Smart retail shopping platform

System design Document

Designing a shopping platform that allows retailers to update products online and enable clients
to access these products via mobile devices requires a well-structured architecture, below is a
design structure.
High-level Design
System architecture Overview
Key characteristics of Microservices Architecture
 Decoupled services Each service is independent and handles a specific function.
 Scalability: Services can scale independently based on their needs.
 Technology Agnostic: Each service can use different programming languages or
databases.
 Resilience: Failure in one service doesn’t bring down the entire system.
 API Communication: Services communicate using lightweight protocols like REST or
gRPC.

Core Modules (Microservices)

1. Product Service
Responsibilities:
 Handles product related operations
 Stores and retrieves product data (e.g. name, price, stock, description,
images).
APIs:
 GET/products: Fetch product list.
 GET/products/{id}: Fetch details or a specific product.
 POST/products: Add a new product.
 PUT/products/{id}: Update products information.
 DELETE/products/{id}: Remove product.
2. User Service
Responsibilities:
 Manages user data (both retailers and clients).
 Handles authentication and user roles.
APIs:
  POST/register: Register a new user.
 POST/login: Authenticate user credentials.
 GET/users/{id}: Retrieve user profile.
3. Order Service
Responsibilities:
Manages order placement, tracking, and history.
APIs:
POST/orders: Place a new order.
GET/orders: List all orders for a user.
GET/orders/{id}: Fetch details of a specific order.
PUT/orders/{id}/status: Update the status of an order (e.g. delivered,
canceled).
4. Payment Service
Responsibilities:
 Handles payment processing, validation, and transaction records.
APIs:
 POST/payment: Process a payment.
 GET/payments/{id}: Fetches a payment details.
 POST/payment/refund: handles refunds.
5. Notification Service
Responsibilities:
 Sends push notifications, emails, or SMS to users for order
updates, promotions, or payment confirmations.
APIs:
 POST/notifications: Send a notification.
 GET/notification: Fetch all notifications for a user.
6. Inventory Service
Responsibilities:
 Tracks stock levels for products.
 Ensures real-time synchronization of product availability.
APIs:
 GET/inventory/{product_id}: Checks stock for a particular product.
 POST/inventory: Add stock for a product.
 PUT/inventory/{product_id}: Update stock.
7. Search and Recommendation Service:
Responsibilities:
  Handles search queries and provides personalized recommendations.
APIs
 GET/search?q = keyword: Search for product based on keyword.
 GET/recommendation/{user_id}: Fetch recommended products for a user.
Supporting Components
API gateway
Role:
 Acts as a single-entry point for client requests.
 Routes requests to appropriate microservices.
 Handles cross-cutting concerns like authentication, rate limiting, and logging.
Authentication Service
Responsibilities:
 Centralized user authentication and token generation (e.g. using JWT).
 Verifies User roles (e.g. retailer or clients) for API access.
Database Layer
Each microservices has its own database to ensure decoupling and independence.
 Product Service: Relational database (e.g. PostgreSQL) for product data.
 User Service: Relational database for user accounts and credential.
 Order Service: Relational database for order tracking.
 Payment Service: NoSQL database (e.g. MongoDB) for transactions.
 Inventory Service: In-memory database (e.g. Redis) for real-time stock updates.
Message Broker:
Purpose: Enables asynchronous communication between microservices.
Example Tools: RabbitMQ, Kafka
Use Cases:
 Notify the notification service when an order is placed.
 Inform the inventory to Update stock after a successful order.

Load Balancer
Distribute incoming traffic across multiple instances or microservice to ensure high availability
and reliability.
Monitoring and Logging:
 Tools: Prometheus for monitoring, ELK (Elastic search Logstash, Kibana) for logging.
 Monitors service health, logs errors, and tracks API usage.

Interactions Between Modules

Work Flow: Product Purchase
1. Client App (Mobile Device) Sends a request to the API gateway to fetch available
products
2. The API gateway routes the request to the product service.
3. The Client App places an order via the order service, which:
 Validates the stock with the inventory service.
 Sends a payment request to the payment service.
 On successful payment, updates the order service and triggers the notification
service.
4. The notification service sends a confirmation to the client via push notification or email.
5. The order service updates the status of the order and logs the transaction.

System Diagram
The architecture can be visually represented with the following key layers:
 Clients Layer: Mobile App
 API gateways: routes requests
 Microservice layer: Independent services
 Database: Separate database for each service
 Communication Layer: Message broker
 External integrations: Payment gateways, email providers etc.
This structure ensures a modular, scalable, and resilient design tailored to the needs of the
shopping platform.

Database DESIGN
The database design involves defining data models, schema structure, relationships and data flow
to support the shopping platforms requirement, each microservice will manage its own database
(following microservice architecture), ensuring decoupling, scalability, and ease of maintenance.
1. Database structure and data models
a. Product database
Purpose: Store Product information
Schema:
Table: Products

Product_id INT (Primary key)

Name VARCHAR (255)
Description TEXT
Price DECIMAL (10,2)
Stock INT
Image_url VARCHAR (255)
Category_id INT (Foreign key- categories.category_id)
Retailer_id INT (Foreign key -users.user_id)
Created_at TIMESTAMP
Updated_at TIMESTAMP

Table: Categories

Category_id INT (Primary key)

Name VARCHAR (255)
Description TEXT
Created_at TIMESTAMP
Updated_at TIMESTAMP

b. User Database
 Purpose: manage client and retailer information
Schema:
Table: Users

User_id INT (Primary key)

Name VARCHAR (255)
Email VARCHAR (255) (unique)
Password-hash VARCHAR (255)
Role ENUM(‘retailer’,’client’,’admin’)
Phone VARCHAR (15)
Address TEXT
Created_at TIMESTAMP
Updated_at TIMESTAMP

c. Order Database
Purpose: Track orders placed by clients.
Schema:
Table: Orders.

Order_id INT (Primary key)

User_id INT (Foreign key)
Total-price DECIMAL (10, 2)
Status ENUM
(pending,confirmed,shipped,cancelled,delivered)
Created-at TIMESTAMP
Updated-at TIMESTAMP

Table: Order-items

Order-item-id INT (Primary key)

Order-id INT (Foreign key)
Product-id INT (Foreign key)
Quantity INT
Price DECIMAL (10, 2)
Created-at TIMESTAMP

d. Payment Database
 Purpose: store transaction details.
Schema:
Table: Payments

Payment-id INT (primary key)

Order-id INT (Foreign key)
Payment-method ENUM (credit-card, PayPal, bank-transfer)
Amount DECIMAL (10, 2)
Status ENUM (successful, failed, pending)
Transaction-id VARCHAR (255) (unique)
Created-at TIMESTAMP
Updated-at TIMESTAMP

e. Notification Database
Purpose: Track users Notifications
Schema
Table: Notifications

Notification-id INT (Primary key)

User-id INT (Foreign key)
Message TEXT
Type ENUM (Order-update, promotion, system-
alert)
Status ENUM (sent, read, failed)
Created-at TIMESTAMP

2. RELATIONSHIPS
 User-Orders: One user can place multiple orders 1: N
 Orders-Order-items: Each order contains multiple order items 1: N
 Products-Categories: Products belong to one category, but a category contain multiple
products 1: N
 Retailers-Products: Each product is added by a retailer 1: N
 Orders-payment: Each order can have one payment record 1: 1

3. DATA FLOW
 a) Adding Products (Retailer)
 The retailer logs in and add a product
 User service validates the retailer role
 The product details are sent to the Product service, which stores the information
in the Product table.
 The Inventory service updates the stock
b) Browsing Products (Client)
 The client requests a list of products from the product service.
 The product service fetches product data from the products table and sends it to
the client app.
c) Placing an Order (Client)
 The client selects products and places an order
 The order service validates the stock with the inventory
 Order details are saved in the Orders and Order-items tables.
d) Payment Processing
 The clients make a payment via the payment service
 Payment details are stored in the payment table.
 On successful payment, The Order service updates the order status to
“confirmed”
e) Notifications
 When the order status changes (e.g. shipped, delivered), the Notification service
sends an update.
 Notifications are logged in the Notification table.

4. Design Principles
 Normalization
o Avoid redundant data by normalizing tables.
o Separate orders and order items to support multiple products in a single order.
 Scalability
o Use indexing on frequently queried fields (product-id, order-id)
o Use sharding or partitioning for large tables like Products and Orders
 Consistency
o Use transactions to ensure atomicity (e.g. updating stock and creating an order)
 Caching
o Cache frequently accessed data (e.g. product catalog) using Redis or Memcached.

This database design supports a modular, scalable, and robust shopping platform that allows for
easy management of products, users, orders, and payments while maintaining strong
relationships and clear data flow.
 TECHNOLOGY STACK

Selecting the right technology stack is critical for developing a scalable, efficient, and
maintainable shopping platform. The stack should address backend logic, fronted interfaces, data
storage, communication, and deployment, below is a detailed explanation of the recommendation
technology stack for the shopping platform.
1. Backend Development
The backend is the core of the system, managing business logic, data processing, and API
services.
Programming Languages
 Node.js (JavaScript /Typescript)
o Lightweight, non-blocking, and asynchronous for high-performance APIs.
 Python (Django /Fast API)
o Excellent for rapid development and robust backend logic.
 Java (Spring Boot)
o Ideal for enterprise-grade applications requiring scalability and reliability

Frameworks
 Express.js (for Node.js)
o Minimalist framework for building RESTful APIs
 Fast API (for Python)
o High performance API development with build in validation
 Spring Boot (for Java)
o Full-stack framework for creating microservices with build-in security and
database integrations.

2. Frontend Development
The frontend is the user-facing component, designed for retailers (dashboard) and clients
(mobile app).
Web Application (Retailer Dashboard)
 Framework: React.js or Angular
o React.js: Component-based and highly responsive
o Angular: Robust and feature-rich for enterprise-grade applications.
 CSS Framework
o Bootstrap or Tailwind CSS for responsive and attractive designs.
Mobile Application (Client App)
 Framework:
o Flutter: Cross-platform with high performance and a single codebase for iOS and
Android.
o React Native: JavaScript-based and widely adopted for mobile app development.

3. Database Layer
The platform needs databases to handle various types of data effectively.
Relational databases (Primary Data Storage)
 PostgreSQL: Highly reliable, supports complex queries, and handles transactions data.
 MySQL: Simple, fast, and widely supported.
NoSQL Databases (Supplementary data Storage)
 MongoDB: Ideal for unstructured data like product description, user preferences, and
logs.
 Redis: Used for caching frequently accessed data, such as product catalogs or session
data.

4. API Management
API Design
 Use REST or GraphQL for APIs
o REST: Standards for CRUD operations.
o GraphQL: Efficient for fetching specific data sets in complex hierarchies.

Tools
o Postman: For API testing and debugging.
o Swagger/OpenAPI: for documenting APIs

5. Authentication and Authorization

Authentication Protocol
 JWT (JSON Web Tokens): For secure and stateless authentication
  OAuth 2.0: For third-party integrations (e.g. social logins).
Libraries and Tools
 Passport.js (for Node.js) Flexible middleware for authentication strategies.
 Spring security (for Java): Provides comprehensive security for spring applications.

6. Communication Layer
Message Brokers
For Asynchronous communication between microservices.
 RabbitMQ: Lightweight and reliable message queuing.
 Apache Kafka: High-throughput event streaming for large-scale data

7. Frontend-Backend Interactions
API Gateway
 Nginx or Kong:
 Routes client requests to backend microservices and handles load balancing.

8. DevOps and Deployment

Containerization
 Docker: For creating isolated containers for microservices.
Orchestration:
 Kubernetes: For managing and scaling containerized applications.
CI/CD Tools
 Jenkins or GitHub Actions: Automates build, test, and deployment pipelines.
Cloud Hosting’s
 AWS (Amazon Web Services): For scalable cloud infrastructure (EC2, S3, RDS)
 Google cloud Platform: Provides managed services for hosting and deployment.
 Microsoft Azure: Enterprise-grade cloud with strong interactions for Microsoft services.

9. Monitoring and Loging

Monitoring Tools

 Prometheus: Collect metrics for real-time system performance monitoring

 Grafana: Visualizes metrics and logs for actionable insights.

Logging Tools

 ELK stack (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana): for centralized logging and log analysis
 Gray log: Simplifies log management.

10. Security Tools

Data Security

 TLS/SSL certificates: Enforce HTTPS for secure Communication

 Encryption Libraries: Open SSL for encrypting sensitive data

Vulnerability Scanning

 OWASP ZAP: For identifying vulnerabilities in web applications.

 Sngk: for deleting vulnerabilities in dependencies.

11. Tools for collaboration and documentation

Collaboration Tools

 Slack or Microsoft Teams: For team communication

 Jira: For issue tracking and sprint planning.

