“NDEC” IN SHORT

ENGLISH COURSE
AMERICAN AND BRITISH
ENGLISH

Destined to the learners from first level

for Mr, JACK NICOLAS RANVEER

Dispensed by Mr BULANGALIRE BYAMUNGU Espoir

Phone numbers

+243 821052010, +243850941334, +243 995311824

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LESSON N° ONE P.1

ENGLISH ALPHABET

In English as French we have got twenty. Six letters of alphabet. Here they are :

A/ei/ G/dzi:/ N/en/ U/ju/

B/bi:/ H/eitS/ O/Ɔ :U/ V/vi:/
C/si:/ I/ai/ P/pi:/ W/dɅblju/
D/di:/ J/dzei/ Q/kju / X[eks]
E/i:/ K/kei/ R/a :r/ Y/wai/
F/ef/ L/el/ S/es/ Z/zed or Zi:/
M/em/ T/ti:/

PUNCTUATIONS

[ ] = HOOKS
: = colons
; =semi colon
. =Fullstop
, =coma
? =question mark
- =hyphen
<<>> = guillemet
( ) = bracket
‘ = stress
A = capital letter : majuscule
a =small letter : miniscule

INITIATION N.D.E.C
NDEC : new dynamic english center

Where do you learn your English ?où est ce que vous apprenez l’anglais?

I learn my English at NDEC

What does NDEC stand for?

NDEC Stands for :New dynamic English center

Thanks a lot of

Never mind

PRESENTATION
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LESSON N° TWO USEFUL EXPRESSIONs (For asking the name)

What is your name?: Quel est votre nom?

Who are you?: qui es-tu?
How do they call you?: comment appelles-tu?
Can you tell me your name please?: pouvez-vous me dire votre nom svp?
Would you mind telling me your name?: pourriez-vous me parler votre nom?

ANSWERS
My name is MACUMU
MACUMU Is my name
They call me MACUMU
I a m Mr. MACUMU
Yes I can, MACUMU Is
I responded by the name of MACUMU
I answered by the name of Macumu

CONVERSATION N° ONE
ADJUWE and BARAKA

A. Good morning

B. Yes Good morning

A. How are you?

B. I m fine, and you?

A I m Good, do you speak English?

B A little, are you American?

A Yes, now where do you learn your English?

B I learn my English at NDEC

A.what does NDEC Stand for

B.
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NDEC stands for : New Dynamic English center

A Where do you from?

B I m from school.

A Nice to meet you

B Nice to meet you too.

PAYER AT THE BEGINNING

We thank you God for this best time you give us, we invite you to be with us from the
beginning until the end of our course, in your holy name Jesus Christ we pray so Amen!

LESSON N° THREE( GREETINGS)

formal greetings and informal greetings

1. FORMAL GREETINGS

Hours expressions Answers

In the morning we say Good morning Yes Good morning
In the after noon we say Good afternoon Yes Good afternoon
In mid day (noon)we say Good noon Yes Good noon
In the evening we say Good evening Yes Good evening
To night we say Good night Yes Good night

2. INFORMAL GREETINGS

Hi: salut Yes hi

hello Yes hello
salaam Oh yeah salaam
bow Yes bow
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Chin-chin Yes chin-chin

Whenever or anytime you can greet someone these one

SOME NAMES OF THE FAMILY(Members of the family)

• Father: papa père( dad) - Betrothed: fiancé

• Mother: maman mère (mum) - Young brother: petit frère

• Child: enfant (kid) children/ pl - Young sister: petite soeur

- Brother: frère (boy) - Niece : nièce

- Sister: soeur (girl) - Nephew : neveu

- Son: fils (man) - Classmate : camarade

- Daughter: fille ( woman) - Friend : ami (e)

- Grandfather: grand-père - Boy friend : copain

- Grandmother: grand mère - Girl friend : copine

- Father-in-law:beau père - Young : petit, jeune

- Mother-in-law: belle mère - Neighbour : voisin

- Brother-in-law: beau frère - Cousin : cousin

- Darling: cheri (e)

CONVERSATION N° TWO

SPELLING THE NAME

A : Good morning my friend !

B : Yes, good morning !

A : What is your name ?

B : My name is ELIA

A : How do you spell it please ?

B : ( I:,el,ai,ei)

A : Thank you very much

B : Not at all, Goodbye !

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A : OK bye !

THE NEWS IN ENGLISH

There are more than one way how you may ask the news in English, but the most
used are:

• What is the news ?: Quelles sont les nouvelles?

• The news is very well : les nouvelles sont bonnes

• How are you ?: comment vous allez?

• I’m fine : je vais très bien

• I’m soso : je suis un peu bien

• Not so bad :pas mal

• I’m not goog : je ne suis pas bien

• I’m fifty – fifty : je suis bien

• I’m suffring : je suis malade

• I don’t feel well : je ne me sens pas bien

• I’m a bit okay : je suis un peu bien

• I’m very well : je vais très bien

• How is it ?, what about you ?, how goes it?, how does it work? : comment ça
marche?, comment ça va ? , qu’en est-t-il de vous(toi)?

- As usual: comme d’habitude

• How is the family?, How are you going?, how are you doing? Comment va la famille?,
comment allez-vous ?

• Just fine, juste bien, very good : très bien

• How are you keeping today ? comment vous vous portez?

• I’m keeping very well: je me porte assez bien

• What’s up?, what happen?: qu’est-ce qui se passe?

• Nothing special : rien de spécial ( not much,no matter)

• What’s wrong with you ? qu’est- ce qui ne va pas ?

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• No wrong, no problem : pas mal

THE FAREWELLS

EXPRESSIONS ANSWERS
- Bye-bye Ok bye
- Au revoir
- So long Ta so long
- Relax Relax
- Cheerio Cheerio
- Beseeing you Beseeing you
See you soon: A bientôt
See you after : Après
See you later : plus tard OK see you
See you tomorrow : à demain
We shall meet: On se reverra Okay

N.B : chaque fois quand vous voulez vous séparez ou soit quitter quelqu’un il est souhaitable
d’utiliser l’une de ces expressions.

TAKE IT EASY : Exprime presque tous les souhaits en anglais, on peut le signifier par :

Au revoir, bon appétit, à votre santé, soit à l’aise, ne t’en fais pas

CONVERSATION N° THREE

Sarah meet saddam for the first time listen to their conversation.

- Hello sir

- Yes hello

- How are you?

- I’m fine, please mum what your name?

- My name is sarah

- How do you spell it?

- Es,ei, a:r,ei,eits

- Happy to meet you

- Happy to meet you too

II. FOR ASKING THE DIRECTIONS

- Where are you going? : où vas-tu?

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- I’m going to school : je vais à l’école

- Where do you from?: où résidez-vous?, d’où viens-tu?

- I’ m from america : je réside en amérique

- Where do you learn your english ?: où est- ce que vous apprenez l’anglais?

- I learn my English at NDEC: j’apprends l’anglais à l’ NDEC

- Where are you?: où es-tu?

- I’m at home: je suis à la maison

- Where do you work ?: où est-ce que vous travaillez ?

- I work at hospital : je travaille à l’hôpital

- Until where ?: jusqu’où ?

- Until home : jusqu'à la maison

How do you do : s’utilise qu’il s’agit d’une personne étrangère ou soit vous faites
longtemps sans vous voir.

HOW TO PRESENT ONE SELF (USHER)

To present oneself is to give as it follows:

∗ Full name, address, name of father and mother nationality, spare time or free time,
profession, marital status or civil status.

- I’m mr MACUMU BYAMUNGU wany

- I’m from south kivu province, Walungu territory ngweshe collectivity, lurhala groupment
and KAHANDA village.

- When and where were you born?

- I was born in WALUNGU ( kahanda) village in 2003.

- I’m a Congolese, I’m bachelor, I’m married, I like music, I’m a secondary school pupil

- I’m living in BUKAVU just KASHEKE quarter.

