C++ OOPs Concepts

The major purpose of C++ programming is to introduce the concept of object

orientation
to the C programming language.

Object Oriented Programming is a paradigm that provides many concepts such as

inheritance, data binding, polymorphism etc.

The programming paradigm where everything is represented as an object is known as

truly object-oriented programming language. Smalltalk is considered as the first
truly object-oriented programming language.

OOPs (Object Oriented Programming System)

Object means a real word entity such as pen, chair, table etc. Object-Oriented
Programming is a methodology or paradigm to design a program using classes and
objects.
It simplifies the software development and maintenance by providing some concepts:

Cpp Oops concept 1

Object
Class
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Abstraction
Encapsulation

Object
Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object.
For example: chair, pen, table, keyboard, bike etc.
It can be physical and logical.

Class
Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.

Inheritance
When one object acquires all the properties and behaviours of parent object
i.e. known as inheritance. It provides code reusability.
It is used to achieve runtime polymorphism.

Polymorphism
When one task is performed by different ways i.e. known as polymorphism.
For example: to convince the customer differently, to draw something
e.g. shape or rectangle etc.

In C++, we use Function overloading and Function overriding to achieve

polymorphism.

Abstraction
Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction.
For example: phone call, we don't know the internal processing.

In C++, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.

Encapsulation
Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit is known as
encapsulation.
For example: capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines.
Advantage of OOPs over Procedure-oriented programming language:
1. OOPs makes development and maintenance easier where as in Procedure-oriented
programming language
2. it is not easy to manage if code grows as project size grows.
3. OOPs provide data hiding whereas in Procedure-oriented programming language a
global
data can be accessed from anywhere.C++ Object and Class
4. program is designed using objects and classes in C++.

C++ Object:
In C++, Object is a real world entity, for example, chair, car, pen, mobile,
laptop etc.

In other words, object is an entity that has state and behavior.

Here, state means data and behavior means functionality.

Object is a runtime entity, it is created at runtime.

Object is an instance of a class. All the members of the class can be accessed
through object.

Example to create object of student

class using s1 as the reference variable.

Student s1; //creating an object of Student

In this example, Student is the type and s1 is the reference variable that refers
to the instance of Student class.

C++ Class:
In C++, class is a group of similar objects.
It is a template from which objects are created.
It can have fields, methods, constructors etc.

Example of C++ class that has three fields only.

class Student
{
public:
int id; //field or data member
float salary; //field or data member
String name;//field or data member
}

C++ Object and Class Example

Example of class that has two fields: id and name.

It creates instance of the class, initializes the object and prints the object
value.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student {
public:
int id;//data member (also instance variable)
string name;//data member(also instance variable)
};
int main() {
Student s1; //creating an object of Student Class
 s1.id = 3301;
s1.name = "Jaganmohan";
cout<<s1.id<<endl;
cout<<s1.name<<endl;
return 0;
}
Output:

3301
Jaganmohan

C++ Class Example:

Initialize and Display data through method Example of C++ class where we are
initializing and displaying object through method.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student {
public:
int id;//data member (also instance variable)
string name;//data member(also instance variable)
void insert(int i, string n)
{
id = i;
name = n;
}
void display()
{
cout<<id<<" "<<name<<endl;
}
};
int main(void) {
Student s1; //creating an object of Student
Student s2; //creating an object of Student
s1.insert(100, "Jagan");
s2.insert(101, "Mohan");
s1.display();
s2.display();
return 0;
}
Output:

100 Jagan
101 Mohan

C++ Class Example: Store and Display Employee Information

Another example of C++ class where we are storing and displaying employee
information using method.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Employee {
public:
int id;//data member (also instance variable)
string name;//data member(also instance variable)
float salary;
void insert(int i, string n, float s)
 {
id = i;
name = n;
salary = s;
}
void display()
{
cout<<id<<" "<<name<<" "<<salary<<endl;
}
};
int main(void) {
Employee e1; //creating an object of Employee
Employee e2; //creating an object of Employee
e1.insert(100, "Jagan", 990000);
e2.insert(101, "Mohan", 29000);
e1.display();
e2.display();
return 0;
}
Output:

100 Jagan 990000

101 Mohan 29000

OOPs provide ability to simulate real-world event much more effectively.

We can provide the solution of real word problem if we are using the Object-
Oriented
Programming language.

C++ Constructor
In C++, constructor is a special method which is invoked automatically
at the time of object creation. It is used to initialize the data members of
new object generally. The constructor in C++ has the same name as class or
structure.