Documentation Tools

 Confluence: for centralized documentation.

 Swagger/OpenAI: for API documentation.

Technology Stack Summery

Layer Technology
 Frontend React.js, Angular, Flutter, React Native
Backend Node.js (Express.js), Python (Fast API), Java
(Spring)
Database PostgreSQL, MySQL, MongoDB, Redis
API management REST/GraphQL, Swagger, Postman
Authentication JWT, AOrth 2.0,
Communication RabbitMQ, Kafka
DevOps Docker, Kubernetes, Jenkins, AWS/GCP/Azure
Monitoring Prometheus, Grafana, ELK stack
Security TLS/SSL, OWASP, ZAP, Snyk

This technology stack ensures scalability, performance, and flexibility while catering to the needs of both
retailers and clients, it is designed to be future-proof, allowing for easy upgrades and enhancements as the
platform grows.
 system interfaces

The shopping platform requires robust and well-defined interfaces to interact with external
systems, APIs and services. The system interface design ensures seamless communication,
scalability, and security while supporting multiple functionalities like payment processing, user
authentication, and third-party service integration.
1. Types of system interfaces
a). External APIs
Purpose: interact with third-party systems an services, such as payment gateways, email
providers, and social logins.
Key interfaces:
 Payment Gateways: Stripe, PayPal, mobile money, etc.
 Authentication providers: Google, Facebook (OAurth 2.0 for social login).
 Email and Notification Services: SendGrid, Twillio, Firebase cloud messaging.

b). Internal APIs

Purpose: Facilitate communication between microservices within the platform.
Key Features:
 RESTful API for synchronous communication
 Message Queues (e.g. RabbitMQ or Kafka) for asynchronous communication

c). Database Interfaces

Purpose: interface between the application logic and the database layer
Key Tools:
 ORMs (Objects-Relational Mappers): sequalise (for Node.js), Hibernate (for java), or
SQLAIchemy (for Python).

d). Client Interfaces

Purpose: Allows mobile and web clients to interact with the backend via API gateway.
Key Tools
 GraphQL for efficient client-specific queries.
 RESTful APIs for CRUD operations.

2. Interface Design for External Systems

a). Payment Gateway Interface.
Use Case: Process payments for orders
Work Flow:
 The Payment service interacts with third-party gateways like stripe or PayPal
 Secure communication is established using HTTPS with API keys or OArth.
 Payment status (success, failure, pending) is logged in the Payment Database.
Endpoints:
 POST/payments/initiate: Sends payment request to the gateway.
 GET/payment/status/{transaction-id}: Fetches the payment status.

b). Authentication Providers:

Use Case: Enable social logins and secure user authentication.
Work Flow:
 The User Service integrates with providers like Google and Facebook using OArth 2.0.
 Tokens are validated before creating or updating user accounts.
Endpoints:
 POST/auth/login: Verifies user credentials or social tokens
 POST/auth/register: Register a new user with Oarth provider data.

c). Emails and SMS Notification Services

Use case: Notify users about orders updates, promotions, offers, etc.
Work Flow:
  The Notification service sends messages using APIs like Twilio (SMS) or SendGrid
(email).
 Messages are queued for asynchronous delivery to improve performance.
Endpoints:
 POST/notifications/send: Sends notifications
 GET/notifications/{user-id}: Fetches users notification history.

3. Interface Design for Internal Systems

a). API Gateway
Purpose: Central entry point for all client and service requests.
Features:
 Routes requests to responsive microservices.
 Handles authentication, rate limiting, and logging.
Key Endpoints:
 /api/v1/products: Route to product service.
 /api/v1/orders: Route to order service.
 /api/v1/payments: Route to payment service.

b). Service to service Communication

Purpose: Enable microservices to communicate seamlessly.
Key Interfaces:
 RESTful APIs: Used for synchronous operations.
o Example: The Order service calls the Inventory service to check product
availability.
 Message Queues: Used for asynchronous communication.
o Example: The Order service sends a message to the Notification service when
an order is placed.

c). Database Access

Purpose: Allows services to interact with their respective databases.
Key interfaces:
 SQL Database access:
o Use ORMs like sequelize, Hibernate, or SQLAIchemy.
o Example: The Product Service queries the product table for product data.
 NoSQL Database Access:
o Use SDKs or native drivers (e.g. MongoDB drivers for Node.js)
o Example: The Notification service stores logs in MongoDB.

4. Security for Interfaces:

a). Authentication
 All external and internal APIs require authentication using:
 JWT (JSON Web tokens) for secure and stateless authentication.
 OArth 2.0 for secure third-party access (e.g. Google/ Facebook login).
b). Data Encryption
 Use TLS/SSL for all external communication.
 Encrypt sensitive data (e.g. passwords, tokens) in transit and at rest.
c). Access Control
 Implement Role-based Access Control (RBAC):
o Retailers can access product and order management APIs.
o Clients can access browsing and order placement APIs.

5. Data Flow Example

Placing an order:
1. Client Interaction:
o The user sends a request via the client App to the API Gateway to place an order.
o API Gateway forwards the request to the Order Service.
2. Order service:
o Calls the Inventory Service to verify stock availability.

Calls the Payment Service to process payment via payment Gateway.

3. Payment Service:
o Interacts with Stripe, PayPal, Mobile Money APIs to complete payment.
 o Updates the payment status in the database
4. Notification service:
o Receives an asynchronous message from the Order service about the successful
order
o Sends a confirmation email/SMS to the client.
5. Client Notification:
 The client receives the confirmation on their app, fetched from the Notification
service.

6. Tools and Protocols

Aspects Technology/Tool
API Communication REST, GraphQL, gRPC
Authentication OArth 2.0, JWT
Message Queues RabbitMQ, Apache, Kafka
Email/SMS SendGrid, Twilio
Database Access Sequelize, Hibernate, MongoDB Driver
API testing Postman, Swagger
API Security TLS/SSL, OWASP best practices.

This high-level design ensures, robust, secure, and scalable system interfaces that handle internal
and external interactions effectively, supporting the shopping platforms functional and
performance requirements.
 Security design

A robust security design is crucial to protect sensitive user data, ensure system integrity, and
safeguard transactions. Below is an expanded high-level security design covering authentication,
data encryption and other essentials security measures.
1. Authentication Design
Authentication ensures that only legitimate users and services can access the system.
a). Mechanism
 JWT (JSON Web Tokens)
o Stateless authentication for APIs
o Tokens include user roles, expiration times, and cryptographic signatures.
 OArth 2.0
o For third-party authentication (e.g. Google, Facebook login).

b). Implementation
1. Login Flow:
 Users provides credentials to the Authentication Service
 Service validates credentials and issues a signed JWT
 JWT is stored on the client side (e.g. local storage or cookies)
2. Social login:
 Use OArth 2.0 for integration with Google, Facebook or Apple.
 Redirect users to the provider for authentication
 Retrieve and verify access tokens to create or log in users.
c). Best Practices
 Use strong password policies (e.g. minimum length, character complexity).
 Implement account lockout after multiple failed login attempts.
 Enable multiple-factor authentication (MFA) for additional security.
 2. Authorization Design
Authorization ensures that users and services have access only to the resources they are
permitted to use.
a). Mechanism:
 Role-based Access Control (RBAC)
o Define roles (e.g. admin, retailers, client).
 Assign roles to users
 Admin: Manage the system, Users, and products.
 Retailers: Add and manage products, views orders
 Clients: Browse products, place orders, and view order
history.
o Assign permissions to each role for system resources.
o Access control Roles
 Retailers can only view and manage their own products.
 Clients cannot access sensitive retailers’ data.
Implementation:
 Maintain a roles table in the database to associate permissions
with roles.
 Use middleware to validate user roles before granting access.
 Attribute-based Access Control (ABAC)
o Define fine-grained access roles based on user attributes (e.g. Locations,
subscriptions level) such as:
 User location (e.g. restricting access based on IP)
 Time of day (e.g. Restrict admin actions to business hours).
b). Implementation
1. Policy Management:
o Use middleware (e.g. Express middleware, Spring security) to enforce
authorization policies.
2. Access Tokens:
o Embed roles and permissions in JWT.
o Validates tokens on every API request.

c). Best Practices

o Use centralized authorization services to simplify access control
o Audit and monitor logs regularly
3. Data Encryption
Data encryption protects sensitive information in transit and at rest.
a). Encryption in Transit
 TLS/SSL:
o Enforce HTTPS for all client-server and service-to-service communication
o Use certificates from trusted providers like Let’s Encrypt
 Secure Protocols:
o Use secure protocols for API (e.g. HTTPS, WSS for WebSocket’s

b). Encrypt at Rest

Databases:
 Use AES-256 encryption for sensitive fields (e.g. Passwords, credit card data).
 Encrypt entire database storage is supported (e.g. with Transparent Data Encryption).
File Storage:
 Encrypt files (e.g. product images, reports) using secure libraries or S3 bucket encryption.

c). Best Practices:

 Rotate encryption key periodically
 Store Encryption keys securely using tools like AWS, KMS, Azure Key Vault, or Hashi
Corp vault.

4. Secure Data Handling

a). Password Management
 Use Strong Hashing algorithms (e.g. berypt, Argon2) for storing passwords.
 Never store plain-text passwords.
b). Sensitive Data
 Mask sensitive data in logs (e.g. user credentials, payment details).
 Follow DCI DSS standards for handling payment data.
c). Input Validation:
  Sanitize all user inputs to prevent SQL injection, XSS, and other injection attacks.
 Use libraries like OWASP’s ESAPI for input sanitization.

5. Network Security
a). Firewalls
 Use web application firewalls (WAFs) to block malicious traffic.
 Set up network-level firewalls to restrict access to internal services.
b). IP Whitelisting’s
 Restrict sensitive operations (e.g. database access, admin dashboard) to trusted Ips
c). Secure API Gateway
Use API gateway (e.g. Kong, Nginx) to:
 Enforce rate limiting and throttling.
 Authenticate and authorize API requests.
d). Network Segmentation
 Isolate critical services (e.g. database, payment processing) in a private subnet using
Virtual Private Cloud (VPC).
 Restrict inbound and outbound traffic using security groups.

6. Secure Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC)

a). Secure Coding:
 Follow secure coding standards (e.g. OWASP secure coding practices).
 Use static code analysis tools (e.g. SonarQube, Snyk) to identify vulnerabilities.
b). Testing:
 Perform regular penetration testing and Vulnerability assessments.
 Automate security testing in CI/CD pipelines using tools like OWASP ZAP.
c). Dependencies
 Regularly update third-party libraries and frameworks
 Use dependency scanners (e.g. Dependabot, Snyk) to detect Vulnerability.

7. Monitoring and Incident Response

a). Monitoring Tools
 Prometheus/Grafana: Monitor system metrics
 ELK stack: Analyze logs for anomalies.
 Cloud security Tools: AWS GuardDuty or Azure security center for cloud-based threat
detection.
b). Alerts and Response
 Configure alerts for security incidents (e.g. failed login attempts, unauthorized access).
 Maintain an incident response plan to mitigate and recover from breaches.

8. Security Testing
a). Vulnerability Testing
 Use tools like OWASP ZAP or Burp Suite to identify vulnerability in the system.
b). Penetration Testing
 Conduct regular penetration tests to simulate real-world attacks
c). Automated security Tests
 Integrate security checks into the CI/CD pipelines using tools like Snyk or SonarQube.

9. Backup and Disaster Recovery

a). Backups Recovery
 Schedule daily backups of critical data (e.g. Databases)
 Use encrypted backups to secure sensitive information.
b). Disaster Recovery
 Maintain a failover system in a different geographic region.
 Use Cloud providers disaster recovery services (e.g. AWS Disaster Recovery).

10. Security Policy Management

a). Security policies
 Define clear policies for:
o Password complexity and expiration.
o Use account lockout after failed login attempts.

b). Employee Training

 Train Employees on best practices for handling sensitive data and recognizing phishing
attacks.
11. Specific Security Measures

Security Measures Details

MFA Use SMS, email, or app-based authentication
for second-factor authentication
Session management Enforce session timeouts and require re-
authentication for sensitive actions
CORs Policies Restrict cross-origin requests to trusted
domains only
Anti-CSRF Protection Implement CSRF tokens for all state-
changing requests
Data Minimalization Collects and store only the necessary user
data to reduce breach impact
Logging and Auditing Maintain Comprehensive logs for
authentication, authorization, and data access
activities

12. High-Level Security Work Flow

Example: Placing an order
1. Authentication:
 Users logs in using credentials or OAuth
 JWT is issued and attached to the request.
2. Authorization:
 API gateway verifies the user’s role and permissions
 Only authorized users can place orders.
3. Input Validation:
 All orders details (e.g. product-id, quantity) are sanitized.
4. Data Transmission:
  Orders details are sent to the server over HTTPS.
5. Database Operations:
 Sensitive data (payment info) is encrypted before storage.
6. Logging:
 Log the order placement event, excluding sensitive details.