LESSON N° FOUR ( the seven days of the week)

- Monday: Lundi

- Tues day: Mardi

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- Wednesday: Mercredi

- Thurs day: Jeudi

- Fri day: Vendredi

- Satur day: Samedi

- Sunday: Dimanche

EXERCISE

On Monday : le lundi

Before Monday : avant lundi

Next Monday : lundi prochain

After Monday : après lundi

Today is Monday : aujourd’hui c’est lundi

Tomorrow is Monday : demain c’est lundi

Last Monday : lundi dernier

Yesterday it was Monday : hier c’était lundi

The day before yesterday was Monday : Avant hier c’était lundi

PRAYER BEFORE EATING

We thank you God for this food you give us, we invite you to bless our food and the
one who will take it, so that it can produce energy and a good health in our body, in your
name jesus-christ we pray so Amen!!!

LESSON N° 5

THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR

There are twelve months of the year their names are:

- January: Janvier - June: Juin

- February: Février - July: Juillet

- March: Mars - August: Aout

- April: Avril - September: Septembre

- May: Mai - October: Octobre

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- November: Novembre - December: Décembre

SONG N° ONE

Noo the way Jesus in my life I m to you Jesus my savior x 2

Everything shall go on before the strong of Jesus

CONVERSATION N° F OUR

A. LONG TIME NO SEE YOU

A: hi my friend

B: Yes hi , How are you ?

A : Fine thanks , but sir just a long time ago, where were you?

B: you are right ; I was at our village

A: what for please ?

B: for the wedding ceremony of my old sister

A: How was the ceremony ?

B: the ceremony was wonderful

A: that’s Good , about you; are you already married ?

B: no , I m still unmarried , but if a candidate appears I’ll say thanks to God, and you?

A: for me, I m dealing with studies first, then after that, I’ll think about it .

B: okay , I wish you a good luck in your studies

A: the same to you in your choice , see you !

B: okay see you too .

LESSON N° SIX( CARDINAL NUMBERS )

0: zero 3: three

1: one 4: four

2: two 5: five
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6: six 19: nineteen

7: seven 20 : twenty

8: eihgt 21 : twenty- one

9: nine 30 : thirty

10: ten 40: forty

11: eleven 50 : fifty

12:twelve 60: sixty

13 :thirteen 70 : seventy

14: fourteen 80 : eighty

15: fifteen 90: ninety

16: sixteen 100 : one hundred

17: seventeen 1000 : one thousand

18: eighteen 1.000.000: one million

CONVERSATION N° FIVE

How TO ASK THE PRICE

A: How do you do sir

B: oh yeah , How do you do, Can I help you?

A: yes , I come to look for some articles here

B : you are welcome, here they are!

A: well , How much cost that yellow t- shirt?

B: just twenty ($20) dollars my customer

A: you say it’s expensive , I can’t find it , can you reduce a bit please?
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B: no , it’s not expensive but it’s cheap, don’t worry tell me how much you can get

A: I can get ten dollars

B: You make me laugh please , the last price is eighteen dollars ($ 18 )

A: no I can’t find it , Goodbye

B: okay Good Bye

SOME ARTHMETIC SINGS

+: An addition or plus =: Equals

-: Subtraction or minus : The square root

X: Multiplication or times : Greater

÷: Divided by : Less

CONVERSATION N° SIX

* A: Hello my friend !

* B : Yes hello

* A: How are you?

* B : I m okay ,and you ?

* A: oh, I don’t feel well.

* B: what’s wrong with you ?

* A: I m suffering from the headache

* B now ,let’s go and see the nurse

* A: Yes . It’s Good but I don’t have money

* B : what are you going to do now ?

* A : I don’t know but I want to go and ask it for my father

* B: go ahead please

* A: so long
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* B: Ta so long

LESSON N° EIGHT(8)

TELLING THE TIME IN ENGLISH

There are often more than one way of telling the time in English

∗ USE FUL QUESTIONS

1. What’s the time please ? :Quelle heure est-il?

2. What time is it ?

3. Can you tell me the time please?: pouvez-vous me dire la montre svp?

4. What time do you make it?

5. Have you got the right time?

e.g. 20:30 : it’s Half past eight (pm) B.W

It’s eight Half (p:m) A.W

A:M : stands for :« Ante meridiem : which means before noon

P:M : Stands for : post meridiem : Which means after noon

PRAYER AT THE END

We thank you our all might father for having been with us, from the beginning until
the end of our course, We ask you to protect us until the day we’ll meet again . in your
name jesus Christ we pray so Amen.

LESSON N° NINE (9)

SOME WISHES

expressions
Have a nice day: bonne journée thank you, the same to you
Have a nice weeknd: bon week end
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Enjoy your meal: bon repas Thank you!

Good appetite: bon appétit
Have a nice journey: bon voyage Thank you!
Have a nice trip or travel: bon voyage
Have Good night: bonne nuit thank you
Have Good sleep: bon sommeil
Have a nice rest, cheers,
at your driking
Good health
Happy birth day thank you
Happy easterday
Feel at home
Get well soon
Good healing

Merry chrismas
Happy a new year
I wish you success thank you !
Good luck
May God help you the same to you
God bless you
Have Good dreams

LESSON n° TEN (10)

ORDINAL ADJECTIVES ( NUMBERS)

1st:First 10th: ninth

2nd: second 11th : eleventh

3rd: third 12th: twelfth

4th: Fourth 13th : thirteenth

5th: Fifth 14th : fourteenth

6th: sixth 15th : fifteenth

7th: seventh 16 th : sixteenth

8th eighth 17th : seventeenth

9th: ninth 18 th: eighteenth

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19 th: nineteenth 60th:sixtieth

20 th :twentieth 70th: seventieth

30th: thirtieth 80th:eightieth

40th 90th:ninetieth

: fortieth 100th: one hundredth

50th:fiftieth 1000th: one thousandth

SONG NUMBER TWO(2)

I want be very well

I want be very wellx2
I want be very well very well in my life
You can’t be very if you don’t love your parents, friends, brothers, siters….

LESSON N°ELEVEN(11)
THE PARTS OF THE BODY
HUMAN’S BODY
Head’s parts
*hair, face, eyes, ears, mouth, lips, hole, tooth or
teeth,nose,cheek,eyebrow,eyelid,beard,chin,tongue,skull,brain,skin.
*neck;hand,wrist,hip,belly,leg,breast,thumb,elbow,fist,finger,foot(feet),ankle,buttocks,nostr
il,upper arm, arm, thigh, bottom, bum, back, under arm, fore arm, lower leg, shoulder, waist,
calf, toes, knee, blood, bone, heel.
CONVERSATION N°SEVEN (7)
GOING TO THE NDEC
A: eh man, hi! Long time no see you
B: yes just a long time we haven’t seen
A: where were you?
B: I was some where to look for money.
A: now, have you got it?
B: yes of course.
A: what do you say about me?
B: nothing to tell you, but I’m so happy to see you.
A: where are you going?
B: I’m going to the NEW DYNAMIC ENGLISH CENTER
A: where is that man?
B: that is a learner from NDEC and I’m studying there too.
A: brother I want to come there too, tell me the schedule
B: right NDEC has courses every day from 16:00 to 18:00 in the evening
A: then, how many days do you study by week?
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B: yeah, let me tell you 6 times a week and we are the first promotion.
A: what about the second level?
B: for the second level, I mean that after this one
A: uuh! I think it’s an excellent center
B: of course NDEC is on top ,we are the first in this area .It’s best of all.
A: really, I’ll come, but in a short while.
B: who are the teachers over there?
A: yes, there are the excellent teachers and they are teaching very well. «
B: come and join us to speak English in short time.

LESON N° TWELVE

THE VERBS IN ENGLISH

Without a verb no one who can speak English.

In English we have two categories of verbs and each category is subdivided in two kinds we
have:

- The auxiliary verbs and

- The full or ordinary verbs.

