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 FastAPI
FIRST EDITION

Modern Python Web Development

Bill Lubanovic
FastAPI
by Bill Lubanovic
Copyright © 2023 Bill Lubanovic. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc. , 1005 Gravenstein Highway North,
Sebastopol, CA 95472.
O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales
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[email protected] .

Editors: Corbin Collins and Amanda Quinn

Production Editor: FILL IN PRODUCTION EDITOR

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Interior Designer: David Futato

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Illustrator: Kate Dullea

November 2023: First Edition

Revision History for the First Edition
2022-09-14: First Early Release
See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781098135508 for
release details.
The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc.
FastAPI, the cover image, and related trade dress are trademarks of
O’Reilly Media, Inc.
The views expressed in this work are those of the author(s) and do
not represent the publisher’s views. While the publisher and the
author(s) have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information
and instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher
and the author(s) disclaim all responsibility for errors or omissions,
including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from
the use of or reliance on this work. Use of the information and
instructions contained in this work is at your own risk. If any code
samples or other technology this work contains or describes is
subject to open source licenses or the intellectual property rights of
others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use thereof
complies with such licenses and/or rights.
978-1-098-13550-8
[FILL IN]
Dedication
To the loving memory of my parents Bill and Tillie, and my wife
Mary. I miss you.
Preface

This is a pragmatic introduction to FastAPI — a modern Python web

framework.
It’s also a story of how, now and then, the bright and shiny objects
that we stumble across can turn out to be very useful. A silver bullet
is nice to have when you encounter a werewolf. (And you will
encounter werewolves later in this book.)
I started programming scientific applications in the mid 1970s. But
not long after I first met UNIX and C on a PDP-11 in 1977, I had a
feeling that this UNIX thing might catch on.
In the 80s and early 90s, the Internet was still non-commercial, but
already a good source for free software and technical info. But when
a “web browser” called Mosaic was distributed on the baby open
Internet in 1993, I had a feeling that this Web thing might catch on.
When I started my own web development company a few years
later, my tools were the usual suspects at the time — PHP, HTML,
and Perl. On a contract job a few years later, I finally experimented
with Python, and was surprised how quickly I was able to access,
manipulate, and display data. In some spare time over two weeks, I
was able to replicate most of a C application that had taken four
developers a year to write. Now I had a feeling that this Python
thing might catch on.
After that, most of my work involved Python and its web
frameworks, mostly Flask and Django. I particularly liked the
simplicity of Flask, and preferred it for many jobs. But just a few
years ago, I spied something glinting in the underbrush — a new
Python web framework called FastAPI, written by Sebastián Ramirez.
As I read his (excellent) documentation, I was impressed by the
design and thought that had gone into it. In particular, his history
page showed how much care he had spent evaluating alternatives.
This was not an ego project or a fun experiment, but a serious
framework for real-world development. Now I had a feeling that this
FastAPI thing might catch on.
I wrote a biomedical API site with FastAPI, and it went so well that a
team of us rewrote our old core API with FastAPI in the next year.
This is still in production, and has held up well. Our group learned
the basics that you’ll read in this book, and all felt that we were
writing better code, faster, with fewer bugs. And by the way, some of
us had not written in Python before, and only I had used FastAPI.
So when I had an opportunity to suggest a followup to my
Introducing Python book to O’Reilly, FastAPI was at the top of my
list. In my opinion, FastAPI will have at least the impact that Flask
and Django have had, and maybe more.
As I mentioned above, the FastAPI website itself provides world-
class documentation, including many details on the usual web topics
— databases, authentication, deployment, and so on. So why write a
book?
This book isn’t meant to be exhaustive because, well, that’s
exhausting. It is meant to be useful — to help you quickly pick up the
main ideas of FastAPI and apply them. I will point out various
techniques that required some sleuthing, and offer advice on day-to-
day best practices.
I start each chapter with a Preview of what’s coming. Next, I try
not to forget what I just promised, with details and random asides.
Finally, there’s a brief digestible Review.
As the saying goes, “These are the opinions on which my facts are
based.” Your experience will be unique, but I hope that you will find
enough of value here to become a more productive web developer.
Conventions Used in This Book
The following typographical conventions are used in this book:
Italic
Indicates new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, and file
extensions.