7. Monitoring:
 Monitor the transaction for anomalies (e.g. duplicate requests).

This security design ensures a layered defense approach, protecting the shopping platform from
common threats while maintaining compliance with data protection regulations like GDPR and
PCI DSS, this comprehensive security design ensures that the shopping platform is protected
against a wide range of threats, safeguarding user data, financial transactions, and overall system
integrity.
 Low-level Design

Below is an expanded low-level Design (LLD) focusing on the component design, detailing
individual modules, function, classes, logic flow, and pseudocode for a shopping platform, The
design ensures that the platform allows retailers to manage products and clients to browse and
order products effectively.
This is a large-scale project with multiple microservices, each requiring a detailed design. I'll
approach it in structured steps:
1. UML Diagrams:
o Class diagrams for each microservice.

2. Logic Flow:
o Sequence diagrams or activity flows to illustrate interactions.

3. Algorithms & Pseudocode:

o Key functionalities like order processing, payment handling, product search, and
recommendations.
4. Spring Boot Implementation:
o Code structure with controllers, services, repositories, and entities for each
microservices

Specific microservices
1. Product Service – Handles product onboarding, updates, and retrieval.
2. User Service – Manages retailer and client accounts.
3. Order Service – Processes customer orders and updates order statuses.
4. Payment Service – Handles transactions and payment verification.
5. Notification Service – Sends email/SMS notifications for order updates.
6. Inventory Service – Tracks product stock levels and availability.
7. Search & Recommendation Service – Provides search functionality and personalized
recommendations.
Product Service - Microservice Design
We'll cover:
1. UML Class Diagram
2. Logic Flow
3. Algorithms & Pseudocode
4. Spring Boot Implementation

1. UML Class Diagram

The Product Service is responsible for product onboarding, updating, deleting, and retrieving
products.
Key entities:
 Product (id, name, description, price, stock, category, imageUrl, createdAt, updatedAt)
 Category (id, name, description)
 ProductController (Handles API requests)
 ProductService (Business logic for product operations)
 ProductRepository (Handles database transactions)

UML Class Diagram for the Product Service:

| Product |
+--------------------+
| - id: Long |
| - name: String |
| - description: String |
| - price: Double |
| - stock: Integer |
| - category: Category |
| - imageUrl: String |
| - createdAt: Date |
| - updatedAt: Date |
+--------------------+
| + getters/setters |
+--------------------+

+--------------------+
| Category |
+--------------------+
| - id: Long |
| - name: String |
| - description: String |
+--------------------+
| + getters/setters |
+--------------------+

+------------------------------+
| ProductController |
+------------------------------+
| + addProduct(Product): Product |
| + updateProduct(Long, Product) |
| + deleteProduct(Long) |
| + getProductById(Long): Product |
| + getAllProducts(): List<Product> |
+------------------------------+

+-----------------------------+
| ProductService |
+-----------------------------+
| + saveProduct(Product): Product |
| + updateProduct(Long, Product) |
| + deleteProduct(Long) |
| + findProductById(Long): Product |
| + findAllProducts(): List<Product> |
+-----------------------------+

+-----------------------------+
| ProductRepository |
+-----------------------------+
| + save(Product): Product |
| + deleteById(Long) |
| + findById(Long): Optional<Product> |
| + findAll(): List<Product> |
+-----------------------------+

2. Logic Flow for Product Service

Here’s how the system processes product-related actions:
Product Creation Flow
1. Retailer requests to add a product.
2. The system validates the product details.
3. The product is saved in the database.
4. A success response is sent to the retailer.
Product Retrieval Flow
1. Client requests a product via the mobile app.
2. The system fetches product data from the database.
 3. The product details are returned to the client.
Product Update Flow
1. Retailer requests an update for a product.
2. The system validates the request.
3. The system updates the product in the database.
4. A success response is sent.
Product Deletion Flow
1. Retailer requests product deletion.
2. The system removes the product from the database.
3. A success response is returned.

3. Algorithms & Pseudocode

Here’s a pseudocode representation:
Add Product Algorithm
FUNCTION addProduct(productDetails)
IF productDetails are valid THEN
SAVE product in database
RETURN success response
ELSE
RETURN error response
END FUNCTION
Retrieve Product Algorithm
FUNCTION getProductById(productId)
FETCH product from database using productId
IF product exists THEN
RETURN product details
ELSE
 RETURN "Product Not Found"
END FUNCTION
Update Product Algorithm
FUNCTION updateProduct(productId, updatedDetails)
FETCH product from database
IF product exists THEN
UPDATE product with updatedDetails
SAVE updated product
RETURN success response
ELSE
RETURN "Product Not Found"
END FUNCTION
Delete Product Algorithm
FUNCTION deleteProduct(productId)
FETCH product from database
IF product exists THEN
DELETE product
RETURN success response
ELSE
RETURN "Product Not Found"
END FUNCTION
Spring Boot Implementation
Product Service
package com.example.productservice;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
import org.springframework.data.annotation.Id;
import javax.persistence.*;
import java.util.List;

@Entity
class Product {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;
private String name;
private String description;
private Double price;
private Integer stock;
private String category;
private String imageUrl;
private String createdAt;
private String updatedAt;
 // Getters and Setters
}

interface ProductRepository extends JpaRepository<Product, Long> {}

@Service
class ProductService {
@Autowired
private ProductRepository productRepository;

public Product saveProduct(Product product) {

return productRepository.save(product);
}

public Product findProductById(Long id) {

return productRepository.findById(id).orElse(null);
}

public List<Product> findAllProducts() {

return productRepository.findAll();
}

public Product updateProduct(Long id, Product product) {

Product existingProduct = findProductById(id);
if (existingProduct != null) {
product.setId(id);
return productRepository.save(product);
 }
return null;
}

public void deleteProduct(Long id) {

productRepository.deleteById(id);
}
}

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/products")
class ProductController {

@Autowired
private ProductService productService;

@PostMapping("/add")
public ResponseEntity<Product> addProduct(@RequestBody Product product) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(productService.saveProduct(product));
}

@GetMapping("/{id}")
public ResponseEntity<Product> getProductById(@PathVariable Long id) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(productService.findProductById(id));
}

@GetMapping("/")
 public ResponseEntity<List<Product>> getAllProducts() {
return ResponseEntity.ok(productService.findAllProducts());
}

@PutMapping("/{id}")
public ResponseEntity<Product> updateProduct(@PathVariable Long id, @RequestBody
Product product) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(productService.updateProduct(id, product));
}

@DeleteMapping("/{id}")
public ResponseEntity<String> deleteProduct(@PathVariable Long id) {
productService.deleteProduct(id);
return ResponseEntity.ok("Product deleted successfully");
}
}
User Service - Microservice Design
We'll cover:
1. UML Class Diagram
2. Logic Flow
3. Algorithms & Pseudocode
4. Spring Boot Implementation

1. UML Class Diagram

The User Service manages retailer and client accounts, including authentication and user profile
updates.
Key entities:
 User (id, name, email, password, role, createdAt, updatedAt)
 Role (id, name)
 UserController (Handles API requests)
 UserService (Business logic for user operations)
 UserRepository (Handles database transactions)
UML Class Diagram for the User Service:
| User |
+------------------+
| - id: Long |
| - name: String |
| - email: String |
| - password: String |
| - role: Role |
| - createdAt: Date |
| - updatedAt: Date |
+------------------+
| + getters/setters |
+------------------+

+------------------+
| Role |
+------------------+
| - id: Long |
| - name: String |
+------------------+
| + getters/setters |
+------------------+

+------------------------------+
| UserController |
+------------------------------+
| + registerUser(User): User |
| + loginUser(String, String): Token |
| + getUserById(Long): User |
| + updateUser(Long, User) |
| + deleteUser(Long) |
+------------------------------+

+-----------------------------+
| UserService |
+-----------------------------+
| + saveUser(User): User |
| + authenticateUser(String, String): Token |
| + findUserById(Long): User |
| + updateUser(Long, User) |
| + deleteUser(Long) |
+-----------------------------+

+-----------------------------+
| UserRepository |
+-----------------------------+
| + save(User): User |
| + findByEmail(String): Optional<User> |
| + findById(Long): Optional<User> |
| + deleteById(Long) |
+-----------------------------+

2. Logic Flow for User Service

The User Service handles user registration, login, profile updates, and deletion.
User Registration Flow
1. User submits registration details.
2. The system validates the input.
3. The password is hashed and stored securely.
4. The system creates a user record in the database.
5. A confirmation response is sent.
User Login Flow
1. User submits email and password.
2. The system retrieves user data from the database.
3. The password is verified against the stored hash.
4. If valid, a JWT token is generated and returned.
User Update Flow
 1. User requests profile update.
2. The system validates input and updates the record.
3. A success response is sent.
User Deletion Flow
1. User requests account deletion.
2. The system removes the user from the database.
3. A success response is returned.

3. Algorithms & Pseudocode

User Registration Algorithm
FUNCTION registerUser(userDetails)
IF user email already exists THEN
RETURN "Email already in use"
ELSE
Hash user password
SAVE user in database
RETURN success response
END FUNCTION
User Login Algorithm
FUNCTION loginUser(email, password)
FETCH user by email from database
IF user exists THEN
IF password matches hashed password THEN
GENERATE JWT token
RETURN token
ELSE
RETURN "Invalid credentials"
 ELSE
RETURN "User not found"
END FUNCTION
Update User Algorithm
FUNCTION updateUser(userId, updatedDetails)
FETCH user from database
IF user exists THEN
UPDATE user details
SAVE updated user
RETURN success response
ELSE
RETURN "User Not Found"
END FUNCTION
Delete User Algorithm
FUNCTION deleteUser(userId)
FETCH user from database
IF user exists THEN
DELETE user
RETURN success response
ELSE
RETURN "User Not Found"
END FUNCTION
Spring Boot code implementation for User Service
User Service
package com.example.userservice;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.security.crypto.bcrypt.BCryptPasswordEncoder;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
import org.springframework.data.annotation.Id;
import javax.persistence.*;
import java.util.Optional;

@Entity
class User {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;
private String name;
private String email;
private String password;
private String role;
private String createdAt;
private String updatedAt;

// Getters and Setters

}

interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {

Optional<User> findByEmail(String email);
}

@Service
class UserService {
@Autowired
private UserRepository userRepository;

@Autowired
private BCryptPasswordEncoder passwordEncoder;

public User saveUser(User user) {

user.setPassword(passwordEncoder.encode(user.getPassword()));
return userRepository.save(user);
}

public String authenticateUser(String email, String password) {

Optional<User> userOptional = userRepository.findByEmail(email);
if (userOptional.isPresent() && passwordEncoder.matches(password,
userOptional.get().getPassword())) {
return "JWT-TOKEN"; // Placeholder for actual JWT generation
}
return "Invalid credentials";
}
 public User findUserById(Long id) {
return userRepository.findById(id).orElse(null);
}

public User updateUser(Long id, User user) {

User existingUser = findUserById(id);
if (existingUser != null) {
user.setId(id);
return userRepository.save(user);
}
return null;
}

public void deleteUser(Long id) {

userRepository.deleteById(id);
}
}

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/users")
class UserController {

@Autowired
private UserService userService;

@PostMapping("/register")
 public ResponseEntity<User> registerUser(@RequestBody User user) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(userService.saveUser(user));
}

@PostMapping("/login")
public ResponseEntity<String> loginUser(@RequestParam String email, @RequestParam
String password) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(userService.authenticateUser(email, password));
}

@GetMapping("/{id}")
public ResponseEntity<User> getUserById(@PathVariable Long id) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(userService.findUserById(id));
}

@PutMapping("/{id}")
public ResponseEntity<User> updateUser(@PathVariable Long id, @RequestBody User user)
{
return ResponseEntity.ok(userService.updateUser(id, user));
}

@DeleteMapping("/{id}")
public ResponseEntity<String> deleteUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
userService.deleteUser(id);
return ResponseEntity.ok("User deleted successfully");
}
}
Order Service - Microservice Design
We'll cover:
1. UML Class Diagram
2. Logic Flow
3. Algorithms & Pseudocode
4. Spring Boot Implementation

1. UML Class Diagram

The Order Service manages customer orders, tracking their status from creation to completion.
Key entities:
 Order (id, userId, productId, quantity, totalPrice, status, createdAt, updatedAt)
 OrderStatus (enum: PENDING, CONFIRMED, SHIPPED, DELIVERED,
CANCELLED)
 OrderController (Handles API requests)
 OrderService (Business logic for order processing)
 OrderRepository (Handles database transactions)
UML Class Diagram for the Order Service:
| Order |
+------------------+
| - id: Long |
| - userId: Long |
| - productId: Long |
| - quantity: Integer |
| - totalPrice: Double |
| - status: OrderStatus |
| - createdAt: Date |
| - updatedAt: Date |
+------------------+
| + getters/setters |
+------------------+