There can be two types of constructors in C++.

Default constructor
Parameterized constructor

C++ Default Constructor:

A constructor which has no argument is known as default constructor.
It is invoked at the time of creating object.

Example of C++ default Constructor.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Employee
{
public:
Employee()
{
cout<<"Default Constructor Invoked"<<endl;
}
};
int main(void)
{
Employee e1; //creating an object of Employee
Employee e2;
 return 0;
}
Output:

Default Constructor Invoked

Default Constructor Invoked

C++ Parameterized Constructor

A constructor which has parameters is called parameterized constructor.
It is used to provide different values to distinct objects.

Example of C++ Parameterized Constructor.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Employee {
public:
int id;//data member (also instance variable)
string name;//data member(also instance variable)
float salary;
Employee(int i, string n, float s)
{
id = i;
name = n;
salary = s;
}
void display()
{
cout<<id<<" "<<name<<" "<<salary<<endl;
}
};
int main(void) {
Employee e1 =Employee(100, "Jagan", 890000); //creating an object of Employee
Employee e2=Employee(101, "Mohan", 59000);
e1.display();
e2.display();
return 0;
}
Output:

100 Jagan 890000

101 Mohan 59000

C++ Destructor
A destructor works opposite to constructor;
it destructs the objects of classes.
It can be defined only once in a class. Like constructors,
it is invoked automatically.

A destructor is defined like constructor.

It must have same name as class.
But it is prefixed with a tilde sign (~).

Note: C++ destructor cannot have parameters. Moreover, modifiers can't be applied
on destructors.
C++ Constructor and Destructor Example
Example of constructor and destructor in C++ which is called automatically.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Employee
{
public:
Employee()
{
cout<<"Constructor Invoked"<<endl;
}
~Employee()
{
cout<<"Destructor Invoked"<<endl;
}
};
int main(void)
{
Employee e1; //creating an object of Employee
Employee e2; //creating an object of Employee
return 0;
}
Output:

Constructor Invoked
Constructor Invoked
Destructor Invoked
Destructor Invoked

C++ this Pointer

In C++ programming, this is a keyword that refers to the current instance of the
class.
There can be 3 main usage of this keyword in C++.

It can be used to pass current object as a parameter to another method.

It can be used to refer current class instance variable.
It can be used to declare indexers.

C++ this Pointer Example

Example of this keyword in C++ that refers to the fields of current class.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Employee {
public:
int id; //data member (also instance variable)
string name; //data member(also instance variable)
float salary;
Employee(int id, string name, float salary)
{
this->id = id;
this->name = name;
this->salary = salary;
}
void display()
{
cout<<id<<" "<<name<<" "<<salary<<endl;
}
};
int main(void) {
Employee e1 =Employee(101, "Jagan", 890000); //creating an object of Employee
 Employee e2=Employee(102, "Mohan", 59000); //creating an object of Employee
e1.display();
e2.display();
return 0;
}
Output:

101 Jagan 890000

102 Mohan 59000

C++ Polymorphism
The term "Polymorphism" is the combination of "poly" + "morphs" which means many
forms.
It is a greek word. In object-oriented programming,
we use 3 main concepts:
Inheritance
Encapsulation
Polymorphism.

Real Life Example Of Polymorphism

Let's consider a real-life example of polymorphism. A lady behaves
like a teacher in a classroom, mother or daughter in a home and customer in a
market.
Here, a single person is behaving differently according to the situations.

There are two types of polymorphism in C++:

C++ Compile time polymorphism:
The overloaded functions are invoked by matching the type and number of arguments.
This information is available at the compile time and, therefore, compiler selects
the appropriate function at the compile time.

It is achieved by function overloading and operator overloading which is also known

as static binding or early binding.

Now, let's consider the case where function name and prototype is same.

class A // base class declaration.

{
int a;
public:
void display()
{
cout<< "Class A ";
}
};
class B : public A // derived class declaration.
{
int b;
public:
void display()
{
cout<<"Class B";
}
};
In the above case, the prototype of display()
function is the same in both the base and derived class.
Therefore, the static binding cannot be applied.
It would be great if the appropriate function is selected at the run time.
This is known as run time polymorphism.

Run time polymorphism:

Run time polymorphism is achieved when the object's method is invoked at the run
time
instead of compile time. It is achieved by method overriding which is also known as

dynamic binding or late binding.

Differences b/w compile time and run time polymorphism.