1. THE AUXILARY VERBS:

These one are subdivided in two kinds also now we have:

- Primary auxiliary verbs
- Modal auxiliary
A.PRIMARY AUXILARY VERBS:
In primary auxiliary verbs we have three (3)
- to be
- to have
- to do
B: MODAL AUXILARY VERBS
In modal auxiliary verbs we have many verbs but the most used is:

Can, would, may, might, should, need, shall, like, will and must.
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Can Must
Could May
Might

Should Like
Shall
will need
A.TO DO: Faire

To do will help us to conjugate interrogative and negative form of other verbs

E;g aff:I speak English: je parle anglais

Int: does he speak English?

Neg: I don’t speak English: je ne parle pas anglais

Aff: he speaks English: il parle anglais

Neg: he doesn’t speak English

Int: do you sing music?

E.g: aff: you sing music

Neg: you don’t sing music

Int: do we go at home?

E.g:aff: we go at home

Ng: we don’t go at home

Int: do we go at home?

E;g aff: you know him

NEG: you don’t know him

Int: do you know him?

ANSWERS:
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Oh yeah I do!

Oh yeah I do a little or a bit

No, I don’t know or of course

THE VERB TO DO: Faire = will help us to emphasize to someone or something.

E.G:aff: I love my mother

I do love my mother

I do love my father

I do love my children

I like werrason’s music

I like English course

A.TO BE: Etre

This one will help us to form continuous tenses and the passive voice.

Eg: I am cooking the snake: je suis en train de preparer le serpent

I was cooking the food

She is cooking the food

Neg;she is not cooking the food: je ne suis pas en train de preparer la nourriture

Passive:-english is spoken in some towns of DRC

-love speaks English

-english is spoken by love

-KIVUA eats cow meat

-cow meat is eaten by KIVUA

C. TO HAVE: avoir

This one will help us to conjugate the present perfect

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Eg:I arrived in Kinshasa

I have been at home

I have cooked the meat

I have eaten the goat meat

It help us also in past perfect

I had cooked the meat

I had studied English

I’ve been at home

I’d cooked the meat

MODAL AUXILARY VERBS

Here we have many verbs but the most used are:

1.CAN: Pouvoir

E.g I can speak English: je peux parler anglais

You can speak English

He can speak English

She can speak English

It can speak

We can speak Kinyarwanda

You can speak Germany

They can speak French

2.NEED: Avoir besoin de

SUBJECT+NEED+OBJECT
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E.g: I need money: je besoin d’argent

You need the job

he needs a car

she needs a husband

we need to speak English like our teachers

you need a lot of money

they need our center of formation or training

3. MUST: Devoir

E.g.: I must speak English after this month: je dois parler anglais après ce mois

You must respect your parents

He must respect him self

She must respect her husband

We must

You must

They must

4. MAY: Pouvoir

E.g.: my father may come tomorrow: mon père peut arriver demain

I may speak English

You may beat me

5. MIGHT: Pouvoir

E.g.: you might speak when you are studying: vous pouvez parler quand vous étudiez

The teacher might respect his job

We might follow the teacher when he is teaching

6. SHOULD

I should study English when I was in England

We should come and see you but it was raining

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7. HAVE TO

You have to come and discuss with me

You have to kiss me

PRIMARY AUXILIARY VERBS

TO DO:

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE OF AFF.FORM NEGATIVE FORM:

I do my home work: je fais mon devoir I do not: je ne fais pas
You do your home work You do not
He does his job He does not
She does her home work She does not
We do our home work: nous faisons It does not
You do your home work We do not: nous ne faisons pas
They do their home work You do not

They do not

SHORT FOM INTERROGATIVE FORM

I don’t do: je ne fais pas do i do my homework?= fais-je mon

devoir?
You don’t do: tu ne fais pas
do you do?
He doesn’t do
Does he do?
She doesn’t do
Does she(it) do?
It doesn’t do
do we do?
We don’t do
do you do?
You don’t do do they do?

They don’t do

INTERRO –NEGATIVE SIMPLE PAST

Don’t I do?: ne fais-je pas? I did: je faisais,je fis,j’ai fait,j’avais fait
Don’t you do? You did
Doesn’t he do? He did
Doesn’t she do? She did
Don’t we do? It did
Don’t you do? We did
don’t they do? You did
They did
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NEGATIVE(short) SIMPLE FUTURE

I didn’t: je ne faisais pas I shall do: je ferai
You didn’t You will do
He,she,it didn’t He ,she,it will do
We didn’t We will do
You didn’t You will do
They didn’t They will do
PRESENT PERFECT THE VERB TO HAVE OR HAVE GOT
I have done: j’ai fait Simple present:
You have done AFF: I have(got) : j’ai
He,she,it has done You have(got)
We have done He,she,it has(got)
You have done We have(got): nous avons
They have done You have(got)
They have(got)
SHORT FORM SOME EXEERCISE WITH TO HAVE
I’ve(got) : j’ai I have(got) two children
You’ve: tu as You have(got)
He,she,it’s: il(elle) a He,she,it have(got)
We’ve: nous avons We have (got)many friends
You’ve: vous avez They have (got) some cakes
They’ve: ils ont

NEGATIVE FORM
I have not Je n’ai pas Haven’t money

You have not Tu n’as pas You haven’t money

He has not Il n’a pas He hasn’t money

Elle n’a pas She hasn’t money

She has not
Nous We haven’tmoney
It has not
n’avons pas You haven’t money
We have not
Vous n’avez They have not money:
You have not pas

INTERROGATIVE - FORM
Have i a pen: ai-je un stylo?
Have you a pencil
Has he /she your money
Have we pens ?
Have you cards
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Have they bags?

V(- to )S+C+

SIMPLE PAST NEGATIVE FORM

I had money = j’avais, j’ai eu I had not money: je n’avais pas d’argent
You had money =tu avais de L’argent You had not
He had money He had not
She had She had not
It had It had not
We had We had not
You had You had not
They had They had not
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE FUTURE
I have had: j’ai eu I shall have: j’aurai
You have had You will have: tu auras
He has had He will have
She has had She will have
It has had It will have
We have had We shall have: nous aurons
You have had You will have
They have had They will have
SHORT FORM NEGATIVE FORM
I’ll have: j’aurai I shall have not: je n’aurai pas
You‘ll have You will have not
He’ll have He will have not
She’ll have She will have not
It’ll have It will have not
We’ll have We shall have not
you’ll have You will have not
they’ll have They will have not
TO BE : ETRE
SIMPLE PRESENT We are pupils: nous sommes des élèves
Aff: I am a pupil: je suis un élève You are teachers
You are a person
He is a boy They are learners
She is a girl SHORT FORM
It is a dog I’m: je suis
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You’re You’re
He, she, it’s They’re
We’re

NEGATIVE FORM INTERROGATIVE

I am not a pupil: je ne suis pas un élève Am I a boy?: suis-je un garçon?
You are not Are you?
He is not Is he?
She is not Is she?
It is not Is it?
We are not Are we pupils?
You are not A re you ?
They are not Are they?
INTERROGATIVE FORM SIMPLE PAST
Am I not a boy?: ne suis-je pas garçon? Subj+was / were+Objective
Are you not? I was at school: j’étais à l’école, je fus,(été
Is he not ? You were
Is she not? he was
Is it not ? she was
are We not ? it was
are You not ? we were
are they not? you were
they were
NEGATIVE FORM PRESENT PERFECT
I was not at school: je n’étais à l’école I have been: j’ai été
You were not You have been
He was not He, she, it has been
She was not We have been
It was not You have been
We were not They have been
You were not
They were not
SHORT FORM You’ve been
I’ve been: j’ai étè They’ve been
You’ve been FUTURE TENSE
He, she, it’s been I shall be: je serai
We’ve been You will be
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He, she, it will be You shall be

We shall be They shall be

IN SHORT FORM NEGATIVE FORM

I’ll be: je serai I shall be not: je ne serai pas
You’ be You shall be not
He,she,it’ll be He, she, it will be not
We’ll be We shall be not
You’ll be You shall be not
They’ll be They will be not
INTERROGATIVE FORM INTERRO NEGATIVE FORM
Shall I be?: serai-je? Shall I be not?: ne serai-je pas?
Will you be? Will you be not?
Will he,she,it be? Will he,she,it be not?
Shall we be? Shall we be not?
Will you be? Will they be not?
Will they be?