+----------------------+
| OrderStatus |
+----------------------+
| - PENDING |
| - CONFIRMED |
| - SHIPPED |
| - DELIVERED |
| - CANCELLED |
+----------------------+

+------------------------------+
| OrderController |
+------------------------------+
| + createOrder(Order): Order |
| + getOrderById(Long): Order |
| + getAllOrders(): List<Order> |
| + updateOrderStatus(Long, OrderStatus) |
| + deleteOrder(Long) |
+------------------------------+

+-----------------------------+
| OrderService |
+-----------------------------+
| + saveOrder(Order): Order |
| + findOrderById(Long): Order |
| + findAllOrders(): List<Order> |
| + updateOrderStatus(Long, OrderStatus) |
| + deleteOrder(Long) |
+-----------------------------+

+-----------------------------+
| OrderRepository |
+-----------------------------+
| + save(Order): Order |
| + findById(Long): Optional<Order> |
| + findAll(): List<Order> |
| + deleteById(Long) |
+-----------------------------+

2. Logic Flow for Order Service

The Order Service manages order creation, retrieval, updates, and deletion.
Order Creation Flow
1. User submits an order request.
2. The system validates product availability.
3. The total price is calculated based on quantity.
4. The order is saved with a status of PENDING.
5. A confirmation response is sent.
Order Retrieval Flow
1. User requests order details.
2. The system fetches order from the database.
3. A response is returned.
Order Update Flow
1. Retailer updates the order status (e.g., CONFIRMED, SHIPPED).
2. The system validates the update request.
3. The order status is updated in the database.
4. A success response is sent.
Order Deletion Flow
1. User/Retailer requests order cancellation.
2. The system checks if cancellation is allowed (e.g., before shipping).
3. The order is deleted from the database.
4. A success response is returned.

3. Algorithms & Pseudocode

Order Creation Algorithm
FUNCTION createOrder(userId, productId, quantity)
FETCH product details
IF product stock < quantity THEN
RETURN "Out of stock"
ELSE
totalPrice = product price * quantity
SAVE order with status "PENDING"
RETURN success response
END FUNCTION
Order Status Update Algorithm
FUNCTION updateOrderStatus(orderId, status)
FETCH order from database
IF order exists THEN
UPDATE order status
 RETURN success response
ELSE
RETURN "Order Not Found"
END FUNCTION
Delete Order Algorithm
FUNCTION deleteOrder(orderId)
FETCH order from database
IF order exists AND status == "PENDING" THEN
DELETE order
RETURN success response
ELSE
RETURN "Order cannot be deleted"
END FUNCTION

Spring Boot code Implementation

package com.example.orderservice;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;

import javax.persistence.*;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.Date;
@Entity
class Order {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;
private Long userId;
private Long productId;
private Integer quantity;
private Double totalPrice;
@Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)
private OrderStatus status;
private Date createdAt;
private Date updatedAt;

// Getters and Setters

}

enum OrderStatus {
PENDING, CONFIRMED, SHIPPED, DELIVERED, CANCELLED
}

interface OrderRepository extends JpaRepository<Order, Long> {}

@Service
class OrderService {
@Autowired
private OrderRepository orderRepository;

public Order saveOrder(Order order) {

order.setStatus(OrderStatus.PENDING);
order.setCreatedAt(new Date());
order.setUpdatedAt(new Date());
return orderRepository.save(order);
}

public Order findOrderById(Long id) {

return orderRepository.findById(id).orElse(null);
}

public List<Order> findAllOrders() {

return orderRepository.findAll();
}

public Order updateOrderStatus(Long id, OrderStatus status) {

Order order = findOrderById(id);
if (order != null) {
order.setStatus(status);
order.setUpdatedAt(new Date());
return orderRepository.save(order);
}
return null;
}
 public void deleteOrder(Long id) {
orderRepository.deleteById(id);
}
}

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/orders")
class OrderController {
@Autowired
private OrderService orderService;

@PostMapping("/create")
public ResponseEntity<Order> createOrder(@RequestBody Order order) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(orderService.saveOrder(order));
}

@GetMapping("/{id}")
public ResponseEntity<Order> getOrderById(@PathVariable Long id) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(orderService.findOrderById(id));
}

@GetMapping("/all")
public ResponseEntity<List<Order>> getAllOrders() {
return ResponseEntity.ok(orderService.findAllOrders());
}

@PutMapping("/{id}/status")
 public ResponseEntity<Order> updateOrderStatus(@PathVariable Long id, @RequestParam
OrderStatus status) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(orderService.updateOrderStatus(id, status));
}

@DeleteMapping("/{id}")
public ResponseEntity<String> deleteOrder(@PathVariable Long id) {
orderService.deleteOrder(id);
return ResponseEntity.ok("Order deleted successfully");
}
}
Payment Service - Microservice Design
We'll cover:
1. UML Class Diagram
2. Logic Flow
3. Algorithms & Pseudocode
4. Spring Boot Implementation

1. UML Class Diagram

The Payment Service handles transaction processing and payment verification.
Key entities:
 Payment (id, orderId, userId, amount, paymentStatus, paymentMethod, createdAt)
 PaymentStatus (enum: PENDING, SUCCESS, FAILED, REFUNDED)
 PaymentMethod (enum: CREDIT_CARD, PAYPAL, BANK_TRANSFER)
 PaymentController (Handles API requests)
 PaymentService (Handles payment logic)
 PaymentRepository (Database transactions)
 ExternalPaymentGateway (Simulates third-party payment processing)
UML Class Diagram for the Payment Service:
+-------------------+
| Payment |
+-------------------+
| - id: Long |
| - orderId: Long |
| - userId: Long |
| - amount: Double |
| - paymentStatus: PaymentStatus |
| - paymentMethod: PaymentMethod |
| - createdAt: Date |
+-------------------+
| + getters/setters |
+-------------------+

+------------------------+
| PaymentStatus |
+------------------------+
| - PENDING |
| - SUCCESS |
| - FAILED |
| - REFUNDED |
+------------------------+

+-------------------------+
| PaymentMethod |
+-------------------------+
| - CREDIT_CARD |
| - PAYPAL |
| - BANK_TRANSFER |
+-------------------------+

+--------------------------------+
| PaymentController |
+--------------------------------+
| + initiatePayment(Payment): Payment |
| + getPaymentById(Long): Payment |
| + getAllPayments(): List<Payment> |
| + updatePaymentStatus(Long, PaymentStatus) |
| + refundPayment(Long): Payment |
+--------------------------------+

+-----------------------------+
| PaymentService |
+-----------------------------+
| + processPayment(Payment): Payment |
| + findPaymentById(Long): Payment |
| + findAllPayments(): List<Payment> |
| + updatePaymentStatus(Long, PaymentStatus) |
| + refundPayment(Long): Payment |
+-----------------------------+

+-----------------------------+
| PaymentRepository |
+-----------------------------+
| + save(Payment): Payment |
| + findById(Long): Optional<Payment> |
| + findAll(): List<Payment> |
+-----------------------------+

+--------------------------------+
| ExternalPaymentGateway |
+--------------------------------+
| + processTransaction(Payment): Boolean |
+--------------------------------+

2. Logic Flow for Payment Service

The Payment Service processes payments, verifies transactions, and handles refunds.
Payment Processing Flow
1. User initiates a payment request.
2. The system validates order details and amount.
3. A transaction request is sent to an external payment gateway.
4. If successful, the payment is marked SUCCESS; otherwise, FAILED.
5. A response is sent to the user.
Payment Retrieval Flow
1. User requests payment details.
2. The system fetches payment details from the database.
3. A response is returned.
Payment Status Update Flow
1. Admin updates the payment status (e.g., REFUNDED).
2. The system validates the update request.
3. The payment status is updated in the database.
4. A confirmation response is sent.
Refund Flow
1. User requests a refund.
2. The system verifies eligibility (e.g., payment must be SUCCESS).
3. A refund request is processed through the gateway.
4. If successful, the payment status is updated to REFUNDED.
5. A response is sent.
3. Algorithms & Pseudocode
Payment Processing Algorithm
FUNCTION processPayment(userId, orderId, amount, paymentMethod)
FETCH order details
IF order amount != requested amount THEN
RETURN "Invalid amount"
END IF

CALL externalPaymentGateway.processTransaction()
IF transaction SUCCESS THEN
SAVE payment with status "SUCCESS"
ELSE
SAVE payment with status "FAILED"
END IF
RETURN payment response
END FUNCTION
Refund Algorithm
FUNCTION refundPayment(paymentId)
FETCH payment from database
IF payment status != "SUCCESS" THEN
RETURN "Refund not allowed"
END IF

CALL externalPaymentGateway.processRefund()
IF refund SUCCESS THEN
UPDATE payment status to "REFUNDED"
RETURN "Refund processed"
 ELSE
RETURN "Refund failed"
END IF
END FUNCTION

Spring Boot Code Implementation

package com.example.paymentservice;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;

import javax.persistence.*;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Date;

@Entity
class Payment {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;
private Long orderId;
private Long userId;
private Double amount;
@Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)
 private PaymentStatus paymentStatus;
@Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)
private PaymentMethod paymentMethod;
private Date createdAt;

// Getters and Setters

}

enum PaymentStatus {
PENDING, SUCCESS, FAILED, REFUNDED
}

enum PaymentMethod {
CREDIT_CARD, PAYPAL, BANK_TRANSFER
}

interface PaymentRepository extends JpaRepository<Payment, Long> {}

@Service
class PaymentService {
@Autowired
private PaymentRepository paymentRepository;

@Autowired
private ExternalPaymentGateway paymentGateway;

public Payment processPayment(Payment payment) {

 payment.setPaymentStatus(PaymentStatus.PENDING);
payment.setCreatedAt(new Date());
payment = paymentRepository.save(payment);

boolean transactionResult = paymentGateway.processTransaction(payment);

payment.setPaymentStatus(transactionResult ? PaymentStatus.SUCCESS :
PaymentStatus.FAILED);
return paymentRepository.save(payment);
}

public Payment findPaymentById(Long id) {

return paymentRepository.findById(id).orElse(null);
}

public List<Payment> findAllPayments() {

return paymentRepository.findAll();
}

public Payment refundPayment(Long id) {

Payment payment = findPaymentById(id);
if (payment != null && payment.getPaymentStatus() == PaymentStatus.SUCCESS) {
boolean refundResult = paymentGateway.processRefund(payment);
if (refundResult) {
payment.setPaymentStatus(PaymentStatus.REFUNDED);
return paymentRepository.save(payment);
}
}
 return null;
}
}

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/payments")
class PaymentController {
@Autowired
private PaymentService paymentService;

@PostMapping("/process")
public ResponseEntity<Payment> processPayment(@RequestBody Payment payment) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(paymentService.processPayment(payment));
}

@GetMapping("/{id}")
public ResponseEntity<Payment> getPaymentById(@PathVariable Long id) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(paymentService.findPaymentById(id));
}

@GetMapping("/all")
public ResponseEntity<List<Payment>> getAllPayments() {
return ResponseEntity.ok(paymentService.findAllPayments());
}

@PostMapping("/{id}/refund")
public ResponseEntity<Payment> refundPayment(@PathVariable Long id) {
 return ResponseEntity.ok(paymentService.refundPayment(id));
}
}

@Service
class ExternalPaymentGateway {
public boolean processTransaction(Payment payment) {
// Simulate a successful transaction
return Math.random() > 0.2;
}

public boolean processRefund(Payment payment) {

// Simulate a successful refund
return Math.random() > 0.2;
}
}
Notification Service - Microservice Design
We'll cover:
1. UML Class Diagram
2. Logic Flow
3. Algorithms & Pseudocode
4. Spring Boot Implementation

1. UML Class Diagram

The Notification Service handles sending alerts via email, SMS, or push notifications.
Key entities:
 Notification (id, userId, orderId, message, status, type, createdAt)
 NotificationType (enum: EMAIL, SMS, PUSH)
 NotificationStatus (enum: PENDING, SENT, FAILED)
 NotificationController (Handles API requests)
 NotificationService (Manages notifications)
 NotificationRepository (Database transactions)
 ExternalNotificationGateway (Simulates sending notifications)
UML Class Diagram for the Notification Service:
+----------------------+
| Notification |
+----------------------+
| - id: Long |
| - userId: Long |
| - orderId: Long |
| - message: String |
| - status: NotificationStatus |
| - type: NotificationType |
| - createdAt: Date |
+----------------------+
| + getters/setters |
+----------------------+

+----------------------------+
| NotificationStatus |
+----------------------------+
| - PENDING |
| - SENT |
| - FAILED |
+----------------------------+

+----------------------------+
| NotificationType |
+----------------------------+
| - EMAIL |
| - SMS |
| - PUSH |
+----------------------------+

+---------------------------------+
| NotificationController |
+---------------------------------+
| + sendNotification(Notification): Notification |
| + getNotificationById(Long): Notification |
| + getAllNotifications(): List<Notification> |
+---------------------------------+

+--------------------------------+
| NotificationService |
+--------------------------------+
| + processNotification(Notification): Notification |
| + findNotificationById(Long): Notification |
| + findAllNotifications(): List<Notification> |
| + retryFailedNotifications(): void |
+--------------------------------+

+-------------------------------+
| NotificationRepository |
+-------------------------------+
| + save(Notification): Notification |
| + findById(Long): Optional<Notification> |
| + findAll(): List<Notification> |
+-------------------------------+

+-------------------------------------+
| ExternalNotificationGateway |
+-------------------------------------+
| + send(Notification): Boolean |
+-------------------------------------+
2. Logic Flow for Notification Service
The Notification Service sends order updates and alerts via email, SMS, or push notifications.
Notification Sending Flow
1. User action triggers a notification (e.g., order placed).
2. The system creates a notification with PENDING status.
3. A request is sent to an external notification gateway (email/SMS provider).
4. If successful, the notification is marked SENT; otherwise, FAILED.
5. A response is returned to the system.
Notification Retrieval Flow
1. User/Admin requests notification details.
2. The system fetches notification details from the database.
3. A response is returned.
Retrying Failed Notifications Flow
1. Admin triggers a retry for FAILED notifications.
2. The system resends the notifications via the gateway.
3. If successful, the status is updated to SENT.
4. A confirmation response is sent.