Compile time polymorphism Run time polymorphism
1. The function to be invoked is known at the compile time.
1. The function to be invoked is known at the run time.

2. It is also known as overloading, early binding and static binding.

2. It is also known as overriding, Dynamic binding and late binding.

3. Overloading is a compile time polymorphism where more than one method is having
the
same name but with the different number of parameters or the type of the
parameters.
3. Overriding is a run time polymorphism where more than one method is having the
same
name, number of parameters and the type of the parameters.

4. It is achieved by function overloading and operator overloading.

4. It is achieved by virtual functions and pointers.

5. It provides fast execution as it is known at the compile time.

5. It provides slow execution as it is known at the run time.

6. It is less flexible as mainly all the things execute at the compile time.
6. It is more flexible as all the things execute at the run time.

C++ Runtime Polymorphism Example

Example of run time polymorphism in C++.
// an example without the virtual keyword.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Animal {
public:
void eat(){
cout<<"Eating...";
}
};
class Dog: public Animal
{
public:
void eat()
{ cout<<"Eating bread...";
}
};
int main(void) {
Dog d = Dog();
d.eat();
 return 0;
}
Output:

Eating bread...

C++ Run time Polymorphism Example: By using two derived class

Another example of run time polymorphism in C++ where we are having

two derived classes.

// an example with virtual keyword.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Shape { // base class
public:
virtual void draw(){ // virtual function
cout<<"drawing..."<<endl;
}
};
class Rectangle: public Shape // inheriting Shape class.
{
public:
void draw()
{
cout<<"drawing rectangle..."<<endl;
}
};
class Circle: public Shape // inheriting Shape class.

{
public:
void draw()
{
cout<<"drawing circle..."<<endl;
}
};
int main(void) {
Shape *s; // base class pointer.
Shape sh; // base class object.
Rectangle rec;
Circle cir;
s=&sh;
s->draw();
s=&rec;
s->draw();
s=&cir
s->draw();
}
Output:

drawing...
drawing rectangle...
drawing circle...

Runtime Polymorphism with Data Members

Runtime Polymorphism can be achieved by data members in C++.
Let's see an example where we are accessing the field by reference variable
which refers to the instance of derived class.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Animal { // base class declaration.

public:
string color = "Black";
};
class Dog: public Animal // inheriting Animal class.
{
public:
string color = "Grey";
};
int main(void) {
Animal d= Dog();
cout<<d.color;
}
Output:
Black

C++ Overloading (Function and Operator)

If we create two or more members having the same name
but different in number or type of parameter,
it is known as C++ overloading. In C++, we can overload:

methods, constructors, and indexed properties

It is because these members have parameters only.

Types of overloading in C++ are:

Function overloading
Operator overloading

C++ Overloading:
C++ Function Overloading:
Function Overloading is defined as the process of having two or more function
with the same name, but different in parameters is known as function overloading in
C++.
In function overloading, the function is redefined by using either
different types of arguments or a different number of arguments.

It is only through these differences compiler can differentiate between the

functions.

The advantage of Function overloading is that it increases the readability of the

program because you don't need to use different names for the same action.

C++ Function Overloading Example

Example of function overloading where we are changing number of arguments of add()
method.

// program of function overloading when number of arguments vary.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Cal {
public:
static int add(int a,int b){
 return a + b;
}
static int add(int a, int b, int c)
{
return a + b + c;
}
};
int main(void) {
Cal C; // class object declaration.
cout<<C.add(10, 20)<<endl;
cout<<C.add(12, 20, 23);
return 0;
}
Output:

30
55

Example when the type of the arguments vary.

// Program of function overloading with different types of arguments.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int mul(int,int);
float mul(float,int);
int mul(int a,int b)
{
return a*b;
}
float mul(double x, int y)
{
return x*y;
}
int main()
{
int r1 = mul(6,7);
float r2 = mul(0.2,3);
std::cout << "r1 is : " <<r1<< std::endl;
std::cout <<"r2 is : " <<r2<< std::endl;
return 0;
}
Output:

r1 is : 42
r2 is : 0.6
Function Overloading and Ambiguity

When the compiler is unable to decide which function is to be invoked among the
overloaded function, this situation is known as function overloading.

When the compiler shows the ambiguity error, the compiler does not run the program.
Causes of Function Overloading:

Type Conversion.
Function with default arguments.
Function with pass by reference.

