ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

CODE COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

SWITCHED MODE POWER
EET454 PEC 2 1 0 3
CONVERTERS

Preamble: This course builds upon the course EET 306: Power Electronics, to give the
students a detailed exposure to switched-mode power converter analysis and design. The
objectives of this course are:

1. To give a comprehensive exposure to the power converter topologies widely used in

the industry for power supply applications.
2. To equip the students with necessary theoretical knowledge to develop practical
power converter designs.

Prerequisite: EET306 POWER ELECTRONICS

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Develop the basic design for non-isolated DC-DC converter topologies.

CO 2 Analyse isolated DC-DC converter topologies.
CO 3 Describe the operation of Switched mode inverters and rectifiers.
CO 4 Distinguish between inverter modulation strategies.
CO 5 Describe the operation of Soft switching resonant converters.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO 1 3 2 1 1 2
CO 2 3 2 1 1 2
CO 3 3 1 1 2
CO 4 3 1 1 2
CO 5 3 1 1 2

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment

Tests End Semester Examination
1 2
Remember 10 10 20
Understand 10 10 50
Apply 20 20 30
Analyse 10 10
Evaluate
Create
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Mark distribution

Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration
150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A
contain 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question.
Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which
student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry
14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Design the power circuits of basic dc-dc converters (K2, K3 and K4 level, PO1, PO2,
PO3, PO4)

2. Analyse and determine the mode of operation of the given circuit. (K2, K3, K4, PO1,
PO2)

3. Design dc-dc non-isolated converters to operate under given conditions/specifications.

(K2, K3, K4, PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4)

4. What is the primary difference between switched mode power conversion and linear
power conversion? (K1, PO1)

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

1. Analyse circuits of isolated dc-dc topologies. give relevant waveforms. (K2, K3, K4
levels, PO1, PO2).

2. Explain unidirectional and bidirectional magnetic core excitation.(K1, PO1)

3. Explain double ended forward converter with neat diagram. (K1, PO1)

4. Describe the operation of the push-pull dc-dc converter. Also derive the expression of
output voltage. (K1, PO1, PO2)

Course Outcome 3(CO3):

1. Describe the operation of three-phase/single-phase rectifiers (K2, K3, PO1)

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2. Explain active wave shaping of input line current through PFC boost converter. (K1,
PO1)

3. With a neat circuit diagram, explain the working of the switched mode rectifier. (K1,
PO1)

4. Find the Switch utilization factor for single phase full bridge dc-dc converter.(K1,
PO1, PO2)

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Compare PWM schemes and select an appropriate method for given application (K2,
K3, K4, PO1)

2. Explain switching times and space vector sequence of space vector modulation. (K1,
PO1)

3. With waveform explain hysteresis current control . (K1, PO1)

4. With waveform explain programmed harmonic elimination of single phase inverter.

(K1, PO1)

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. Distinguish between hard-switching and soft-switching methods. (K2, PO1)

2. Explain with a neat diagram, series resonant and parallel resonant circuit . Also draw
the frequency characteristics . (K1, PO1)

3. Explain significance of Zero voltage and Zero current switching in dc –dc converters.
(K1, PO1)

4. Illustrate how switching losses are reduced in ZVS configuration. (K1, PO1, PO2)
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Model Question Paper

QP CODE: Pages:

Reg No.:_______________

Name:_________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY EIGHTH SEMESTER

B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION,

MONTH & YEAR

Course Code: EET454

Course Name: SWITCHED MODE POWER CONVERTERS

Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 hours

PART A

Answer all questions; each question carries 3 marks.

1. What is the primary difference between switched mode power conversion and
linear power conversion?

2. Draw the circuit diagram of a dc-dc converter that, when operated in

continuous conduction mode yields continuous currents in both input and
output terminals, and inverted output voltage.

3.
Draw the circuit diagram of a two-switch flyback converter and explain why
it cannot operate with duty ratios beyond 50%.

4.
What are the advantages of a current-fed isolated dc-dc converter?

5. In a single-phase full-bridge PWM inverter operating with Sine PWM and in

linear modulation range, what would be the maximum possible rms value of
the fundamental voltage that can be obtained at the output if the dc voltage is
fixed at 500V?