3. Algorithms & Pseudocode

Sending Notification Algorithm
FUNCTION sendNotification(userId, orderId, message, type)
CREATE notification with status "PENDING"
CALL externalNotificationGateway.send(notification)
IF sending SUCCESS THEN
UPDATE notification status to "SENT"
ELSE
UPDATE notification status to "FAILED"
 END IF
RETURN notification response
END FUNCTION
Retry Failed Notifications Algorithm
FUNCTION retryFailedNotifications()
FETCH all notifications WHERE status = "FAILED"
FOR each notification IN failed notifications
CALL sendNotification(notification)
END FOR
END FUNCTION

Spring Boot Code Implementation for the Notification Service

package com.example.notificationservice;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;

import javax.persistence.*;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Date;

@Entity
class Notification {
@Id
 @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;
private Long userId;
private Long orderId;
private String message;
@Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)
private NotificationStatus status;
@Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)
private NotificationType type;
private Date createdAt;

// Getters and Setters

}

enum NotificationStatus {
PENDING, SENT, FAILED
}

enum NotificationType {
EMAIL, SMS, PUSH
}

interface NotificationRepository extends JpaRepository<Notification, Long> {}

@Service
class NotificationService {
@Autowired
private NotificationRepository notificationRepository;

@Autowired
private ExternalNotificationGateway notificationGateway;

public Notification sendNotification(Notification notification) {

notification.setStatus(NotificationStatus.PENDING);
notification.setCreatedAt(new Date());
notification = notificationRepository.save(notification);

boolean sent = notificationGateway.send(notification);

notification.setStatus(sent ? NotificationStatus.SENT : NotificationStatus.FAILED);
return notificationRepository.save(notification);
}

public Notification findNotificationById(Long id) {

return notificationRepository.findById(id).orElse(null);
}

public List<Notification> findAllNotifications() {

return notificationRepository.findAll();
}

public void retryFailedNotifications() {

List<Notification> failedNotifications = notificationRepository.findAll()
.stream()
.filter(n -> n.getStatus() == NotificationStatus.FAILED)
 .toList();

for (Notification notification : failedNotifications) {

sendNotification(notification);
}
}
}

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/notifications")
class NotificationController {
@Autowired
private NotificationService notificationService;

@PostMapping("/send")
public ResponseEntity<Notification> sendNotification(@RequestBody Notification
notification) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(notificationService.sendNotification(notification));
}

@GetMapping("/{id}")
public ResponseEntity<Notification> getNotificationById(@PathVariable Long id) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(notificationService.findNotificationById(id));
}

@GetMapping("/all")
public ResponseEntity<List<Notification>> getAllNotifications() {
 return ResponseEntity.ok(notificationService.findAllNotifications());
}

@PostMapping("/retry")
public ResponseEntity<String> retryFailedNotifications() {
notificationService.retryFailedNotifications();
return ResponseEntity.ok("Retry initiated");
}
}

@Service
class ExternalNotificationGateway {
public boolean send(Notification notification) {
// Simulate notification sending
return Math.random() > 0.2;
}
}
Inventory Service - Microservice Design
We'll cover:
1. UML Class Diagram
2. Logic Flow
3. Algorithms & Pseudocode
4. Spring Boot Implementation

1. UML Class Diagram

The Inventory Service manages stock levels, updates quantities, and prevents overselling.
Key entities:
 Inventory (id, productId, quantity, lastUpdated)
 InventoryController (Handles API requests)
 InventoryService (Manages inventory logic)
 InventoryRepository (Database transactions)
UML Class Diagram for the Inventory Service:
+----------------------+
| Inventory |
+----------------------+
| - id: Long |
| - productId: Long |
| - quantity: int |
| - lastUpdated: Date|
+----------------------+
| + getters/setters |
+----------------------+

+--------------------------------+
| InventoryController |
+--------------------------------+
| + getInventory(productId): Inventory |
| + updateInventory(productId, quantity): Inventory |
| + reduceStock(productId, quantity): Inventory |
| + increaseStock(productId, quantity): Inventory |
+--------------------------------+

+-------------------------------+
| InventoryService |
+-------------------------------+
| + findInventoryByProductId(Long): Inventory |
| + updateInventory(Long, int): Inventory |
| + reduceStock(Long, int): Inventory |
| + increaseStock(Long, int): Inventory |
+-------------------------------+

+-------------------------------+
| InventoryRepository |
+-------------------------------+
| + save(Inventory): Inventory |
| + findByProductId(Long): Optional<Inventory> |
+-------------------------------+
2. Logic Flow for Inventory Service
The Inventory Service ensures products have available stock and updates quantities based on
orders.
Check Inventory Flow
1. User requests product stock information.
2. The system retrieves inventory from the database.
3. A response is sent with the current quantity.
Update Inventory Flow
1. Admin updates stock quantity.
2. The system validates and updates the inventory.
3. A confirmation response is sent.
Reduce Stock Flow (Order Placement)
1. Order Service requests a stock deduction.
2. The system checks availability:
o If stock is sufficient, quantity is reduced.

o If out of stock, request is denied.

3. A confirmation response is sent.

Increase Stock Flow (Restock)
1. Supplier or Admin adds new stock.
2. The system updates inventory.
3. A confirmation response is sent.

3. Algorithms & Pseudocode

Checking Inventory Algorithm
FUNCTION checkInventory(productId)
FETCH inventory WHERE productId = productId
IF inventory EXISTS THEN
 RETURN inventory.quantity
ELSE
RETURN "Product not found"
END IF
END FUNCTION
Reducing Stock Algorithm
FUNCTION reduceStock(productId, quantity)
FETCH inventory WHERE productId = productId
IF inventory.quantity >= quantity THEN
inventory.quantity -= quantity
UPDATE inventory
RETURN "Stock reduced"
ELSE
RETURN "Insufficient stock"
END IF
END FUNCTION
Increasing Stock Algorithm
FUNCTION increaseStock(productId, quantity)
FETCH inventory WHERE productId = productId
inventory.quantity += quantity
UPDATE inventory
RETURN "Stock updated"
END FUNCTION
Spring Boot Code Implementation for the Inventory Service
package com.example.inventoryservice;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;

import javax.persistence.*;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Optional;

@Entity
class Inventory {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;
private Long productId;
private int quantity;
private Date lastUpdated;

// Getters and Setters

}

interface InventoryRepository extends JpaRepository<Inventory, Long> {

Optional<Inventory> findByProductId(Long productId);
}

@Service
class InventoryService {
@Autowired
private InventoryRepository inventoryRepository;

public Inventory findInventoryByProductId(Long productId) {

return inventoryRepository.findByProductId(productId).orElse(null);
}

public Inventory updateInventory(Long productId, int quantity) {

Inventory inventory = inventoryRepository.findByProductId(productId)
.orElse(new Inventory());
inventory.setProductId(productId);
inventory.setQuantity(quantity);
inventory.setLastUpdated(new Date());
return inventoryRepository.save(inventory);
}

public Inventory reduceStock(Long productId, int quantity) {

Inventory inventory = findInventoryByProductId(productId);
if (inventory != null && inventory.getQuantity() >= quantity) {
inventory.setQuantity(inventory.getQuantity() - quantity);
inventory.setLastUpdated(new Date());
return inventoryRepository.save(inventory);
}
 return null;
}

public Inventory increaseStock(Long productId, int quantity) {

Inventory inventory = findInventoryByProductId(productId);
if (inventory != null) {
inventory.setQuantity(inventory.getQuantity() + quantity);
inventory.setLastUpdated(new Date());
return inventoryRepository.save(inventory);
}
return null;
}
}

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/inventory")
class InventoryController {
@Autowired
private InventoryService inventoryService;

@GetMapping("/{productId}")
public ResponseEntity<Inventory> getInventory(@PathVariable Long productId) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(inventoryService.findInventoryByProductId(productId));
}

@PostMapping("/update")
 public ResponseEntity<Inventory> updateInventory(@RequestParam Long productId,
@RequestParam int quantity) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(inventoryService.updateInventory(productId, quantity));
}

@PostMapping("/reduce")
public ResponseEntity<String> reduceStock(@RequestParam Long productId,
@RequestParam int quantity) {
Inventory updated = inventoryService.reduceStock(productId, quantity);
return updated != null ? ResponseEntity.ok("Stock reduced successfully")
: ResponseEntity.badRequest().body("Insufficient stock");
}

@PostMapping("/increase")
public ResponseEntity<Inventory> increaseStock(@RequestParam Long productId,
@RequestParam int quantity) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(inventoryService.increaseStock(productId, quantity));
}
}
Search & Recommendation Service - Microservice Design
We'll cover:
1. UML Class Diagram
2. Logic Flow
3. Algorithms & Pseudocode
4. Spring Boot Implementation

1. UML Class Diagram

The Search & Recommendation Service provides search capabilities and personalized product
recommendations.
Key entities:
 SearchController (Handles search API requests)
 SearchService (Manages search logic)
 RecommendationService (Generates product recommendations)
 ProductIndex (Indexes product data for fast searching)
 UserHistory (Tracks user interactions for recommendations)
UML Class Diagram for the Search & Recommendation Service:
+----------------------+
| ProductIndex |
+----------------------+
| - id: Long |
| - productId: Long |
| - name: String |
| - description: String |
| - category: String |
| - price: Double |
| - tags: List<String> |
+----------------------+
| + getters/setters |
+----------------------+

+----------------------+
| UserHistory |
+----------------------+
| - id: Long |
| - userId: Long |
| - viewedProducts: List<Long> |
| - purchasedProducts: List<Long> |
| - searchQueries: List<String> |
+----------------------+
| + getters/setters |
+----------------------+

+--------------------------------+
| SearchController |
+--------------------------------+
| + searchProducts(query): List<ProductIndex> |
| + getRecommendations(userId): List<ProductIndex> |
+--------------------------------+

+--------------------------------+
| SearchService |
+--------------------------------+
| + search(query): List<ProductIndex> |
| + indexProduct(ProductIndex): void |
| + removeProduct(Long productId): void |
+--------------------------------+

+--------------------------------+
| RecommendationService |
+--------------------------------+
| + getRecommendations(userId): List<ProductIndex> |
| + analyzeUserHistory(UserHistory): List<ProductIndex> |
+--------------------------------+

+--------------------------------+
| ProductIndexRepository |
+--------------------------------+
| + findByQuery(String query): List<ProductIndex> |
| + save(ProductIndex): ProductIndex |
| + deleteByProductId(Long): void |
+--------------------------------+

+--------------------------------+
| UserHistoryRepository |
+--------------------------------+
| + findByUserId(Long): UserHistory |
| + save(UserHistory): UserHistory |
+--------------------------------+
2. Logic Flow for Search & Recommendation Service
This service enables full-text search on products and AI-driven recommendations based on
user history.
Search Flow
1. User submits a search query.
2. System searches indexed products (by name, category, tags, etc.).
3. A ranked list of matching products is returned.
Indexing Flow
1. Admin adds or updates a product.
2. System indexes product details for faster search retrieval.
3. Updated product data is stored in the search database.
Recommendation Flow
1. User logs in, and their history is retrieved.
2. System analyzes past purchases & views to find similar products.
3. Popular items from similar users are recommended.
4. The personalized recommendation list is returned.