EXERCISES WITH TO BE
Conjugate the verb between ( )in the asked tenses and forms
Q1.mr kind (to be in present)in Goma now
A. Mr.Gentil is in goma now: Mr Gentil est à Goma maintenant
Q2.they (to be in present) there for work
A .they are there for work: ils sont là pour travailler
Q3.he (to be in past) here yesterday
A. he was here yesterday: il était ici hier
Q4. They (to be in past) with us last day
A. They were with us last day: ils étaient avec nous le jour dernièr
Q5. I (to be in past) at our village
A.I was at our village: j’étais dans notre village
Q6.ESPOIR and ADJUWE (to be In past ) here
A.ESPOIR and ADJUWE were here: Espoir et Adjuwe étaient ici
Q7.ESPOIR (to be in future) in Goma next week
A.ESPOIR will be in Goma next week: Espoir sera à Goma la semaine prochaine
Q8.After this month the first level (to be in future) in holiday
A .After this month the first level will be in holiday: Après ce mois le 1r niveau sera en…
 25

THE FULL OR ORDINARY VERBS

In full or ordinary verbs we have two kinds of verbs which are:
regular verbs
irregular verbs
1. REGULAR VERBS
Are called all verbs which accept the adding of ‘’ ed’’ in order to form the simple past and
the past participle.
INFNITIVE SIMPLE PAST MEANING
PAST PARTICIPLE
To cook cooked cooked preparer
To study Studied Studied Étudier
To play Played Played Jouer
To accept Accepted Accepted Accepter
To dress Dressed Dressed S’habiller
To bless Blessed Blessed Bénir
To hang Hanged Hanged Suspendre
To push Pushed Pushed Pousser
To punish Punished Punished Punir
To beg Begged Begged Mendier, solliciter
To ask Asked Asked Demander
To try Tried tried Essayer

EXERCISE
TO COOK: preparer
S+V+(-TO)+object
SIMPLE PRESENT:
I cook: je prepare
You cook
He, she, it cooks
We cook
You cook
They cook
NEGATIVE FORM
DON’T/DOES’T+COOK+OBJECT
I don’t cook: je ne prepare pas
You don’t cook
He, she, it doesn’t cook
We don’t cook
You don’t cook
They don’t cook
 26

TO COOK INTERROGATIVE FORM

DO+COOK+OBJECT+?
ST:

E.g:
• Do I cook the snake?: Est-ce que je prepare la viande?
• Do you cook the meat?
• Does he, she, It cook the cassava bread?
• Do we cook beans?
• Do you cook curcumas?
• Do they cook fish?
CON VERSATION N° EIGTH (8)
ADJUWE and BWINGA
A: Good morning sir
B: yes good morning
A: I am ADJUWE; what’s your name?
B: I am BWINGA
A: how are you?
B: I’m a bit okay
A: why are you a bit okay?
B: oh yeah, my chum nowadays I’m suffering from malaria
A: here is some money you may buy medicine
B: I really thank you my brother
A: not at all
B: where are you coming from now?
A: please brother I’m coming from kopa quarter
B: check you soon mr ADJUWE; so long!
A: ta so long
VOCABULARY (new word)
∗ Why? : pour quoi?
E.g: Why are later?: pourquoi tu es en retard?
∗ Chum: friend or class mate: Camarade
E.g: ALFRED and KIND are chums: Alfred et Gentil sont de camarades
∗ Nowadays: de nos jours, actuellement
E:g :nowadays I don’t have money: Actuellement je n’ai pas l’argent
∗ Some: quelque
E.g.: sometimes I come later: quelquefois j’arrive en retard
∗ Really: raiment
 27

∗ Not at. all: pas du tout, de rien

∗ So long : au revoir
∗ Ta So long : oui au revoir

TO COOK :preparer SIMPLE PAST

AFF: i cook: je prepare I cooked: je preparais
You cook You cooked
He, she, it cooks He, she, it cooked
We cook We cooked
You cook You cooked
They cook They cooked
SIMPLE FUTURE S+am/ARE,is+cook+ing+object
I shall cook: je preparerai E.g: I am cooking: je suis en train de
You will cook preparer
He, she, it will cook Your are cooking
We shall cook He,she,it is cooking
You will cook We are cooking
They will cook You are cooking
They are cooking
PRESENT CONTINIOUS TENSE ST:
PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE PAST
I study: j’étudie I studied: j’étudieais
You study You studied
He, she, it studies He,she,it studied
We study We studied
You study You studied
They study They studied
SIMPLE FUTURE ST:
S+SHALL/WILL+STUDY+OBJECT
E.g: I shall study: j’étudierai
You will study
He, she, it will study
We shall study
You shall study
They will study

OTHER CHANGES OF REGULAR VERBS

 28

FIRSTLY: let us speak about verbs ending by ‘’e’’ these accept only ‘’d’’ at the end of the
simple past and so does the past participle. e.g:
INFINITIVE SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE MEANING
To love loved loved aimer
To like liked liked Préferer, aimer
To change changed changed changer

SECONDLY: we can talk about verbs ending by ‘’y’ ’if it preceded by a consonant, we can
change that ‘’y’’ in ‘’i’’ then we add ‘’ed’’ .e.g:
To try tried tried essayer
To cry cried cried crier
To justify justified justified justifier
To copy copied copied copier

THIRD: verbs ending by ‘’y’’ which is preceded by a vowel we add only ‘ed’’.when we want
to make then in the past participle.
To delay delayed delayed tarder
To stay stayed stayed rester
To pray prayed prayed prier
To play played played jouer
To obey obeyed obeyed obeir

EXERCISES
AFF: I study English at high institute: j’étudie à l’institut superieur
NEG: I don’t study English at high institute
INT: do I study English at high institute?
INT-NEG: don’t I study English at high institute?
SIMPLE PAST
AFF: I studied English at high institute: j’étudieais à l’institut superieur
NEG: I did not study English at high institute
INT: did I study English at high institute?
INT-NEG: didn’t I study English at high institute?
SIMPLE FURTURE
AFF: I shall study English at high institute: j’étudierai à l’institut superieur
NEG: I shall not study English at high institute
INT: shall I study English at high institute?
INT-NEG: shall I not study English at high institute?
PRESENT CONTINIOUS TENSE
AFF: I am studying English at NDEC: je suis en train d’étudier à l’NDEC
NEG: I am not studying English at NDEC
 29

INT: am I studying English at NDEC?

INT-NEG: am I not studying English at NDEC?
EXERCISES
Conjugate in asked tenses and forms
SIMPLE PRESENT OF DELAY
AFF: she delays there for nothing: elle tarde là pour rien
NEG: she doesn’t delay there for nothing: elle ne tarde pas là pour rien
INT: does she delay there for nothing?
INT-NEG: doesn’t she delay there for nothing?
SIMPLE PAST
AFF: she delayed: elle tardait
NEG: she did not delay
INT: did she delay?
INT-NEG: didn’t she delay?
SIMPLE FUTURE
AFF: she will delay there: elle tardera
NEG: she will not delay
INT: will she delay there?
INT-NEG: will she not delay there?
PRESENT CONTINIOUS TENSE
AFF: she is delaying there: elle est en train de tarder là
NEG: she is not delaying there
INT: is she delaying there?
INT-NEG: is she not delaying there?