6. Draw the circuit diagram of the single-phase boost power factor correction
rectifier topology. Which signals need to be sensed in order to control this
converter?
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7.
How many space vectors can be produced by a three-phase bridge inverter?
Represent them in a table in the given format below:
Sl. No. Switch states Space vector magnitude Location (angle)

8. Differentiate between current controlled voltage source inverter and

hysteresis current controlled inverter.

9. Differentiate between PWM hard-switching and Soft-switching.

10 Draw the ZCS switch configuration and explain how the position of the
resonant components aid in zero-current switching.

PART B

Answer any one complete question from each section; each question carries 14 mark

11 (a)
Derive an expression for the peak-to-peak current ripple in the inductor in
a buck converter operating in continuous conduction mode, in terms of
the output voltage, operating duty ratio and the value of the inductor.
Draw the relevant waveforms used in the derivation. (4)

(b) A photovoltaic panel is rated for an output voltage range between 15 V to

18 V, 36 W peak output power. This panel is to be connected to a dc load
that demands a fixed dc voltage of 12 V, with ripple less than 1% of the
rated output voltage. Assume the converter is to be operated in
discontinuous conduction mode when the load is less than 50% of the rated
output power. Select a converter topology suitable for this application, and
design it to meet the given specifications. Evaluate the duty ratio D when
the input voltage is 18 V and the load is 30% of the rated output power, (10)
with the component values selected for the design.

OR

12 (a)
A Ćuk converter is supplied with an input voltage that varies between 5V
and 10V. The output is required to be regulated at 15V. Find the duty
ratio range. Assume the converter is working with continuous conduction
mode for the entire range. If the load power is 50W, evaluate the input
currents for the minimum and maximum input voltages, assuming an (5)
ideal converter.
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(b) Develop the voltage transfer ratio of a buck converter operating in

Discontinuous Conduction Mode. (9)

13 (a)
Compare the features of single-switch and two-switch flyback converter
topologies. (4)

(b) It is required to design a power converter with the following features:

(i). Electrical isolation is required.
(ii). Gate drives should be referenced to the same electrical potential.
(iii). The input voltage is 200 V, and the output voltage is 12 V; Power is
250 W.
A junior technician came up with the options: Two-switch Flyback
converter, Two-switch forward converter, Push-pull converter, Full-bridge
isolated converter and Half-bridge isolated converter. As a design
engineer, which out of these options will you choose that c an meet the
requirements? Develop a basic design of the inductor and capacitor, by
assuming a current ripple of 20% of output current and 1% of nominal (10)
output voltage as voltage ripple. Evaluate the duty ratio and choose an
appropriate turns ratio for the transformer.

OR

14 (a)
A flyback converter with 15V input voltage is operating with a duty ratio
of 0.4. If the turns ratio of the coupled inductor is 1:0.5, evaluate the
output voltage. Assume continuous conduction mode. What is the peak
voltage appearing across the switch? Draw the waveforms of the input
current, output diode current and voltage across the switch under the
given operating conditions and mark the salient features. (6)

(b)
For a forward converter with Vd=48V+/-10%; Vo= 5V (regulated);
fs=100kHz; Pload=15-50W. If the flux reset winding N3=N1, calculate
the turns ratio N2/N1 if this turns ratio is desired to be as small as (8)
possible.

15 (a) What are the dominant harmonics in the output line -to-line voltage of a
three-phase bridge inverter operating in square-wave mode? Show the line
voltage waveform and the harmonic spectrum upto the first 7 dominant
harmonics (not upto the 7th). (5)

(b) Describe a single-phase power factor corrected rectification scheme

utilising boost converter and its control. Explain how the input current is
actively shaped for reduced THD. (9)

OR
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16 (a) In a single phase full bridge sine PWM inverter, the input dc voltage varies
in a range of 295-325 V. Because of the low distortion required in the
output, the inverter is operated in the linear modulation range. What is the
highest output fundamental rms voltage that can be obtained from this
inverter? If the inverter is to be rated at 2 kVA, calculate the combined
switch utilisation ratio of the inverter when it is supplying rated VA. (6)
Assume the load current is sinusoidal.