Constant width
Used for program listings, as well as within paragraphs to refer to
program elements such as variable or function names, databases,
data types, environment variables, statements, and keywords.

Constant width bold

Shows commands or other text that should be typed literally by
the user.

Constant width italic

Shows text that should be replaced with user-supplied values or
by values determined by context.

TIP
This element signifies a tip or suggestion.

NOTE
This element signifies a general note.
 WARNING
This element indicates a warning or caution.

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Acknowledgments
 Part I. What’s New?

The world has benefited greatly from the invention of the World
Wide Web by Sir Tim Berners-Lee1, and the Python programming
language by Guido van Rossum.
The only tiny problem is that a nameless computer book publisher
often puts spiders and snakes on its relevant Web and Python
covers. If only the Web had been named the World Wide Woof
(cross-threads in weaving, also called weft), and Python were Pooch,
this book might have had a cover like this:

Figure I-1. FastAPI: Modern Pooch Woof Development

But I digress2.
This book is about:

The Web: An especially productive technology, how it has

changed, and how to develop software for it now
Python: An especially productive web development language
FastAPI: An especially productive Python web framework
The two chapters in this first part discuss emerging topics in the
Web and Python: services and APIs, concurrency, layered
architectures, and big big data.
Part II is a high-level tour of FastAPI, a fresh Python web framework
that has good answers to the questions posed in Part I.
Part III rummages much deeper through the FastAPI toolbox,
including tips learned during production development.
Finally, Part IV provides a gallery of FastAPI web examples. They use
a common data source — imaginary creatures — that may be a little
more interesting and cohesive than the usual random expositions.
These should give you a starting point for particular applications.

1 I actually shook his hand once. I didn’t wash mine for a month, but I’ll bet
he did right away.
2 Not for the last time.
Chapter 1. The Modern Web

The Web as I envisaged it, we have not seen it yet. The future is
still so much bigger than the past.
—Tim Berners-Lee

Preview
Once upon a time, the web was small and simple. Developers had
such fun throwing PHP, HTML, and MySQL calls into single files and
proudly telling everyone to check out their website. But the web
grew over time to zillions, nay, squillions of pages — and the early
playground became a metaverse of theme parks.
In this chapter, I’ll point out some areas that have become ever
more relevant to the modern web:
Services and APIs
Concurrency
Layers
Data

The next chapter will show what Python offers in these areas. After
that, we’ll dive into the FastAPI web framework and see what it has
to offer.

Services and APIs

The web is a great connecting fabric. Although there are still much
activity on the content side — HTML, JavaScript, images, and so on
— there’s an increasing emphasis on the APIs (Application
Programming Interfaces) that connect things.
Commonly, a web service handles the backend (database access)
and middle (business logic), while JavaScript or mobile apps provide
rich frontends. These fore and aft worlds have become more
complex and divergent, usually requiring developers to specialize in
one or the other. It’s harder to be a full stack developer than it used
to be1.
The frontends and backends talk to each other using APIs. In the
modern web, API design is as important as the design of web sites
themselves. An API is a contract, similar to a database schema.
Defining and modifying APIs is now a major job.

Kinds of APIs
Each API defines some:

Protocol: Control structure

Format: Content structure
Different API methods have developed as technology has evolved
from isolated machines, to multitasking systems, to networked
servers.
Before networking, an API usually meant a very close connection,
like a function call to a library in the same language as your
application — say, calculating a square root in a math library.
RPCs (Remote Procedure Calls) were invented to call functions in
other processes, on the same machine or others, as though they
were in the calling application. A popular current example is gRPC.
Messaging sends small chunks of data in pipelines among processes.
Communication can follow different patterns:
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