CONVERSATION N°09
Kind is a learner from NDEC, meet ALUA for the first time, this one is a girlfriend of
ALINE Cousin, listen to their conversation.
A: hello, hello! That is ALUA, chin-chin, young lady, ALUA oh yeah chin- chin, but sir ,how
did you know my name?
B: oh yeah I meet you at COLETTER’S party ALUA, really
A: Bwinga’s my boy friend
A: don’t tell me that, he is my cousin too
B: please sir, would mind tell me your name?
A: no young lady it doesn’t mind, my name’s ALINE it’s a Briton or American’s name?
B: not at all, but kind is my name
A: by the way, are you a teacher of English?
B: no I’m still a learner
A: where do you learn your English?
B: I learn my English at NDEC
A: what does NDEC stand for?
 30

B: NDEC stands for NEW DYNAMIC ENGLISH CENTER

A: who is your teacher?
B: my teacher is Mr. ESPOIR, and he’s serious
A: where that center is located?
B: it’s located at OFFICIAL SCHOOL
A: I have to come to learn too
B: you’re welcome at our center
A: thank you very much
B: not at all cheerio
A: okay cheerio
EXERCISES
A: I’m speaking kinyanga
B: are you speaking kinyanga as me?
A: no, I’m not speaking kinyang, but I was speaking it when I was at Walikale
B: do you go to school by feet?
A: no, I don’t go to school by feet, but I usually use bicycle
B: does your father speak English as you?
A: no he doesn’t speak English as me, but he speaks more than me.
B: thank you very much
A: don’t mention it so long
B: ta so long.
SIMPLE PRESENT
It expresses either a habit or truth pact

A. With a habit

ST:

S+V(-to)+obj

- I speak English very well: je parle mieux anglais

- She speaks French very well than your sister

- They go home on time

- My father goes after ten minutes

b. with a truth pact

e.g:
- Jesus is a king: Jesus est un roi
- Goma is aTown: Goma c’est une ville
- Gentil is a man: Gentil est un garçon
- Dady and Colette are wives: Dady et Colette sont des femmes
- My mother is a wife: maman est une femme
 31

Verbs ending by: O, S,CH,SH

To go, to catch of, to finish, to teach, at the 3rd person of singular we add ‘’es’’
e.g:
- My sister goes to school by bus
- Kind teaches us English
- My mother speaks English
- He speaks English
Verbs ending by ‘’y’’
If ‘’y’’ is preceded by a vowel we go back to the general rule. We add only “s’’
e.g:
- My mother buys every night the meat
If ‘’y’’ is preceded by a consonant, we remove ‘’y’’ and replace it with ‘’ies’’
e.g:
- Kabila flies every time
- Our baby cries to night
NEGATIVE FORM
ST: S+don’t/doesn’t+action verb+Object

- My sister doesn’t eat pig meat

- We don’t speak English very well
INTERROGATIVE FORM
ST: Do/does+S+A.V+object.

e.g
- Do you study English at high institute?
- Does your mother speak English very well?
- Does your child go to school?
EXRCICES
Conjugate the verb () in the simple present
1. My friend (to speak) English very well
Ans. My friend speaks English very well: mon ami parle mieux anglais
2. My baby (to cry) when her mother goes
Ans. My baby cries when her mother goes
3. We (to study) English at NDEC
Ans. We study English at NDEC: nous étudions l’anglais à l’NDEC
4. Our government (to pay) workers badly
Ans. Our government pays workers badly

ͽ Conjugate in asked forms

Aff: I sing in the church: je chante dans l’église
Neg: I don’t sing in the church: je ne chante pas à l’église
Int: Do I sing in the church?: Est-ce que je chante à l’église?
- You study English at NDEC
Neg: you don’t study English at NDEC
INT: Do you study English at NDEC?
 32

SIMPLE PAST
it expresses the action with happened in the past.
AFF: ST Subject+past tense+object

e.g:
- I went to school yesterday : je suis allé à l’école
- We ate vegetable the last night
- My father drank alcohol last week
Neg. ST Subject+didn’t+verb in infinitive (-to)+objet
e.g:
- We didn’t study English yesterday
- My mother didn’t buy meat yesterday
INTERROGATIVE
e.g:
- Did you go in town yesterday?: Est-ce que vous etes allé en ville hier?
- Did your dad drink alcohol?
INTERRO NEGATIVE FORM
ST Didn’t+subject+v (-to) object+?

e.g:
- Didn’t you eat my breakfast?: n’as-tu pas mangé mon petit déjeuner?
EXERCICES
1. AFF: our president speaks English: notre président parle anglais
NEG: our President doesn’t speak English: notre président ne parle pas anglais
INT: does our president speak English?: Est-ce que notre président parle anglais?
2. AFF: Your sisters go to school every day: ta soeur va à l’école chaque jour
NEG: your sisters don’t go to school every day: ta soeur ne va pas à l’école chaque jour
INT: Do your sisters go to school every day?
THE SIMPLE FUTURE
It expresses the action which will happen in the long moment but in the future.
ST: Subj+shall/will+ V(-to)+object
e.g
- We shall speak English when will finish our first level
- My son will study in Kinshasa: mon fils étudiera à Kinshasa
- Ir Dieume will be married next year
- I shall be the teacher when I’ll finish my second level
- You will be a president after the election
- My mother will give me the gift after my defense
NEGATIVE FORM
ST
e.g
- I shall not sing in the church
- I shall not study English at university
- You will not play football
 33

- I shall not eat the beans

- Learns will not defend without paying money
- She will not learn English at NDEC
INTERROGATIVE FORM
ST: shall/will+ subjet+V+object+?
e.g
- Shall I eat the beams?
- Will you be a nurse?
- Will they go in Goma?
- Shall we buy Cookies?
SOME PREPOSITIONS
1. In: dans 5. Under: en dessous 9. Between: entre, au
2. On: sur 6. A bove: au dessus milieu
3. At: à (lieu) 7. Near: près de 10. Beside: à côte
4. To: à (déplacement) 8. With: avec 11. Behind: derière

PREPOSITION’S PHRASES
The piece of chalk is in the box
This is the rule on the table
My children are at school: mes enfants sont à l’école
I’m going in town: je vais en ville
There’s a cat under the chair
Sit beside me
The teacher is standing in front of the class
QUESTIONS/ANSWERS
⇒ Where are the pieces of chalk?
Ans. The pieces of chalk are in box
⇒ Where are your exercise-books?
Ans. My exercise-books are in my school bag
⇒ Where is the dust?
Ans. The dust is under the table
ST:
Subj+have+just/already+V+Past Participle
e.g
- You have already prayed Jesus Christ one day at church
- We have just been in Kinshasa
- We have already built a good house in Bukavu
NEGATIVE FORM
ST: Subject+have/has+Never+Verb+Past Participle+object
e.g
- I have arrived in Bukavu: j’ai déjà arrivé à BUKAVU
- Ir Dieume has never driven a car
- My mother has never built a house
- You have never spoken English here
- My darling has never played football: ma Cherie n’a jamais joué au football
THE FUTURE CONTINOUS
 34

It expresses the action which will happen in the same moment

ST:
Subject+shall/will+be+verb+objecti
e.g
- In this time the next week on Monday I’ll speaking with my children
- A shall be eating the next days in this time
- We shall be speaking English in this time next Monday.
THE NEAR FUTURE
Notice: you usually use this tense like present continuous in order to express the near future.
ST
Subject+gong to/want to+Verb+object
e.g
I’m going to pay you your money to morrow
I’m goanna pay you your money to morrow
I want to go in Goma on Monday
I wanna go in Goma on Monday
I’m going to stay there
It’s going to rain
You are going to help me to morrow
You’re gonna help me to morrow

CONVERSATION N° 10 (TEN)
THE GAME OF LOVE
Gentil: sorry sister, how are you?
Safi: yes I’m pretty good
Gentil: who are you?
Safi: I’m safi
Gentil: uhumm safi, a good name as you are
Safi: now, what about you?
Gentil: I’m Gentil , may I know at yours?
Safi: why do you want to know at mine?
Gentil: uhhum, don’t you know the aim which pushes me to make you stop
Safi: no, I don’t know, but tell me
Gentil: please, I do like you as you are, and I want you to feel in love with me
Safi: oh, handsome boy, you make me laugh, please, it that only which you have on me?
Gentil: yes, it’s only that, because I can’t live without you.
Safi: cute boy, in this time I don’t have any answer to express to you.
Gentil: please sister, I beg you not to disappoint me
Safi: boy, don’t worry, I’m going to give you the answer to morrow
Gentil: oh, my sister, my heart can’t resist, if I go without the answer
Safi: ok, in that case, join me at ours to night, I’m gonna give you the answer.
Gentil: okay, thank you!

