Scribd
Upload
14 views

Module 3

The document covers key concepts in linear algebra, including vectors and matrices, their operations, and applications in various fields. It explains systems of linear equations and methods for solving them, as well as eigenvalues and eigenvectors, highlighting their significance in data analysis. Additionally, it discusses Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and its applications in areas like image compression and natural language processing.

Uploaded by

Racel Cagnayo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views

Module 3

The document covers key concepts in linear algebra, including vectors and matrices, their operations, and applications in various fields. It explains systems of linear equations and methods for solving them, as well as eigenvalues and eigenvectors, highlighting their significance in data analysis. Additionally, it discusses Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and its applications in areas like image compression and natural language processing.

Uploaded by

Racel Cagnayo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Module 3: Vectors and Matrices: Operations, Properties, and Applications

 Vectors:
o A vector is an ordered list of numbers. It can represent a point in space or a
direction.

o Example: v= 123 is a vector in 3D space.

o Operations:

 Addition: u+v= u1+v1u2+v2u3+v3

 Scalar multiplication: cv= cv1cv2cv3

 Dot product: u⋅v=u1v1+u2v2+u3v3


o Example:

 Let u=[12] and v=[34]. Then,


 u+v=[1+32+4]=[46]
 2u=[2(1)2(2)]=[24]

 u⋅v=(1)(3)+(2)(4)=3+8=11
 Matrices:
o A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers.

o Example: A=[1324] is a 2x2 matrix.

o Operations:

 Addition: A+B (element-wise addition)


 Scalar multiplication: cA (multiply each element by c)
 Matrix multiplication: AB (row-column multiplication)
o Example:

 Let A=[1324] and <0>B=[5768]. Then,


 A+B=[1+53+72+64+8]=[610812]
 2A=[2(1)2(3)2(2)2(4)]=[2648]
 AB=[(1)(5)+(2)(7)(3)(5)+(4)(7)(1)(6)+(2)(8)(3)(6)+(4)(8)]=[19432250]
 Applications:
o Computer graphics (transformations, rotations).

o Linear regression (representing data and coefficients).

o Network analysis (adjacency matrices).

2. Systems of Linear Equations: Solving Methods and Applications


 A system of linear equations is a set of equations where the variables are raised to the
power of 1.
 Example:
o 2x+3y=8

o x−y=1

 Solving methods:
o Substitution.

o Elimination (Gaussian elimination).

o Matrix methods (inverse, Cramer's rule).

 Example(Using Elimination):
o 2x+3y=8

o x−y=1

o Multiply the second equation by 3: 3x−3y=3

o Add the first and modified second equations: 5x=11, so x=11/5.

o Substitute x back into x−y=1: 11/5−y=1, so y=6/5.

 Applications:
o Circuit analysis.

o Chemical reaction balancing.

o Optimization problems.

3. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors: Applications in Data Analysis and Dimensionality


Reduction
 Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are special values and vectors associated with a square
matrix.
 An eigenvector v of a matrix A satisfies Av=λv, where λ is the eigenvalue.
 Example:
o A=[2112]

o Eigenvalues: λ1=3, λ2=1

o Eigenvectors: v1=[11], v2=[1−1]

o Av1=[2112][11]=[33]=3[11]

 Applications:
o Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for dimensionality reduction.

o Vibrational analysis.

o PageRank algorithm (Google's search).

4. Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)


 SVD is a factorization of a matrix into three matrices: A=UΣVT.
o U and V are orthogonal matrices.

o Σ is a diagonal matrix containing singular values.

 Example:

o Let A= 101011 .

o Then, A=UΣVT where:

 U= −0.61−0.35−0.71−0.350.71−0.610.710.61−0.35

 Σ= 1.7300010

 VT=[−0.710.71−0.71−0.71]
 Applications:
o Image compression.

o Recommender systems.

o Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) in natural language processing.

o Dimensionality reduction.

You might also like