3. Algorithms & Pseudocode

Search Algorithm
FUNCTION search(query)
FETCH products WHERE name OR description OR tags MATCH query
RANK products based on relevance score
RETURN top-ranked products
END FUNCTION
Recommendation Algorithm
FUNCTION getRecommendations(userId)
FETCH user history (viewed products, purchases)
 FIND similar products based on category, tags, and purchase patterns
FETCH popular products from similar users
RETURN recommended product list
END FUNCTION

Now, let's implement the Spring Boot Code Implementation for the Search & Recommendation
Service!
Search Recommendation Service
package com.example.searchrecommendation;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.Query;

import javax.persistence.*;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

@Entity
class ProductIndex {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;
private Long productId;
 private String name;
private String description;
private String category;
private Double price;
private String tags; // Comma-separated tags for search optimization

// Getters and Setters

}

interface ProductIndexRepository extends JpaRepository<ProductIndex, Long> {

@Query("SELECT p FROM ProductIndex p WHERE p.name LIKE %:query% OR
p.description LIKE %:query% OR p.tags LIKE %:query%")
List<ProductIndex> searchProducts(String query);
}

@Entity
class UserHistory {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;
private Long userId;
private String viewedProducts; // Comma-separated product IDs
private String purchasedProducts; // Comma-separated product IDs
private String searchQueries; // Comma-separated search terms

// Getters and Setters

}
interface UserHistoryRepository extends JpaRepository<UserHistory, Long> {
UserHistory findByUserId(Long userId);
}

@Service
class SearchService {
@Autowired
private ProductIndexRepository productIndexRepository;

public List<ProductIndex> search(String query) {

return productIndexRepository.searchProducts(query);
}

public void indexProduct(ProductIndex product) {

productIndexRepository.save(product);
}

public void removeProduct(Long productId) {

productIndexRepository.deleteById(productId);
}
}

@Service
class RecommendationService {
@Autowired
private UserHistoryRepository userHistoryRepository;
 @Autowired
private ProductIndexRepository productIndexRepository;

public List<ProductIndex> getRecommendations(Long userId) {

UserHistory history = userHistoryRepository.findByUserId(userId);
if (history == null) return List.of();

// Extract purchased/viewed product IDs

List<Long> viewedProductIds = extractIds(history.getViewedProducts());
List<Long> purchasedProductIds = extractIds(history.getPurchasedProducts());

// Find similar products based on category and tags

return productIndexRepository.findAll().stream()
.filter(p -> viewedProductIds.contains(p.getProductId()) ||
purchasedProductIds.contains(p.getProductId()))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
}

private List<Long> extractIds(String csv) {

if (csv == null || csv.isEmpty()) return List.of();
return List.of(csv.split(",")).stream().map(Long::parseLong).collect(Collectors.toList());
}
}

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/search")
class SearchController {
 @Autowired
private SearchService searchService;
@Autowired
private RecommendationService recommendationService;

@GetMapping("/query")
public ResponseEntity<List<ProductIndex>> searchProducts(@RequestParam String query) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(searchService.search(query));
}

@GetMapping("/recommendations")
public ResponseEntity<List<ProductIndex>> getRecommendations(@RequestParam Long
userId) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(recommendationService.getRecommendations(userId));
}
}
Order Service - Microservice Design
We'll cover:
1. UML Class Diagram
2. Logic Flow
3. Algorithms & Pseudocode
4. Spring Boot Implementation

1. UML Class Diagram

The Order Service handles customer orders, tracks order status, and interacts with the Payment
& Inventory services.
Key entities:
 Order (id, userId, productList, totalAmount, status, createdAt)
 OrderController (Handles API requests)
 OrderService (Manages order processing logic)
 OrderRepository (Handles database operations)
 PaymentClient (Interacts with Payment Service)
 InventoryClient (Interacts with Inventory Service)
UML Class Diagram for the Order Service:
+----------------------+
| Order |
+----------------------+
| - id: Long |
| - userId: Long |
| - productList: List<Long> |
| - totalAmount: Double |
| - status: String |
| - createdAt: Date |
+----------------------+
| + getters/setters |
+----------------------+

+--------------------------+
| OrderController |
+--------------------------+
| + createOrder(orderRequest): ResponseEntity<Order> |
| + getOrder(orderId): ResponseEntity<Order> |
| + cancelOrder(orderId): ResponseEntity<String> |
+--------------------------+

+--------------------------+
| OrderService |
+--------------------------+
| + createOrder(orderRequest): Order |
| + getOrder(orderId): Order |
| + cancelOrder(orderId): String |
| + updateOrderStatus(orderId, status): void |
+--------------------------+

+--------------------------+
| OrderRepository |
+--------------------------+
| + findById(orderId): Optional<Order> |
| + save(order): Order |
+--------------------------+
+--------------------------+
| PaymentClient |
+--------------------------+
| + processPayment(orderId, amount): Boolean |
+--------------------------+

+--------------------------+
| InventoryClient |
+--------------------------+
| + reduceStock(productList): Boolean |
+--------------------------+

2. Logic Flow for Order Service

This service manages order creation, retrieval, and cancellation, interacting with Payment
and Inventory services.
Order Placement Flow
1. User places an order via API.
2. Order Service validates inventory using InventoryClient.
3. If stock is available, PaymentClient processes payment.
4. If payment succeeds, order is saved in the database.
5. Order status is set to "CONFIRMED", and a response is returned.
Order Retrieval Flow
1. User requests order details via API.
2. Service fetches order from the database.
3. Order details are returned.
Order Cancellation Flow
1. User cancels an order.
2. Service checks if order is "CONFIRMED" or "PENDING".
3. If valid, stock is restored in Inventory Service.
4. Order status is updated to "CANCELED".

3. Algorithms & Pseudocode

Order Placement Algorithm
FUNCTION createOrder(userId, productList, totalAmount)
IF !InventoryClient.reduceStock(productList) THEN
RETURN "Stock not available"

IF !PaymentClient.processPayment(userId, totalAmount) THEN

RETURN "Payment failed"

newOrder = Order(userId, productList, totalAmount, "CONFIRMED")

OrderRepository.save(newOrder)

RETURN newOrder
END FUNCTION
Order Cancellation Algorithm
FUNCTION cancelOrder(orderId)
order = OrderRepository.findById(orderId)
IF order.status NOT IN ["CONFIRMED", "PENDING"] THEN
RETURN "Order cannot be canceled"

InventoryClient.restoreStock(order.productList)
 order.status = "CANCELED"
OrderRepository.save(order)

RETURN "Order canceled successfully"

END FUNCTION

Spring Boot Code Implementation for the Order Service!

Order Service
package com.example.orderservice;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;

import javax.persistence.*;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;

@Entity
class Order {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;
private Long userId;
 private String productList; // Comma-separated product IDs
private Double totalAmount;
private String status; // PENDING, CONFIRMED, CANCELED
private Date createdAt = new Date();

// Getters and Setters

}

interface OrderRepository extends JpaRepository<Order, Long> {}

@Service
class OrderService {
@Autowired
private OrderRepository orderRepository;
@Autowired
private PaymentClient paymentClient;
@Autowired
private InventoryClient inventoryClient;

public Order createOrder(Long userId, List<Long> productList, Double totalAmount) {

if (!inventoryClient.reduceStock(productList)) {
throw new RuntimeException("Stock not available");
}
if (!paymentClient.processPayment(userId, totalAmount)) {
throw new RuntimeException("Payment failed");
}
Order order = new Order();
 order.setUserId(userId);
order.setProductList(productList.toString());
order.setTotalAmount(totalAmount);
order.setStatus("CONFIRMED");
return orderRepository.save(order);
}

public Order getOrder(Long orderId) {

return orderRepository.findById(orderId).orElseThrow(() -> new RuntimeException("Order
not found"));
}

public String cancelOrder(Long orderId) {

Order order = getOrder(orderId);
if (!order.getStatus().equals("CONFIRMED") && !order.getStatus().equals("PENDING"))
{
return "Order cannot be canceled";
}
inventoryClient.restoreStock(List.of(order.getProductList().split(",")));
order.setStatus("CANCELED");
orderRepository.save(order);
return "Order canceled successfully";
}
}

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/orders")
class OrderController {
 @Autowired
private OrderService orderService;

@PostMapping("/create")
public ResponseEntity<Order> createOrder(@RequestParam Long userId, @RequestParam
List<Long> productList, @RequestParam Double totalAmount) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(orderService.createOrder(userId, productList, totalAmount));
}

@GetMapping("/{orderId}")
public ResponseEntity<Order> getOrder(@PathVariable Long orderId) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(orderService.getOrder(orderId));
}

@PostMapping("/cancel/{orderId}")
public ResponseEntity<String> cancelOrder(@PathVariable Long orderId) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(orderService.cancelOrder(orderId));
}
}

interface PaymentClient {
boolean processPayment(Long userId, Double amount);
}
interface InventoryClient {
boolean reduceStock(List<Long> productList);
void restoreStock(List<Long> productList);
}
This detailed low-level component design ensures modularity, scalability, and clarity for
developers working on the system. Each module encapsulates specific responsibilities, while the
algorithms ensure smooth execution of critical processes.

UI/UX Design

To create an intuitive and user-friendly experience for the shopping platform, we will focus on
mockups, wireframes and prototypes for key user interfaces, this design will prioritize usability
and accessibility to ensure the platform is easy to use for both retailers and clients, regardless of
their technical expertise or abilities.
Principles of Usability and accessibility
Usability
 Consistency: Uniform design elements across screens.
 Efficiency: Easy navigation with minimal steps to complete tasks.
 Feedback: Clear system feedback for user actions (e.g. loading indicator, success
messages).
 Error Recovery: Clear instructions and options for handling errors.
Accessibility
 Color Contrast: Adherence to WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) standards
for readability.
 Keyboard Navigation: Full functionality via keyboard shortcuts.
 Screen Reader Compatibility: Proper ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications)
attributes.
 Text Alternatives: Alt text for images and descriptive labels for forms
Retailer Dashboard UI
Key Features and Design Elements
1. Home Page (Dashboard Overview)
A clear, minimalist interface showing key metrics such as:
 Total sales
 Orders pending, completed, and cancelled
 Inventory status (low stock alerts)
 Revenue trends (charts/graphs)
 Quick-access buttons for adding new products or viewing orders
2. Product Management
 Product listing page:
o Table-style with columns for product name, price, stock, quantity, and status
(active/inactive).
o Search and filter options (e.g. by category, availability).
 Add/Edit Product Page:
o Form to upload product images, name, description, price, stock quantity, and
category.
o Options to enable/disable discounts or promotions.
 o Drag-and-drop functionality for image uploads.

3. Order Management
 Order page:
o List of all orders with columns for order-id, client name, status (pending, shipped,
delivered), and total amount.
o Filters for sorting orders by date, status, or payment method.
 Order Details:
o View specific order details, including product details, client information, and
delivery status.
o Update order status (e.g. processing, shipped, or completed).

4. Sales and Analytics:

 Graphical representation of:
o Daily, weekly, and monthly sales trends.
o Top-selling products.
o Customer demographics (e.g. location, age, groups).
o Exportable reports in CSV or PDF format.

5. Settings:
 Profile management (business name, contact information etc.)
 Payment Integration settings to manage payouts
 Notifications preferences (e.g. email or SMS alerts for low stock or new orders).
6. Help and Support
o Chatbot or contact form for technical support.
o Access to FAQs and user guides.

Design Style:
 Color palette: professional, with shades of blue, gray, and white for a clean and
trustworthy look.
 Navigation: Sidebar navigation with clear icons and labels (e.g. Dashboard, products,
orders, Analytics, settings).
 Font Style: Sans-serif for readability.
 Responsiveness: Fully functional on both desktop and mobile browsers.
Customer App UI
Key Features and Design Elements
1. Home Screen
  Search Screen: Prominently placed at the top for finding products quickly.
 Category section: Icons or Images for different product categories (e.g. clothing,
electronics, groceries).
 Featured Products: A carousel or grid showcasing popular or discounted items.
 Personalized recommendations: Based on browsing or purchase history.
2. Product Browsing:
 Category Pages:
o Grid or list view of products with Thumbnails, names, prices, and ratings.
o Filters and sorting options (e.g. price range, newest, popularity).
 Product Details:
o Large product image with zoom functionality.
o Description, price, available stock, and customer reviews.
o “Add to Cart” or “Buy now” buttons.

3. Shopping Cart
Cart Overview
o List of selected items with images, names, quantities, and prices.
o Total cost calculation, including taxes and shipping fees.
o “Proceed to checkout” button.

Editable Cart
o Options to remove items or adjust quantities.