C++ Overloading
Type Conversion:
Example.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void fun(int);
void fun(float);
void fun(int i)
{
std::cout << "Value of i is : " <<i<< std::endl;
}
void fun(float j)
{
std::cout << "Value of j is : " <<j<< std::endl;
}
int main()
{
fun(12);
fun(1.2);
return 0;
}
The above example shows an error "call of overloaded 'fun(double)' is ambiguous".
The fun(10) will call the first function. The fun(1.2) calls the second function
according to our prediction. But, this does not refer to any function as in C++,
all the floating point constants are treated as double not as a float.
If we replace float to double, the program works.
Therefore, this is a type conversion from float to double.

Function with Default Arguments

Example.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void fun(int);
void fun(int,int);
void fun(int i)
{
std::cout << "Value of i is : " <<i<< std::endl;
}
void fun(int a,int b=9)
{
std::cout << "Value of a is : " <<a<< std::endl;
std::cout << "Value of b is : " <<b<< std::endl;
}
int main()
{
fun(12);
return 0;
}
The above example shows an error "call of overloaded 'fun(int)' is ambiguous".
The fun(int a, int b=9) can be called in two ways: first is by calling the function

with one argument, i.e., fun(12) and another way is calling the function with
two arguments, i.e., fun(4,5). The fun(int i) function is invoked with one
argument.
Therefore, the compiler could not be able to select among fun(int i) and
fun(int a,int b=9).

Function with pass by reference

Example.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void fun(int);
void fun(int &);
int main()
{
int a=10;
fun(a); // error, which f()?
return 0;
}
void fun(int x)
{
std::cout << "Value of x is : " <<x<< std::endl;
}
void fun(int &b)
{
std::cout << "Value of b is : " <<b<< std::endl;
}
The above example shows an error "call of overloaded 'fun(int&)' is ambiguous".
The first function takes one integer argument and the second function takes a
reference
parameter as an argument.
In this case, the compiler does not know which function
is needed by the user as there is no syntactical difference between the
fun(int) and fun(int &).

C++ Operators Overloading:

Operator overloading is a compile-time polymorphism in which the operator is
overloaded to provide the special meaning to the user-defined data type.

Operator overloading is used to overload or redefines most of the operators

available
in C++. It is used to perform the operation on the user-defined data type.

For example, C++ provides the ability to add the variables of the user-defined
data type that is applied to the built-in data types.

The advantage of Operators overloading is to perform different operations on the

same
operand.

Operator that cannot be overloaded are as follows:

Scope operator (::)
Sizeof
member selector(.)
member pointer selector(*)
ternary operator(?:)

Syntax of Operator Overloading

return_type class_name : : operator op(argument_list)
{
// body of the function.
}

Where the return type is the type of value returned by the function.
class_name is the name of the class.
operator op is an operator function where op is the operator being overloaded,
and the operator is the keyword.

Rules for Operator Overloading

1. Existing operators can only be overloaded, but the new operators cannot be
overloaded.
2. The overloaded operator contains atleast one operand of the user-defined data
type.
3. We cannot use friend function to overload certain operators.
However, the member function can be used to overload those operators.
4. When unary operators are overloaded through a member function take no
explicit arguments, but, if they are overloaded by a friend function,
takes one argument.
5. When binary operators are overloaded through a member function takes one
explicit argument, and if they are overloaded through a friend function takes two
explicit arguments.

C++ Operators Overloading Example

Example of operator overloading in C++. In this example,
void operator ++ () operator function is defined (inside Test class).

// program to overload the unary operator ++.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
private:
int num;
public:
Test(): num(8){}
void operator ++() {
num = num+2;
}
void Print() {
cout<<"The Count is: "<<num;
}
};
int main()
{
Test tt;
++tt; // calling of a function "void operator ++()"
tt.Print();
return 0;
}
Output:

The Count is: 10

Example of overloading the binary operators.

// program to overload the binary operators.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A
{

int x;
 public:
A(){}
A(int i)
{
x=i;
}
void operator+(A);
void display();
};

void A :: operator+(A a)
{

int m = x+a.x;
cout<<"The result of the addition of two objects is : "<<m;

}
int main()
{
A a1(5);
A a2(4);
a1+a2;
return 0;
}
Output:

The result of the addition of two objects is : 9

C++ Function Overriding:

If derived class defines same function as defined in its base class,
it is known as function overriding in C++. It is used to achieve runtime
polymorphism.
It enables you to provide specific implementation of the function which is already
provided by its base class.