(b) Explain how a single-phase full-bridge topology can be used as a utility

interfaced high-power factor rectifier. (8)

17 (a) For a Space Vector PWM based inverter, the dc voltage is 600 V. The
switching frequency is 20 kHz. The reference voltage vector is 200∠30o
Vrms, at a particular sampling interval.
(i). Identify the active vectors to be used during the given sampling
interval. Indicate the corresponding switch states.
(ii). The dwell-times of the active vectors and the zero vector during the
interval.
(iii). Evaluate the dwell times when the reference vector is at 180o out-of (8)
phase with the original location.

(b) What is Selective Harmonic Elimination? Explain with respect to a

single-phase inverter. (6)

OR

18 (a) Explain the working of a current controlled voltage source inverter with
fixed switching frequency. (6)

(b) Explain how the number of switchings per sampling period are minimised
by proper sequencing of the active and zero vectors in Space Vector (8)
Modulation.

19 (a) Differentiate between ZCS and ZVS topologies. What are the parasitic
elements which are usefully employed in these topologies? (6)

(b) With circuit diagram and relevant waveforms, describe the operation of a
series loaded resonant converter operating in discontinuous conduction (8)
mode.

OR
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20 (a) The ZCS and ZVS resonant switches are dual implementations. Explain (6)
why.

(b) Which of the load resonant converters is a voltage-boosting converter?

Explain with relevant diagrams/graphs. (8)

Syllabus

Module 1

Switched Mode non-isolated DC-to-DC Converters:

Linear Vs Switching Power Electronics.

Buck, Boost, Buck-boost and Ćuk converters: Principles of steady-state analysis - Inductor
volt-seconds balance and capacitor amp-seconds balance – Operation in Continuous
Conduction Mode (CCM)- Voltage Gain – design of filter inductance & capacitance -
boundary between continuous and discontinuous conduction – critical values of
inductance/load resistance - Examples for buck and boost converters.

Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) of buck converter with constant output voltage –
Output voltage ripple in DCM. Voltage Gain in DCM for buck converters.

Module 2

DC-DC converters with electrical isolation:

High-frequency transformers for DC-DC converters: unidirectional magnetic core excitation

& bidirectional core excitation.

Fly back converter: Operation and waveforms in continuous & discontinuous conduction
modes – Voltage gain.

CCM operation of double ended fly-back converter.

Forward converter in CCM: Basic forward converter with ideal transformer – practical
forward converter with core reset – double ended forward converter

Push-Pull, Half-Bridge and Full-Bridge converters: Operation in Continuous Conduction

Mode (CCM) – Flux-walking in isolated converters.

Current-source DC-DC converter.

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Module 3

Switched Mode DC to AC converters:

Review of single-phase bridge inverters - 3-phase Sine-PWM inverter: – Linear Modulation,

RMS fundamental line to line voltage & RMS fundamental line-to-line voltage –
Overmodulation - Square wave operation in three-phase inverters - Switch utilisation ratio of
1-phase & 3-phase full-bridge inverters.

PWM Rectifiers: Generation of current harmonics in diode bridge rectifiers - Power factor -
Improved single-phase utility interface - Active shaping of input line current through PFC
boost converter - Single phase Switched mode rectifier.

Module 4

Modulation Schemes:

Space Vector Modulation: Concept of space vector – space vector modulation – reference
vector & switching (dwell) times – space vector sequence – comparison of sine PWM &
space vector PWM.

Programmed (selective) harmonic elimination switching in single phase inverters

(Formulation example with elimination of two harmonics at a time) – current controlled
voltage source inverter -

Hysteresis current control.

Module 5

Softswitching and resonant converters:

Hard-switched Vs Soft-switched converters -

Resonant Converters - Basic resonant circuit concepts – series resonant circuit – parallel
resonant circuit – series-loaded and parallel loaded resonant converters (Operation in
discontinuous conduction mode with ωs < 0.5 ωr).

Resonant Switch (Quasi-resonant) Converters: ZCS buck converter - L type - ZVS buck
converter – comparison of ZCS & ZVS Resonant Converters.