I Love you forever!

 35

VOCABULARY

* Sorry= pardon, se pardonner, s’excuser

e.g

- I’m sorry= je m’excuse

- I’m so sorry= je regrette beaucoup

- I’m sorry= je suis désolé

* Pretty,Enough: assez

e.g

- I’m pretty good= je me porte assez bien

- I’ve got enough money = j’ai assez d’argent

* Delight : joie, enchantment

e.g

- I’m delight to see you=joyeux de vous voir

- The same to you: a vous autant ou pareillement

* Now: maintenant

e.g

- I’m coming now: je viens maintenant

* Aim: objectif

* To feel: verbe sentir

* To fall: verbe tomber

* Fail: échouer ou rater

* Handsome: beau garçon

e.g: Ir Dieume is handsome

* Beg: quemander, demander, supplier

* To disappoint: décevoir

e.g

- Don’t disappoint me sister= ne me déçois pas ma sœur

* In that case : dans ce cas

* Join : joindre ou rejoindre

LESSON N°
 36

QUESTIONS WORDS

Are called the words which can help us to ask questions.

The most used are :

Who, where, when, why, what, which, how, …

* Who: qui: is only used when referring to people.

e.g (I want to know the person): je veux savoir la personne

- Who is the best football player in the world?

- Who are your best friends?: qui sont vos meilleurs amis?

- Who is that stranger guy over there?

- Who is your teacher?: qui est ton professeur?

* Where: où a used when referring to a place or location

e.g ( I want to know the place): je veux savoir l’endroit

- Where are you going?: où vas-tu?

- Where do you live?: où habitez-vous?

- Where is the library?

- Where are my shoes?

* When: quand; is used to refer a time or an occasion

e.g (I want know the time): je veux savoir le temps

- When do the shops open?

- When is your birthday?: quelle est votre date de naissance?

- When are we going to finish?

* Why: pour quoi, is used to obtain an exploration or a reason

e.g (i want to know the reason): je veux savoir la raison

- Why are you late?: pourquoi vous arrivez en retard?

- Why are they always late?: pourquoi sont-ils toujours en retard ?

- Why do you go?: pourquoi allez-vous?

* What: qu’est ce que: is used to refer specific or information

e.g ( I want to know the thing): je veux savoir la chose ou l’objet

- What is your name?: quel est ton nom?

 37

- What do you do?: quel est votre emploi?

- What about you?: qu’en est-il de vous ?

Which: le quell, la quelle, les quelles, is used when a choice needs to be made
e.g (I want to know the things between alternations)
- Which drink do you take (like) or beer?
- Which day do you prefer for a meeting today or tomorrow?
- Which is better, this one or that one?
*HOW: comment is used to describe the manner that something is done

E.g.: (I want to know the way).

How do you cook beans?

How does he speak English?

How can I learn English quickly?

HOW MUCH : refers to a quality or price (uncountable nouns)

Eg:

How much time do you have to finish the test?

How much money shall I need?

How much are the jackets?

HOW MANY : refers to a quality(countable nouns)

E.g.:

How many days are there in April?

How many people live in this city?

How many brothers and sisters do you have?

READ MORE ABOUT HOW MUCH AND HOW MANY

HOW OFTEN: Refers to frequency

Eg:

- How often does she study?

- How often do you visit your grandmother?

- How often are you sick?

- How often do you go to football game?

 38

- HOW FAR: Refers to distance.

Eg:

- How far is the university from home?

- How far is the bus stop from here?

- How far is BUKAVU from GOMA?

How old: Quel age

e.g:

- How old are you? Quel age as-tu?

- I’m 8 years old: j’ai 8 ans

- HOW TALL: Quel grandeur

e.g:

- How tall is your brother? = Combien mesure ton frère?

- He is 7,9 mettres tall =il mésure 7, 9 m

- THE Q.W WITH THE PAST CONTINOUNS TENSE

ST: QW+WAS/WERE+SUBJET+VERB+ING+ OBJECT

Eg: when we met at Walikale market, what were you buying?

A: when we met at Walikale market. I was buying the meat

When were you learning your English?

A: I was learning English in 2015

Why are you looking for me?

A: I was looking for you to tell you something

Q.W WITH THE SIMPLE PRESENT

ST: Q.W+DO/ DOES + S+V( - TO)+ object + ?

Eg: Why do you drink alcohol?

What does she forget at mine?

 39

Q.W WITH THE SIMPLE PAST

ST : QW + DID + S+OBJ +?
Eg:
- Why did you go to church yesterday?
- What did you eat yesterday?

- What did you think that day?

Q.W THE SIMPLE FUTURE

ST. Q.W +SHALL/WILL +SUBJ + V + OBJ +?
Eg:
* What shall I do if I fail in the first level?
* Once you fail in this level if you miss that money

* What will you do if I forgive you?

Q W. WITH THE PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE

ST: Q. W+ AM
Are + SUBJ + V ING + OBJ +?
IS
Eg:
- Why are you looking at me?
- Why are you looking an English teacher?

- What kind of work are you doing?

- Why are you looking for me?

- When are you coming to school?

- Why are you speaking slowly?

THE IMPERATIVE MODE

En François comme en anglais, l’impératif à un caractère d’imposition d’où L’anglais est conseillé de
l’accompagner avec ˝ please˝ pour un peu de courtoisie.

Pour conjuguer un verbe à l’impératif on supprime seulement le ˝ to˝.

e.g
- Come here
 40

- Go to the door
- Sit down.
À la forme négative on fait précéder l’impératif avec ˝Don’t˝.
e.g
- Don’t accept what he told You
- Don’t go out this time
- Don’t lie me please
Pour joindre leur impératif en anglais on utilise la conjonction « AND »
e.g :
Stand up and go out
Keep quiet and pray

Go in my bedroom

Go to the door and close it

Lorsque toi qui parle fait partir de l’action à la premiere personne du pluriel on commence avec « let
me »
« let her » « let them » ou soit « let it »
E.g.:
- let us stand up
- let us eat

- let him go

- let her speak English

- don’t let my cat out side

EXERCISE WITH THE IMPERATIVE

- stand up = levez- vous - Be quiet=fait vite,(faites vite)

- sit down= assis-toi - Turn right= tourner à droit

- teak a seat= prenez-place - Wash my clothes= lesiver mes

habits
- come here=viens-ici
- Go on= vas-y
- go to your place= prenez-place
- Hurry up= dépechez-vous
- Say bye-bye= dis au revoir
- Look at me= régardes-moi
- Knock at the door: frapper à la
porte - Listen to me= écouter-moi

- Keep quiet= garder silence - Wait for me=attends-moi

- Shut up= fermer, te toi - Get in= entrer dans

 41

USE OF NEED AND LIKE

∗ NEED: avoir besoin

E.g: I need eat many things
We need to play foot ball
I need you forever
∗ LIKE: préfèrer ou soit “comme”
E.g :

∗ No one like You= personne n’est comme toi

∗ Kind look like Rais

∗ Any center in this territory is like NDEC

∗ Ii want to have much money

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE

• My(m a i): mon, ma, mes Her books

My name is hope Her father is here

Where are my books • ITS: son,sa, ses

• YOUR: (yo:) • OUR:(o we): notre,nos

Your father is a friend of my father Our country is very large

Where are your parents? Our sisters are here

• HIS: (hiz) • YOUR: votre, vos

He is going to do his job Your brothers

His wife is Congolese • THEIR: leur,leurs

Their books

• HER (he:)

THE PRONOUNS

The pronouns are small words that take place of pronoun.