4. Checkout and Payment

Checkout Page:
o Delivery address form (auto-fill options for repeat customers).
o Delivery Options (e.g. standard, express).
o Summary of the order.

Payment Page:
o Integration with third-party payment providers (e.g. PayPal, Stripe).
o Options for saved cards, UPI, or mobile wallets.
o Confirmation screen after successful payment.

5. Order Tracking
 Order History
 List of previous and current orders with status (e.g. in progress, delivered).
  Order details Page:
 Information about the products, total amount, and delivery timeline.
 Tracking link for real-time updates
6. User profile
 Manage personal information.
 Payment method preferences.
 Notification settings for promotions and order updates.
7. Notifications
Push Notifications for:
o Order confirmations
o Discounts or promotions
o Delivery status updates.

Design Style
 Color Palette: Bright and inviting (e.g. whites with vibrant accent colors like Orange,
green or blue).
 Navigation: Bottom navigation bar with icons for Home, categories, Cart, orders, and
Profile.
 Font Style: Clean and modern (sans -serif)
 Responsiveness: Optimized for all mobile screen sizes.
Visual Consistency
To maintain branding, both the retailer dashboard and the customer app should use consistent
design elements:
o Logo placement and branding.
o Modern Typography.
o Simple, intuitive layouts.
o Smooth transitions and animations for a polished feel.

INPUT DESIGN
Forms
To ensure efficient uploading of records for both retailers and customer app, The UI should
include well-structured forms tailored to different purposes. Below is an expanded description of
the various forms and their UI design

Retailer Dashboard
Forms for Uploading Records

1. Product Upload Form

Purpose: Allows retailers to add or edit products on the platform
Fields:
o Product Name (Text field)
o Product Category (Dropdown menu)
o Product Description (Rich text Editor for detailed descriptions).
o Price (Numeric field).
o Stock Quantity (Numeric Field).
o Upload Product Images ((Drag and drop or upload button).
o Product tags (Searchable, Multi-select dropdown for keywords like summer, electronics).
o Availability (Toggle Switch: Active/inactive).

Design
 Two-column layout with form fields on the left and a preview of the uploaded image on
the right.
 A “save as Draft” and “Publish” button at the bottom.
 Use of tooltips for field descriptions (e.g. Enter the Price in USD).
 Responsive design for tablet or mobile access.

2. Inventory Bulk Upload Form

Purpose: Allows retailers to upload multiple product records at once.
Fields:
o File Upload (CSV or Excel format with a downloadable template link).
o Preview Table: Display rows and columns from the uploaded file for verification.
o Field mapping dropdowns: Match file headers (e.g. Product name, price) to the platforms
fields.

Design:
o Drag-and-drop upload zone with a large icon and clear instructions.
 o Preview table with scrollable rows and column headers for easy validation.
o “Process” and “Cancel” buttons at the bottom.
o Validation alerts (e.g. “Row5 has a missing price”).

3. Order fulfilment form

Purpose: Used to upload status of an order.
Fields:
o Order-id (Auto-filled/ read-only)
o Product name (auto-filled/read-only)
o Customer Name (auto-filled/read-only)
o Delivery status (Dropdown: Pending, Processing, shipped, delivered).
o Tracking Number (Text-field)
o Notes (optional Text Area)

Design:
 Compact form that fits into a modal or slide-in panel for quick access.
 Use progress bars to display the current status visually.

4. Promotions or Discount Form

Purpose: Allows retailers to create promotional offers for their products.
Fields:
 Promotion name (text field)
 Discount type (dropdown: Percentage or Fixed amount).
 Applicable Products (Multi-select Dropdown with search functionality)
 Start and end date (date Picker)
 Additional terms (Text Area).
Design:
o Calendar integration for setting/end dates.
o Budge-style indicators for selected products in the dropdown.
o “Preview Promotion” button to simulate how it will appear on the customer app.

Customer App: Forms for Record submission

1. User Registration Form
Purpose: Allows customers to create an account.
Fields:
o Full name (Text area).
o Email address (Text Field with validation).
o Password (Password Fields with Strength indicator).
o Confirm password (Password field).
o Phone number (Numeric field with country code dropdown).
o Address (Text area or auto-complete field with map integration).

Design:
 Focus on a mobile-friendly layout.
 Large buttons and text inputs for easy typing.
 Use of validation alerts (e.g. “Email format invalid”).

2. Order Placement Form:

Purpose: Enables customers to complete a purchase
Fields:
o Delivery Address (auto-fill or manual input).
o Payment Method (Radio buttons: Credit card, mobile wallets, etc.)
o Additional Notes (optional Text Area).

Design:
 One-page checkout with collapsable sections for each step (e.g. address, payment).
 Visual indicators for selected payment methods, logos/icons.

3. Feedback and review Form

Purpose: Allows customers to rate and review purchased products.
Fields:
 Star Rating (Interactive stars for 1-5 ratings)
 Review tittle (Text field)
 Review body (text area).
 Optional Image Upload (Drag and drop for product image).
Design:
o Minimalist form with focus on user engagement.
o Star rating visual displayed prominently at the top.

4. Issue Reporting Form

Purpose: Allows customers to report issues with orders or products.
Fields:
o Order-id (Auto-filled Dropdown from past orders)
o Issue type (Dropdown: Wrong item, Damaged product, etc.)
o Description (Text area)
o Upload Evidence (Optional image/ document upload).

Design:
 Simplified layout with clear issue categories.
 Drag and drop area for file uploads.

Additional UI Features for All forms

 Real-time Validation
o Instant feedback for incorrect or missing fields (e.g. red boarders, error messages)
 Autosave Feature:
o Large buttons, high contrast, and screen reader and screen reader compatibility.
 Progress Indicators:
o For multi-step forms (e.g. registration or order placement), a progress bar shows
the user’s current step.

This approach ensures that both retailers and customers have a smooth, user-friendly experience
when interacting with the platform, reducing errors and increasing overall satisfaction.
OUTPUT DESIGN
REPORTS
The platform can generate a wide range of reports based on the data collected from the forms.
These reports provide valuable insights into business operations, help in decision-making, and
improve efficiency, below are some reports that can be generated.
1. Sales reports
 Daily/weekly/Monthly sales reports
o Total sales revenue.
o Sales trends over time (e.g. peak sales periods).
 Product Performance Report
o Best-selling products
o Low-performing products (based on sales volume).
 Category-wise Sales Report
o Breakdown of Sales by product category.
 Customer Purchase Behavior Report
o Repeat customers vs. new customers.
o Average order value.

2. Inventory Reports
 Stock Level Report
o Current stock-levels for each product.
o Low-stock alerts for replenishment.
 Stock movement report
o Products added (new stock).
o Products sold or removed (outflow).
 Deadstock Report
o Items in stock for a long time without sales.

3. Financial Reports
 Cash Flow Report
o Total cash inflow (e.g. sales revenue, dept recovery).
o Total cash Outflow (e.g. stock purchases, expenses, loan repayments).
o Net cash Flow (profit or loss).

 Expense breakdown Report

o Detailed view of all expenses by category (e.g. Salaries, rent, Utilities).
  Debt management Report
o Amount owed to creditors (unpaid suppliers).
o Amount owed by debtors (unpaid customers).
o Due dates for debtors.

4. Service Report
 Service usage Report
o Total services requested by customers.
o Most popular services (e.g. home delivery, installation).
 Revenue from services
o Income generated from additional services.
 Service completion Report
o Total service completed
o Pending or incomplete services with reasons

5. Payment Reports
 Deferred Payment Report
o List of customers using “Buy Now, Pay Later”.
o Payment status (paid, partially paid, overdue).
o Upcoming payments and due dates.
 Payment Method Analysis:
o Breakdown of payments by method (e.g. cash, card, mobile wallets).

6. Customers Reports
 Customer Demographic Reports
o Age, location, and other demographic details of customers.
 Customer Feedback Report
o Ratings and review for products and services.
o Common complaints or suggestions.
 Loyalty Report
o Most Frequent Shoppers.
o Customers eligible for loyalty rewards or discounts.

7. Operational Reports
 Order Fulfilment Report
o Percentage of orders fulfilled on time.
o Delayed or cancelled orders with reasons.
 Staff performance Report
o Tasks completed by staff (e.g. deliveries, installations).
 o Efficiency and customer satisfaction ratings for staff service.
 Service Procedure Analysis
o Time-taken for each step in a service (e.g. installation time)
o Bottlenecks in procedures.

8. Marketing and promotion reports

 Promotion campaign performance Reports
o Impact of discounts and promotions on sales.
o Revenue generated from promotional products.
 Customer Engagement Report
o Clicks and conversions on promotional offers.
o Services/products purchased through special offers.

9. Customizable Reports:
 Custom date Range Reports
o All reports can be filtered by a specific date range for custom insights.
 Exportable Reports:
o Export reports in CSV, Excel, or PDF for offline use or sharing.

10. Analytics and Forecasting Reports

 Sales Forecast Report:
o Predict future sales trends based on historical data.
 Inventory Forecasting Report
o Suggest products to reorder based on current trends.
 Financial Forecasting Reports
o Estimate future cash flow, expenses, and profit margins.

11. Order Summery Report

Purpose: Provides a high-level overview of all orders placed within a specified period.
Fields included:
 Total number of orders placed
 Total amount spent (sum of all order amounts)
 Number of suppliers used
 Average order value
 Most frequently ordered products
 Top suppliers by volume/Revenue
Use Case: Helps overall purchasing trends and volume.
12. Order History Report
Purpose: Displays all past orders in detail
Fields included:
o Order Reference Number
o Order date
o Supplier name
o Product list with Quantities and unit prices.
o Total order amount
o Payment Terms (Prepaid, On Delivery, credit).
o Order status (pending, Approved, Rejected, Completed)

Use case: provides a detailed history of all orders for record-keeping or audits.

13. Product-Specific Order Report

Purpose: Focuses on specific products that have been ordered.
Fields:
o Product name
o Total Amount spent on the product
o Suppliers providing the product.
o Frequency of ordering (e.g. weekly, monthly)

Use case: Helps identify products that require frequent restocking and assess suppliers based on
order fulfilment.

14. suppliers Performance Report

Purpose: Evaluates the performance of suppliers based on order fulfilment.
Fields Included:
o Suppliers name
o Number of orders placed
o Total amount spent with the supplier
o Average order delivery time
o Percentage of orders delivered on time
o Customer Satisfaction Ratings (if applicable)
o Instances of order Discrepancies (e.g. incorrect or missing items).
Use case: Helps retailers identify reliable suppliers and negotiate better terms.
15. Delivery and Fulfilment Report
Purpose: Tracks the status and performance of order deliveries.
Fields Included:
o Order Reference Number
o Delivery Date (planned vs Actual).
o Delivery method (Suppliers Delivery, Pickup, Third-party logistics).
o Delivery status (pending, in progress, Delivered, Delayed)
o Shipping costs (if applicable).

Use case: Ensures timely deliveries and identifies bottlenecks in logistics.

16. Payment Report

Purpose: Summarizes payment-related data for all suppliers’ orders.
Fields Included:
o Order reference number
o Total amount paid vs Outstanding amount
o Payment Method (bank transfer, Mobile wallet, cash on Delivery).
o Payment status (Paid, partially paid, Pending,)
o Credit terms and due dates

Use case: Tracks financial obligations and ensures timely payments to suppliers.

17. Cost Analysis Report

Purpose: Provides insights into cost distribution across orders.
Fields included:
 Breakdown of expenses
o Stock purchases
o Shipping costs
o Additional charges (e.g. fuel surcharge)
 Costs trends over time (monthly or quarterly).
 Comparison of suppliers pricing for the same product.
Use case: Helps optimize costs by identifying expensive suppliers or products.
18. Low stock and Reordering Report
Purpose: Highlights the connection between low stock levels and supplies orders.
Fields included:
o Products reordered due to low stock.
o Time taken to Restock.
o Stock Levels before and after Reordering
o Frequency of reordering for each product

Use case: Improves inventory management and avoids stockouts.

19. Order Discrepancy Report

Purpose: Tracks any issue with suppliers’ orders
Fields included:
o Order reference Number
o Supplier name
o Products (s) involved
o Nature of Discrepancy (e.g. wrong quantity, damaged goods).
o Resolution status (Pending, Resolved)
o Associated costs (refunds, replacement costs)

Use case: Identifies problematic suppliers or recurring issues.

20. Customizable Date Range Reports

Purpose: Provides flexibility to analyze orders within specific timeframes.
Fields included:
o All relevant order details (as described in other reports)
o Filters for Suppliers, Product, Payment, status, or delivery status.

Use case: enables customized reporting for specific business needs (e.g. quarterly, reviews or
annual summaries.