Note: Assignments may be given to develop simulations of the converter topologies in open-
loop and/or closed-loop using appropriate simulation tools. Assignments may also be given to
develop design automation scripts/tools using Python, MATLAB, C, Spreadsheets etc.
 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
Text Books

1. Ned Mohan, Tore M. Undeland and William P. Robbins, “Power Electronics:

Converters, Applications and Design,” Third Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2003.

Reference Books

1. Joseph Vithayathil, “Power Electronics: Principles and Applications,” Tata

McGrawhill edition.
2. Robert W. Erickson and Dragan Maksimovic, “Fundamentals of Power Electronics,”
Second Edition, Springer International Edition (Indian reprint).
3. L. Umanand, “Power Electronics: Elements and Applications,” Wiley India, 2009.

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

Topic No. of
No
Lectures
1 Non-isolated DC-DC converters: 7 Hours

Introduction: Linear Vs Switching Power Electronics.

Buck and Boost Converters: Topology, principles of low-ripple

1.1 approximation and inductor volt-sec/capacitor amp-sec balance., 2
Application in developing the voltage transformation ratio in CCM.
Evaluation of Inductances and Capacitance for specified
current/voltage ripple.

Buck-boost and Cuk Converters: Topology, Application of

1.2 inductor volt-sec balance/Capacitor amp-sec balance in developing 2
the voltage transformation ratio in CCM. Evaluation of
Inductances and Capacitor for specified current/voltage ripple.

Boundary between continuous and discontinuous conduction

1.3 1
modes– critical values of inductance/load resistance - Examples for
buck and boost converters.

Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) of buck converter with

1.4 2
constant output voltage – Output voltage ripple in DCM. Voltage
Gain in DCM for buck converters.
2
DC-DC converters with electrical isolation: 8 Hours

2.1 High-frequency transformers for DC-DC converters: unidirectional 1

magnetic core excitation & bidirectional core excitation.

Fly back converter: Operation and waveforms in continuous &

2.2 2
discontinuous conduction modes – Voltage gain; CCM operation of
double ended fly-back converter.
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Forward converter in CCM: Basic forward converter with ideal

2.3 2
transformer – practical forward converter with core reset – double
ended forward converter.

Push-Pull, Half-Bridge and Full-Bridge converters: Operation in

2.4 2
Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) – Flux-walking in isolated
converters.
2.5 1
Current-source DC-DC converter
3
Switched Mode Inverters and Rectifiers 6 hours

Review of single-phase bridge inverters - 3-phase voltage source

3.1 inverter: 3-phase Sine-PWM inverter – RMS line to line voltage & 2
RMS fundamental line-to-line voltage – square wave operation -
Switch utilisation ratio of 1-phase & 3-phase full-bridge inverters.

PWM Rectifiers: (Ch. 8 of Ref. 1): Generation of current

harmonics in diode bridge rectifiers - Power factor - Improved
3.2 4
single-phase utility interface - Active shaping of input line current
through PFC boost converter -Single phase Switched mode rectifier
operation and control.
4
Modulation Schemes: 7 Hours

4.1 Concept of space vector; Origin of flux space phasor 1

representation.

4.2 Space vector modulation – reference vector & switching times – 2

space vector sequence
4.3 1
Comparison of sine PWM & space vector PWM.

Programmed (selective) harmonic elimination switching in single

4.4 2
phase inverters (example with elimination of third and fifth
harmonics)

4.5 Current controlled voltage source inverter - Hysteresis current 1

control.
5 Softswitching and Resonant Converters: 8 hours

Softswitching and resonant converters: Hard-switched Vs Soft-

5.1 1
switched converters - Switching losses and transition of voltage
and current during switching in Hard Switched converters.

5.2 Resonant Converters - Basic resonant circuit concepts – series 2

resonant circuit – parallel resonant circuit
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5.3 Series-loaded (Operation in discontinuous conduction mode with 1

ωsw < 0.5 ωr; ωsw:Switching frequency and ωr: Resonant frequency)

Parallel loaded resonant converters (Operation in discontinuous

5.4 1
conduction mode with ωsw < 0.5 ωr; ωsw:Switching frequency and
ωr: Resonant frequency).

5.5 Resonant Switch (Quasi-resonant) Converters: ZCS buck converter 2

- L type.

5.6 ZVS buck converter – Comparison of ZCS & ZVS Resonant 1

Converters.