C++ Function Overriding Example

Example of Function overriding in C++. In this example, we are overriding the eat()

function.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Animal {
public:
void eat(){
cout<<"Eating...";
}
};
class Dog: public Animal
{
public:
void eat()
{
cout<<"Eating bread...";
}
};
int main(void) {
Dog d = Dog();
 d.eat();
return 0;
}
Output:

Eating bread...

C++ virtual function:

A C++ virtual function is a member function in the base class that you redefine in
a
derived class. It is declared using the virtual keyword.
It is used to tell the compiler to perform dynamic linkage or late binding on the
function.

There is a necessity to use the single pointer to refer to all the objects of the
different classes. So, we create the pointer to the base class that refers to all
the
derived objects.
But, when base class pointer contains the address of the derived class object,
always executes the base class function.
This issue can only be resolved by using the 'virtual' function.

A 'virtual' is a keyword preceding the normal declaration of a function.

When the function is made virtual, C++ determines which function is to be invoked
at
the runtime based on the type of the object pointed by the base class pointer.
Late binding or Dynamic linkage

In late binding function call is resolved during runtime. Therefore compiler

determines
the type of object at runtime, and then binds the function call.

Rules of Virtual Function:

1. Virtual functions must be members of some class.
2. Virtual functions cannot be static members.
3. They are accessed through object pointers.
4. They can be a friend of another class.
5. A virtual function must be defined in the base class, even though it is not
used.

The prototypes of a virtual function of the base class and all the derived classes
must
be identical. If the two functions with the same name but different prototypes,
C++ will consider them as the overloaded functions.

We cannot have a virtual constructor, but we can have a virtual destructor

Consider the situation when we don't use the virtual keyword.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A
{
int x=5;
public:
void display()
{
std::cout << "Value of x is : " << x<<std::endl;
 }
};
class B: public A
{
int y = 10;
public:
void display()
{
std::cout << "Value of y is : " <<y<< std::endl;
}
};
int main()
{
A *a;
B b;
a = &b;
a->display();
return 0;
}
Output:

Value of x is : 5
In the above example, * a is the base class pointer.
The pointer can only access the base class members but not the members of the
derived
class. Although C++ permits the base pointer to point to any object derived from
the
base class, it cannot directly access the members of the derived class.
Therefore, there is a need for virtual function which allows the base pointer to
access
the members of the derived class.

C++ virtual function Example

Example of C++ virtual function used to invoked the derived class in a program.

#include <iostream>
{
public:
virtual void display()
{
cout << "Base class is invoked"<<endl;
}
};
class B:public A
{
public:
void display()
{
cout << "Derived Class is invoked"<<endl;
}
};
int main()
{
A* a; //pointer of base class
B b; //object of derived class
a = &b;
a->display(); //Late Binding occurs
}
Output:
Derived Class is invoked

Pure Virtual Function:

A virtual function is not used for performing any task. It only serves as a
placeholder.
When the function has no definition, such function is known as "do-nothing"
function.

The "do-nothing" function is known as a pure virtual function. A pure virtual

function
is a function declared in the base class that has no definition relative to the
base
class.

A class containing the pure virtual function cannot be used to declare the objects
of
its own, such classes are known as abstract base classes.

The main objective of the base class is to provide the traits to the derived
classes and to create the base pointer used for achieving the runtime polymorphism.
Pure virtual function can be defined as:

virtual void display() = 0;

Example:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
virtual void show() = 0;
};
class Derived : public Base
{
public:
void show()
{
std::cout << "Derived class is derived from the base class." << std::endl;

}
};
int main()
{
Base *bptr;
//Base b;
Derived d;
bptr = &d;
bptr->show();
return 0;
}
Output:

Derived class is derived from the base class.

Interfaces in C++ (Abstract Classes):

Abstract classes are the way to achieve abstraction in C++.
Abstraction in C++ is the process to hide the internal details and showing
functionality
only. Abstraction can be achieved by two ways:

Abstract class
Interface

Abstract class and interface both can have abstract methods which are necessary for

abstraction.

C++ Abstract class:

In C++ class is made abstract by declaring at least one of its functions as
<>strong>pure virtual function.
A pure virtual function is specified by placing "= 0" in its declaration.
Its implementation must be provided by derived classes.

