaker Operations
• Capacitor Switching

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 Typical types of PQ (PQ Issues)

Typical
Power
Quality
Voltage Voltage Voltage
Harmonics Transients
Flicker Sag/Dip Swell

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Typical types of PQ (PQ Issues)

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 Typical types of PQ (PQ Issues)
Interruption
The complete loss of voltage for a period of time.

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 Typical types of PQ (PQ Issues)
Overvoltage
An RMS increase in the ac V, at the power f, for a duration greater than a few seconds.

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 Typical types of PQ (PQ Issues)
Undervoltage
An RMS decrease in the ac V, at the power f, for a duration greater than a few seconds.

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 Typical types of PQ (PQ Issues)
Voltage Swell
An RMS increase in the ac V, at the power f, for durations from a half-cycle to a few seconds.

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 Typical types of PQ (PQ Issues)
Voltage Sag
An RMS reduction in the ac V, at the power f, for durations from a half-cycle to a few seconds.

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 Typical types of PQ (PQ Issues)
Flicker
A repetitive variation of input voltage sufficient in duration to allow visual observation of a change
in electric light source intensity.

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 Typical types of PQ (PQ Issues)
Impulse Transient
A sudden, non-power frequency change in the steady state voltage or current, which has a
unidirectional polarity (nsec to msec).

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 Typical types of PQ (PQ Issues)
Oscillatory Transient
Sudden, non-power frequency change in the steady state voltage or current, that includes
both positive and negative polarity values (5 usec to 3 msec).

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 Typical types of PQ (PQ Issues)
Low Frequency Oscillatory Transient
Sudden, non-power frequency (300 Hz and 900 Hz) change in the steady-state voltage or
current, that includes both positive and negative polarity values – usually caused by utility
capacitor switching (0.5 to 3 cycles).

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Sources of PQ Problems

High Frequency!

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Sources of PQ Problems

Low Frequency!

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Sources of PQ Problems

High Frequency!

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Sources of PQ Problems

Low Frequency!

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 Sources/Causes of PQ Problems and
Their respective Solutions
Power Quality Typical Causes Example Solutions
Impulse Transient Lightning, Electrostatic Surge arresters, Filters,
discharge, Load switching. Isolation transformers.
Oscillatory Transient Line/ Cable switching, Surge arresters, Filters,
Capacitor switching. Isolation transformers.
Voltage Sags/ Swells Remote system faults. Ferroresonant
transformers, UPS.
Under/ Over Voltage Motor starting, Load variation. Voltage regulators,
Ferroresonant
transformers.
Harmonics Distortion Nonlinear load, System Active/ Passive Filters,
resonance. Transformer with zero
sequence components.
Voltage Flicker Intermittent loads, Motor Static Var systems.
starting, Arc Furnaces.

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 Effects of PQ problems (Broadly)

Increased Outside
Equipment costs from consultant
malfunctions downtime expense

Excessive Increased
wear & tear maintenance,
or repair time
premature and expenses
failure of
equipment

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Why PQ Standards?
• To provide guidelines, recommendations, and limits to help and assure
compatibility between end use equipment and the system where it is
applied.

• To protect the utility and end user equipment from failing or mis-
operating when the V, I, or f deviates from normal.

• PQ standards provide this protection by setting measurable limits as to

how far the V, I, or f can deviate from normal.

• By setting these limits, PQ standards help utilities, and their customers

gain agreement as to what are acceptable and unacceptable levels of
service.

• To help the PQ industry compare the results of PQ measurements from

different instruments

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Role of Standards (contd…)

Standards
Organizatio
ns (IEEE,
Power ANSI)
Conditionin Research
g Organizatio
Equipment n
Manufactur
ers

Utility
Customer
Manufacturer

Architects/E
Consultants ngineerings
Facility
Monitoring Designers
Equipment
Manufactur
ers

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 PQ
Standards

IEEE IEC ANSI

Institute of Electrical International American National

and Electronic Engineers Electrotechnical Standard Institute
Commission

https://www.mytnb.com.my/residential/get-electricity/tnb-electricity-system

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 IEEE:

- Corporate office in New York City

- Formed in 1963 from the amalgamation of the American Institute of Electrical

Engineers and the Institute of Radio Engineers

- Objectives are the educational and technical advancement of electrical and

electronic engineering, telecommunication and computer engineering and
allied disciplines

- Serves as a major publisher of scientific journals and organizer of

conferences, workshops, and symposia

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 IEC:

- Coined in 1980

- Members 43 countries

- Concerned mainly about standards that

will enhance international trade referring
to PQ standards called as an
electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
standards

- Primary concern is the compatibility of

end-user equipment with the utility’s
electrical supply system

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 ANSI:

- Private, Non profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary

consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and
personnel in the United States

- Coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American

products can be used worldwide

- Accredits standards that are developed by representatives of other standards

organizations, government agencies, consumer groups, companies, and
others

- Does not develop standards, but facilitates standards development by

qualified groups, like the IEEE

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 IEEE 1159-2009
Standard
Table 2 —Categories and
typical characteristics of
power system
electromagnetic
phenomena

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IEC Standard

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In the 1970s, the Computer Business Equipment Manufacturers
Association (CBEMA) developed the curve

In the 1990s, the Information Technology Industry Council (ITIC)

curve was developed by a working group of CBEMA. In recent
years, the ITIC curve has replaced the CBEMA curve.

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1. Define the power quality (PQ) problem from measurement parameter and end user perspectives.

2. Explain the cause of PQ problem : Harmonics, Flickers, Sag, Swell

3. List the organizations responsible for developing PQ standards from inside and outside of the US.

4. Explain any TWO regions of operation in the ITIC curve.

5. A switchgear busbar is subjected to voltage variations of +-15% from its nominal value lasting for up to 0.20 seconds due to the
operation of an automatic welding machine. (i) Argue, whether a device that is compliant with the ITIC curve shown above could
tolerate these voltage deviations. (ii) By referring to the ITIC curve, deduce the impact if the duration of the voltage swings lasts for 2
seconds
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END

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