We can use the pronouns instead of a noun
Pronoun are words like: he, you, ours, self, some, each…

We have many kinds of pronoun but we shall speak about (9) only most use are:
Personal pronouns: pronoms personnels

Relative pronouns: pronoms relatifs

 42

Reflexive pronouns: pronoms réfléchis

Distributive pronouns: pronoms distributifs

Possessive pronouns: pronoms possessifs

Demonstrative pronouns: pronoms démonstratifs

Indefinite pronouns: pronoms indefinis

Interrogative pronouns: pronoms interrogatifs

Reciprocal pronouns: pronoms réciproques

SINGULAR SUBJECT OBJECT MEANING

1rt P I Me Moi
2nd P You You Toi
3rd He,she,it Him,her,its lui
PLURAL SUBJECT OBJECT
1rt P.P We Us Nous
2nd P.P You You Vous
3rd P.P they them eux

In personal pronouns we have two kinds

The personal pronouns subjective and personal pronouns objectives

A .the personal pronouns subject makes the action. they are:

I, he, it; you,

She, we, they

B. the personal pronoun object under goes the action. they are : me, you, him, her, its, us,
them

E.g:

I was at him yesterday

They are going to give, cheeks

II. THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS AND EMPHATIC PRONOUNS

The reflexive pronouns: show that the action of verbs is done by subject and reflexive on the same
subject.

e.g: I hurt myself

They were looking at themselves in the mirror
 43

She cuts herself

She eats herself
He killed himself
It’s myself who knows English in my family
YOURSELF: toi-meme
E.g: don’t eat yourself
Come yourself at ceremony
HIMSELF: lui-meme
He goes himself
HERSELF: elle-méme
My mother sells herself
It’s self
OURSELVES: nous- memes
We are going ourselves
We are at home ourselves
YOURSELVES: vous-memes
You are going yourselves
THEMSELVES: eux-memes
They are there themselves
II. THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS
The relative pronouns are the either replace persons or animals. the relative pronouns the among of
them are:

FOR PERSONS SUBECT Who, that, whom, whom, that,

OBJECT whose
POSSESIVE
FOR THINGS Subject Which, that,
Object Which, that,
possessive Whose
E. g:
The boy who has my money is absent I wonder who is there.

It was FAUSTIN who saw him What a nice surprise

Bring who you like Whatever the answer is

Who is with you? Which of these solution is the best

Who phoned me? He knows that you’ there?

Who did you see at the party? To want to

Whose fault is it then?: à qui la faute To want to agree

alors?
I want you to come
Hold is so it doesn’t fall or hold it so that it doesn’t fall.

THAN: plus que MORE THAN

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WHICH: Qui, pour les choses or animaux

a. Where is the jug? c. Where is the milk?

b. where is the cup? d. where is the cut?

IN WHICH: dans lequel,dans laquelle

e.g:
- The bottle in which you put the milk is dirty
- The school in which I study is very far from home
- The bag in which I put my money is bigger than yours
ON WHICH : sur laquelle, sur lequel
E. g :
- That table on which you put your pen is not yours
- The bed on which we sleep is very large
TO WHOM: a qui
E. g:
- my classmate to whom I brought his copy book is not there
- The man to whom i gave my book is ill
WITH WHOM: avec qui

Eg:

- the boy with whom we study at high institute is dead

- The lady with whom you walk together is prostitute

THE DEMOSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

In demonstrative pronouns we have two kinds of pronouns which are:

This (these) ,that(those)

1. THIS: cet, ce, cette, for the things or persons who are near the speaker, the plural of this one
is these.

Eg: this is my mother who I was looking for.

- These bananas are very sweet because my mother has cooked them very well

- These children are impolite because they have never studied any lesson at school

- These are my pens

2. THAT: for the persons and things who(which) are very far

Eg:
 45

- that is the boy I was looking for

- Do you see that one over there?

3. THOSE:

Eg; those boys are coming from church

RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS

In reprocal pronouns we have two kinds of pronouns which are :

- Each other: l’un et l’autre

- One another: les uns les autres
* EACH OHTER : this one is used for two persons
e.g:

- Teacher Espoir and Adjuwe love each other

Le prof Espoir et Adjuwe s’aiment

- They were beating each other that day

- Elia and Moses hurt each other
- Method and Kester speak to each other
* ONE AN OTHER: this one our is used for more than two persons

e.g:

Learners from NDEC love one another

People from Rwanda love one another
God said love you one another

THE COLORS

• Red: rouge • Blue: bleu

• Orange: orange • Purple : violet/violette

• Yellow: jaune • White: blanc/blanche

• Green: vert/verte • Brown: brun, brune, marron

 46

• Pink: rose • Gray: gris, grisé

• Gold: dore, dorée • Khaki: kaki

• Silver: argenté, argentée • Black: noire

OBJECTS

• Needless: aiguilles • Mattress: matelas

• Clothes: habits • Padlock: cadenas

• Sheet: drap • Basket: panier

ANIMAL’S NAMES

ͽ Cock: coq ͽ Goat: chèvre

ͽ Hen: la poule ͽ Sheep: mouton
ͽ Cat: chat ͽ Pig: cochon
ͽ Cow: vache ͽ Monkey: singe

THE INDEFINITIVE PRONOUNS

The indefinite pronouns are:

* All, someone, some thing, somewhere, sometime, any one, anybody, anything,
anywhere
* No one, nobody, nothing, no one, every one, everything, everywhere, every body
e.g:

- All Congolese are rich

- There are some men who don’t like to marry.
Someone, some body, any one, anybody, nobody

e.g:

- Nobody can stop reggae

- Somebody told me about your problem
- In DRC there are some persons who speak English clearly
- I’ve called them that day but anyone who came.
Something, any, are used for things
 47

e.g:

- I’ve got something in my pocket.

- Ir Dieume lives somewhere, God only who knows.
- Please mother I wanna go somewhere.
- Sometimes the teacher come late at NDEC
Do you have something to give me

Anything which i have got brother

Everybody comes and take my hand

Nobody who can persuade us at NDEC.

IREGULAR PLURALS

Child=children=enfant
Louse=lice=pou
Man=men=homme
Goose=geese=oie
Woman=women=femme
Mouse=mice=souris

Foot=feet=pied

Tooth=teeth=dent
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

* Mine [mas] le mien, la mienne, les miennes

e.g : your telephone is mine

your parents are young mine are old

* Yours [y :s] le votre, la vôtre, les vôtres

e.g : my freind is serious yours is ill

* His [hiz] le sien, la sienne, les siennes

e.g : your father is cutting, but we are working

* Hers [h∂z] : le sien, la sienne, les seines

* Ours : [h∂wez] le notre, la notre, les notres
* Ther : [ze:] le leur, la leur, les leurs
Mine [main] His[hiz:]
Yours[jo:s] Hers[ha:z]
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It’s[it:z] Yours[jo:s]
Ours[a:wez] Their [dei:]
EXERCICES

- Your sister is agly but mine is beautifull

- Our teachers are best but yours are weak
- Your father is hungry but his fed up
- Your brother is Christian hers are sinners
- Their uniforun are white ours are yellow
- That best house is ours
- Our diploms come but their where lost
THE PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION

Definition:

- The phonetic is a science of sound in the spoken and Witten language, each language
has got it phonetic.
- There are two kinds of phonetic which exist in English the articulacy phonetic which
deals about what we speak.
- The acoustic phonetic written deals about what we hear or understand.
- The principal a moto is that we may in Swahili between hooks or brackets () all letter
muse must be written in small letter except some letter such as I’K ans?
- The name of (God) an Jesus Christ
- Some signs
- Hooks[hu:ks]: which indicate the word written in phonetic
e.g: Moon [Mu:n]

Stress: which shows the vowels consonant or the syllabc which has two mont

e.g: obel [eibl] apte, capable

1. THE VOWELS

In English we can find five (5) vowels

Here they are: a, e, I, o, u

Each vowel has five representations all these vowels are composed by fifteen
representations
 49

a. The vowel ‘’A’’

This one has got five representations which are: [∂e],[ei],[a],[∂:],[i]

The first representations is found when vowels A, a is between two consonants and the only
vowel in the word.

e.g: man: homme

hat: chapeau

bag: malette

had: eu, avaient, avait

sad : chagrine, désolé, triste

THE PHONETIC OF SOUND

THE VOWEL ‘’A’’ ‘’a’’