Report Presentation and Access

  Graphical Dashboards:
o Bar graphs, pie charts, and line charts for quick data visualization.
 Drill-Down Reports
o Interactive reports where users can click on specific metrics for detailed data.
 Email/Automated Reports
o Schedule automated emails with daily/weekly/monthly summaries.
 Automated Scheduling
o Set up daily, weekly, or monthly delivery of reports to stakeholders.
 Search and Filter Options
o Quickly find specific orders or Suppliers based on criteria like date, product, or
payment status.
By leveraging and utilizing these reports, the platform enables retailers to monitor and optimize
their operations, improve customer service, and ensure financial health. Retailers can maintain
full visibility of their suppliers, orders, make data-driven decisions, and optimize their operations
for better profitability.

Integration design
Integration design defines how the various component of the shopping platform (e.g. retailer
dashboard, client app, backend server, and database) will communicate and work together
seamlessly. This includes protocols, middleware, and message formats to ensure smooth data
exchange and system performance.
1. Integration Overview.
Components to integrate.
1. Retailer Dashboard (web application)
2. Client mobile app (iOS/Android)
3. Backend Server (Business logic)
4. Database (Persistent storage)
5. Third-party services
o Payment gateway
o Notification services

6. APIs
o REST or GraphQL APIs for communication.

Integration Goals
 Scalability: handle high user loads with minimal latency
 Consistency: Ensure data integrity across components
 Security: Encrypt sensitive data during transmission
 Flexibility: Support changes or additions to components.
2. Communication Between Components
 HTTP/HTTPS: For communication between the frontend (retailer dashboard and client
app) and backend.
 WebSocket: For real-time updates (e.g. live notifications for order status).
 SQL Queries: Foe communication between the backend and database.
 OArth 2.0: For secure user authentication and authorization.
Message Formats:
 JSON: lightweight, human-readable, and widely supported format for data exchange
between the frontend and backend.
 XML: Alternative format (used by certain legacy systems or external APIs).
 Binary Protocols: For high-performance data exchange (optional, if needed).
Middleware:
Middleware acts as the glue between components, the following middleware solutions will be
used:
  API gateway: Manage API requests and responses (e.g. AWS API Gateway or Kong
Gateway).
 Message Broker: For asynchronous communication (e.g. RabbitMQ, Apache Kafka).
 Authentication Middleware: Handle JWT-based token authentication.
3. Integration Design for Individual Components
a. Retailer Dashboard-Backend Server
Purpose: Retailers manage their products and orders.
Integration Details:
 API Endpoints:
o POST/api/products-Add a product
o PUT/api/product/{id}- Update product
o DELETE/api/products/{id}- Delete a product
o GET/api/orders- Retrieve all orders
 Message Format: JSON payloads.
Protocols: HTTPS with OArth 2.0 authentication
Middleware:
o Request Validation middleware
o Authentication middleware for verifying retailer access.

b. Client Mobile App -Backend Server

Purpose: Clients browse products and place orders.
Integration Details:
o GET/api/products-Retrieve product catalog.
o GET/api/products/{id}-Get product details
o POST/api/cart-Add item to cart
o POST/api/orders- Place an order

Message Format: JSON payloads

Protocol: HTTPS with JWT-based authentication
Middleware:
 API rate-limiting middleware to prevent abuse.
 Caching middleware for frequently accessed data like product listings
c. Backend Server-Database
Purpose: Store and retrieve data for products, orders, and users.
Integration Details:
 Database connection:
o Use an ORM (e.g. sequalize for Node.js) or raw SQL database queries.
o Message Format: SQL queries or ORM syntax.
 Middleware:
o Connection pooling middleware to handle multiple database requests efficiently.
o Database transaction middleware to ensure ACID compliance.

d. Backend Server-Payment Gateway

Purpose: Process payments securely.
Integration Details:
 API endpoints:
o POST/payment/process-send payment details (e.g. card number, amount) to the
gateway.
o Get/payment/status: Retrieve payment status.
 Message Format: JSON payloads (containing sensitive data like card info encrypted
using TLS).
 Protocol: HTTPS with mutual TLS authentication
 Middleware: Payment validation middleware to ensure valid input (e.g. card numbers).
e. Backend Server-Notification service
Purpose: Send order updates and promotional messages to users
Integration Details:
 API endpoints
o POST/notification/send: Send a notification (email or SMS).
 Message Format: JSON with user and message details.
 Middleware:
o Logging middleware to track sent notifications
o Retry middleware to handle failed notification attempts.

4. Middleware Design
a). Authentication Middleware
 Functionality
o Validate OArth tokens for retailers and JWT tokens for clients
o Ensure tokens are unexpired and roles match API requirements
 Implementation:
def authentication_middleware (request):
 token = request.header.get(“Authorization”)
if not (token or not validate_token (token):
return {“error”: “Unauthorized”},401
return next (request)

b). Request validation middleware

 Functionality:
o Validate incoming requests for required fields and formats
 Implementation:
def request_validation_middleware (request):
required_fields = [“name”, “price”, “stock”]
for field in required_fields:
if field not in request. JSON:
return {“error”: {field} is required”}, 400
return next (request)

c). Caching Middleware

Purpose: Reduce load on the database for frequently accessed endpoints.
Implementation:
 Use Redis to cache product listings and user sessions.
 Expire cache after 10 minutes to ensure updated data.

5. Message Broker Integration

Purpose: Asynchronous communication for certain tasks (e.g. notifications, order processing).
 Broker: RabbitMQ or Apache Kafka
 Topics:
o Order processing: A queue for processing notifications
o Notifications: A queue for sending notifications.
 Message Format:
o JSON messages with a unique message ID and timestamps.

6. Error Handling
Types of errors
1. Clients Errors
o Invalid inputs: Return 400 bad request with detailed error messages.

2. Server Errors
o Database connection failure: Log error and Return 500 internal server error.
o Payment failure: Retry payment or return 502 bad Gateway.

7. Example Flow
Placing an order
1. Client App sends order details (JSON payloads) to the backend via HTTPS.
2. Backend validates the request using authentication and validation middleware.
3. Backend updates the database (deduct stock, insert order).
4. Backend communicates with the payment gateway to process the payment.
5. Backend publishes an event to the “Order Processing” queue for fulfilment
6. Notification service consumes the event and sends an order confirmation email/SMS to
the client
This integration design ensures that all components work together seamlessly with secure,
scalable and reliable communication.

Error handling
Error handling is critical to ensure the system remains reliable, user-friendly, and secure, even
when issues arise, For the shopping platform, error handling will cover the following aspects:
Exception management, logging, and debugging.
1. Key Goals of Eror Handling
1. Minimize user Impact:
o Gracefully recover from errors without crashing the application.
o Provide clear and actionable error messages to users.

2. Debugging Monitoring:
o Enable developers to quickly identify and fix issues

3. Security
o Avoid exposing sensitive data in error messages or logs.

2. Exception Management
a). Types of Exception
1. Client-side Exception
o Example: Invalid user inputs, network errors, unauthorized actions.
o Mitigation: Provide informative feedback to users (e.g. “Invalid email format”).

2. Server-side Exception:
o Examples: Database connection failure, third-party API errors, Unhandled exceptions
o Mitigation: Log errors for analysis and notify developers or admins if critical.

3. System Exceptions:
o Examples: Out-of-memory errors, server overload.
o Mitigation: Implement fallback mechanisms or gracefully degrade services.

b). Exception Handling Strategies

1. Try-catch Blocks
 Surround critical code with try-catch to handle specific errors.
 Example
try:
product = database.get_product(product_id)
except DatabaseConnectionError as e:
 log_error (e)
return {“error”: “Unable to fetch product data. Please try again later.”},500
2. Global Error Handlers
 Implement global handler to catch unhandled exceptions and prevent system crashes.
 Example (node.js /Express):
app.use ((err, req, res, next) => {
console. error (err. stack);
res. status (500). Send ({error: “Something went wrong. Please try again
later.”});
});
3. Validation checks
 Validate inputs before processing to prevent predictable errors.
 Example:
If not is instance (price, float) or price <= 0:
raise ValueError (“Price must be a positive number.”)

4. Retries for Recoverable Errors

 Retry failed operations (e.g. retry third-party API calls with exponential backoff).
 Example:
for attempts in range (3):
try:
response = payment_gateway. Process_payment (order)
break
except paymentGatewayTimeout Error:
time. sleep (2**attempt)

3. Logging
a). Importance of logging
Purpose: Record important events errors for debugging, monitoring, and auditing.
Key Features:
 Log levels (e.g. INFO, WARNING, ERROR, CRITICAL)
 Structured and centralized logging for better analysis.
b). Logging best practices.
1. Use logging Libraries
Example: Winston (node.js), logging (python), or log4j (java)
2. Log levels:
 DEBUG: Detailed information for debugging purposes.
 INFO: General application events (e.g. user login).
 WARNING: Unexpected situations that do not interrupt operations (e.g. high API
latency).
 ERROR: Recoverable errors (e.g. database connection failure).
 CRITICAL: Fatal errors requiring immediate attention (e.g. system crash).
3. Redact Sensitive Data:
 Avoid logging sensitive information like passwords or payment details.
 Example:
log_error (f “Error.processing payment for order {order_id}. details: {str (e)}”)

4. Log Format:
 Use structured logs (e.g. JSON format) for easier parsing and analysis.
 Example
{
“timestamp”:2025-01-01T12:00:00Z”,
“level”: “ERROR”,
“Message”: “Payment Processing failed”,
“Order-id”: 12345,
“error”: ‘PaymentGatewayTimeoutError”
}

5. Centralized logging:
 Use centralized logging systems like ELK stack, Splonk, or Datalog.

c). Implementation
1. Retailer Dashboard and Client App:
 Log errors locally and report them to the backend via a logging endpoint (for centralized
tracking).
2. Backend Server:
 Use logging libraries to write logs to files or send them to centralized storage.
3. Example log Entry:
const logger = require (‘winston’);
logger. error (‘database error: $ {error. Message}’,
{timestamp: new Date (), service: “API Gateway”});

4. Debugging
a). Tools and Techniques
1. Development Tools:
 Debuggers in IDEs (e.g. Visual studio Code, PyCharm).
 Browsers Developer Tools (for frontend debugging)
2. Remote Debugging:
 Attach debuggers for running servers for live debugging (e.g. Node.js__inspect flag)
3. Monitoring and Alerts
 Use tools like New Relic, sentry, or Datalog for real-time error monitoring
 Set up alerts for critical issues.
4. Testing and Reproduction
 Write unit tests to cover edge cases.
 Use mock servers or test environments to replicate issues.

b). Debugging Workflow

1. Identify the issue:
o Use logs, error messages, and stack traces to pin point the problem.

2. Reproduce the issue:

o Replicate the problem in a test or staging environment.

3. Analyze the route cause:

o Use debugging tools to step through the code and inspect variables.
4. Fix and Test:
o Implement the fix and write regression tests to prevent recurrence.

5. Error handling example:

Scenario: Payment processing Error
Steps
I. User submits an order
II. Backend calls the payment gateway
III. If the gateway times out, the system retries three times with exponential backoff
IV. If all retries fail:
o Log the error
o Notify the user of the failure
o Notify the admin via email/SMS

Code implementation
def process_order (order):
try:
for attempt in range (3):
try:
payment-response = payment. gateway. process (order)
return payment -response
except TimeoutError:
time. sleep (2**attempt)
raise PaymentFailedError (“Payment gateway is not responding.”)
except payment FailedError as e:
log-error (f “Order {order-id} failed: {str(e)}”)
notify-admin (f “Payment failed for order {order.id}”)
return (“error”: Payment failed. Please try again later.”}, 500
6. Graceful Degradation
 Client-side:
 o Show fallback messages (e.g. Service is currently unavailable, please try again
later.”).
 Server-Side
o Return default data for non-critical failures (e.g. return cached product data if the
database is down)

This detailed error handling design ensures the platform remains robust, user-friendly, and easy
to maintain. Proper Exception handling, logging, and debugging will significantly improve
system reliability and developer efficiency
 Tools and Documentation

When addressing the low-level design for the shopping platform, using Visual representations
loke UML diagrams, flowcharts, and ER diagrams helps developers and stakeholders clearly
understand the system. Here’s how these tools can be applied, along with recommended tools for
creating them:
1. Design Diagrams
a). UML Diagrams
UML (Unified Modeling Language) diagrams are crucial for visually representing the systems
architecture and interactions
i. Use case Diagram
Purpose: Shows how users (clients and retailers) interact with the system.
Key Components:
 Actors:
o Retailers: Manage products and view orders
o Clients: Browse products, add to cart, place orders
o System: Backend process like payment and notifications
 Use cases:
o Add product, Update product, View Products, Place orders, Process Payment,
Notify users.
ii. Class Diagram
iii. Sequence Diagram
iv. Activity Diagram