Example of abstract class in C++ which has one abstract method draw().
Its implementation is provided by derived classes: Rectangle and Circle.
Both classes have different implementation.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Shape
{
public:
virtual void draw()=0;
};
class Rectangle : Shape
{
public:
void draw()
{
cout < <"drawing rectangle..." < <endl;
}
};
class Circle : Shape
{
public:
void draw()
{
cout <<"drawing circle..." < <endl;
}
};
int main( ) {
Rectangle rec;
Circle cir;
rec.draw();
cir.draw();
return 0;
}
Output:

drawing rectangle...
drawing circle...

Data Abstraction in C++:

Data Abstraction is a process of providing only the essential details to the
outside
world and hiding the internal details, i.e., representing only the essential
details
in the program.

Data Abstraction is a programming technique that depends on the seperation of the

interface and implementation details of the program.

Let's take a real life example of AC, which can be turned ON or OFF, change the
temperature, change the mode, and other external components such as fan, swing.
But, we don't know the internal details of the AC, i.e., how it works internally.
Thus, we can say that AC seperates the implementation details from the external
interface.

C++ provides a great level of abstraction. For example, pow() function is used to
calculate the power of a number without knowing the algorithm the function follows.
In C++ program if we implement class with private and public members then it is an
example of data abstraction.

Data Abstraction can be achieved in two ways:

Abstraction using classes

Abstraction in header files.

Data Abstraction in C++

Abstraction using classes:
An abstraction can be achieved using classes.
A class is used to group all the data members and member functions into a single
unit by using the access specifiers. A class has the responsibility to determine
which data member is to be visible outside and which is not.

Abstraction in header files:

An another type of abstraction is header file.
For example, pow() function available is used to calculate the power of a number
without actually knowing which algorithm function uses to calculate the power.
Thus, we can say that header files hides all the implementation details from the
user.

Access Specifiers Implement Abstraction:

Public specifier:
When the members are declared as public, members can be accessed anywhere from the
program.

Private specifier:
When the members are declared as private, members can only be accessed only by the
member functions of the class.

Example of abstraction in header files.

// program to calculate the power of a number.

#include <iostream>
#include<math.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int n = 4;
int power = 3;
 int result = pow(n,power); // pow(n,power) is the power function
std::cout << "Cube of n is : " <<result<< std::endl;
return 0;
}
Output:

Cube of n is : 64

In the above example, pow() function is used to calculate 4 raised to the power 3.
The pow() function is present in the math.h header file in which all the
implementation details of the pow() function is hidden.

Example of data abstraction using classes.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Sum
{
private: int x, y, z; // private variables
public:
void add()
{
cout<<"Enter two numbers: ";
cin>>x>>y;
z= x+y;
cout<<"Sum of two number is: "<<z<<endl;
}
};
int main()
{
Sum sm;
sm.add();
return 0;
}
Output:

Enter two numbers:

3
6
Sum of two number is: 9
In the above example, abstraction is achieved using classes.
A class 'Sum' contains the private members x, y and z are only accessible by the
member functions of the class.

Advantages Of Abstraction:
1. Implementation details of the class are protected from the inadvertent user
level errors.

2. A programmer does not need to write the low level code.

3. Data Abstraction avoids the code duplication, i.e., programmer does not have to
undergo the same tasks every time to perform the similar operation.

4. The main aim of the data abstraction is to reuse the code and the proper
partitioning of the code across the classes.

5. Internal implementation can be changed without affecting the user level code
C++ Encapsulation
Encapsulation
The meaning of Encapsulation, is to make sure that "sensitive" data is hidden
from users.
To achieve this, you must declare class variables/attributes as
private (cannot be accessed from outside the class).
If you want others to read or modify the value of a private member,
you can provide public get and set methods.

Access Private Members:

To access a private attribute, use public "get" and "set" methods:

Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Employee {
private:
// Private attribute
int salary;

public:
// Setter
void setSalary(int s) {
salary = s;
}
// Getter
int getSalary() {
return salary;
}
};

int main() {
Employee myObj;
myObj.setSalary(50000);
cout << myObj.getSalary();
return 0;
}

Example
The salary attribute is private, which have restricted access.

The public setSalary() method takes a parameter (s) and assigns it to the salary
attribute (salary = s).

The public getSalary() method returns the value of the private salary attribute.

Inside main(), we create an object of the Employee class.

Now we can use the setSalary() method to set the value of the private attribute
to 50000. Then we call the getSalary() method on the object to return the value.

Why Encapsulation?
It is considered good practice to declare your class attributes as private
(as often as you can). Encapsulation ensures better control of your data,
because you (or others) can change one part of the code without affecting
other parts
Increased security of data