Van: camion

Fat: gras

Cat: chat

* The second representation comes from the English ending of ‘’IGHT’’

e.g:

High: supérieur

Night: nuit

Fight : combat

Bright : intelligent, gai

Right : vrais, droit

Might : puissance, force, power

* The representation comes from the presence of ‘’AR’’

* However you can pronounce

e.g:

- Arms : les bras

- Army: armée
 50

- Art: l’art

- Dark: obscurité, obscure

- Park: parking

- War: la guerre

e.g: war is a period of fighting

The fourth representation is the one which shows only [ᴧ]

But [bᴧt] mais

Mus [mᴧst] devoir

Sluggish [slᴧgis] : paresseux ou fainéant

Mum [mᴧm] mère

Umbrella [ᴧmbrel∂] parapluie

b. THE VOWEL ‘’E’’

This one has four phonetic representations which are [e :E], [∂:], [ᴂ], [i :]

The first one

e.g:

- Pen : stylo

- Well: bon, bien

- Hen: poule

- To send: envoyer

- Belt: ceinture

- Ten: dix

The second one

e.g:

- Brother: frère

- Mother: mère

- Father: père
 51

c. THE VOWEL ‘’ I,i’’

This vowel has got only two representations here they are [I], [i]

This representations is found when we have the vowel I between two wonsonante.

e.g:

- big: grand, gros

- to win: gagner

- will: vouloir

- milk: lait

The second presentation is found when we have E or RE in the word

e.g:

- weak: faible - to see: regarder

- sea: mer, ocean - to meet: rencontrer, se rencontrer

- meat: viande - need: avoir besoin

- to eat: manger - to feed: nourrir

- knead: masser - a healer: guerisseur

- meal: repas - each: chacun (e), l’un et l’autre

- to be healed: être guerri - a queen : reine

- to weep: pleurer - to sweep : balayer

- deep: profound - to seek : chercher

- green: pelouse - to learn : apprendre

- to deepen: approfondir - heaven : cieux

- week: semaine

THE VOWEL ‘’I’’

Exception

e.g

- To break : cassé, abimé - Wealth : richesse

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- Weather : atmosphère ou temps - Bread : pain

- Head : tête - Heary : lourd

- To learn : apprendre

d. THE VOWEL ‘’O’’ ө ’’

This one has got also two representations wich are: [Ɔ:] [o]

* The first representation of the vowel (O) is find among of the representation of A

e.g:

- Animal: animal - Pupil: élève

- Hospital: hospital - Uncle: oncle

- Capital: capital - Article: article

- Almight: tout puissant - Terrible: terrible

- Also: aussi - Tittle: titre, intitulé, légende

- People: peuple

* The last representation of vowel (O) represented OR at beginning and in the middle

e.g:

- Order: ordre - Short: court

- Disorder: désordre - fork: fourchette

- Sport: sport - lord: seigneur

e. THE VOWEL ‘’U’’u’’

There we can also speak about two representations:

The first representation is find in word wich are contrain the vowel ‘’U’’ between two
consonants:

e.g:

- To put: mettre, placer

- Pull: tirer

- Bush: brousse, maquis

EXCEPTION
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- Mud:boue

- Mum: maman

- Muddy: boueux

The last one

e.g:

- Moon: lune - Book: cahier

- Food: nourriture - Cook: preparer

- School: école - Blood: sang

- Good: bon, bien - Tooth: dent

Exception

- Funny: drôle

SECOND PARTY OF THE GAME OF LOVE

G: what about you again?

S: as usual; and you?
G: not so bad
S: have a sit please
G: huumm! Thank you but I’m sorry because I’m going to delay
S: why that please?
G: yeah I think you know
S: what I don’t know
G: uh uum: okay unfortunately boys from nowadays are jokers
S: so I don’t know if you’re a joker as others and if yes you may tell me that, we are at the beginning.
G: don’t worry my sister; the main thing is to be faithful to me
S: no, I always be faithful to the one who I love
G: then, isn’t there is any one you love else
S: no, there isn’t
G: sorry isn’t true!
S: yes, it is and you’re not sine with me you’ll ask your friend, he is yours I mean.
G: oh yeah, he is , we are going to see him
S: don’t worry I’ll be faithful to you ,be kind only
VOCABULARY OR KEY WORDS
AGAIN: encore Faithful: fidèle

Delay: tarder Always : toujours

Fortunately: heureusement Then: alors

Unfortunately: malheureusement Else: autrement, sinon, autre

 54

Isn’t: la négaton de verbe etre Means : signification

True : vérité Only : seulement

EXERCISES

Replace the … by possessive adjective

1. His father is ill

2. Her parents are at school

3. Our father is coming

ARTICLES
There are two kinds of articles
The indefinite and the definite
1. INDEFINITE ARTICLES
It was two forms: a/an
a. Is used before a word which begins either with a consonant ,an aspirated “h”
E. g: he had a book

They have a house

An is used before a word which begins either a vowel or a mute “h”

E. g: - last week I saw an animal

- An hour is inning to the end

- An elephant is a hug animal

EXERCISES

Put the indefinite article

1. I ask …other one

2. Who called make … good sentence among them?

a. Is used before countable noun

E. g: -I see a cat passing by robber

- He can buy a pineapple

a. Is used also in certain numerical expressions

E. g: - he begs you

- I miss a hundred
 55

-I will by a quarter

A .is used before name of profession

E. g: jolly KAMUNTU is a journalist

BYAMUNGU is a teacher

A is used before a nouns with expression of price

E. g: - it’s one dollar a kilo of sugar

A is used with “FEW” and “LITTLE”

E. g: I always drink a little beer

AFEW: a small numbers of plural

A LITTLE: a small quantity of noun

FEW/a few

I’ve a few friends (some)

A is used in exclamation before a singular countable noun

(What, such)

E.g. – What a good idea!

- What a pretty girl!

- What an intelligent pupil!

OMISSION OF THE INDEFINITE ARTICLES

We omit a/m

∗ Before plural countable noun

e.g. - A girl: girls

- A boy: boys

-A mango: mangoes

∗ Before singular uncountable noun such as: advice, furniture, news, information.

- UNICEF give us some furniture

2. DEFINITE ARTICLE
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It’s pronounced before a word begins with a consonant it’s pronounced ; - the hour, -,the boy,-
the age,-the university.

USE: may be with a plural noun, sometimes: a noun is said to be definite when it considered
as it’s the only one.

E.g. – the sun shines

-the moon lights during the night

- The word is changing

“THE” is used before superlatives and ordinals

-the biggest country in the world is Russia

- The first man to be created was ADAM

CONVERSATION

DISAPOINTMENT

Mr JOHN has got bad position of his betrothed Miss LINA .who disappoint of mundane pleasure get a
pregnant from boy else this appeared after mr JOHN has given a part of dowry to his law family.

Listen to their conversation

STYVE: eh, guy you’re too restless what’s up

JOHN: sorry today I’m not ease

STYVE: what’s wrong with you?

JOHN: I apologize; I’m a shamed to tell you

STYVE: don’t be shame to tell me, we‘re chums.

JOHN: okay, here’s my dilemma, I’ve fallen in love with a girl not but unfortunately

Else has made her pregnant now I don’t know what to do again

STYVE: oh! My sympathy please, has first pressed her wedding?

JOHN: of course, yes, and a thing else, my family has just given a party of dowry at hers

STYVE: it is true?

JOHN: oh yeah! I can’t bamboos you

STYVE: yes, I can

JOHN: now, have you just seen the girl in question

JOHN: not yet

 57

STYVE: oh, you would seen her to know her opinion here’s a peace of advice I give you,

Go and see the girl first

JOHN: so, what shall I tell you?

STYVE: you’ll only ask her, what she thinks about:

1. your love ship which was deep

2. your part of dowry

3. And at the end, don’t forget to tell her what she thinks about wasted time, do you
understand?

JOHN: yes I do.

STYVE: oh, okay, go now, and then you’ll come report me

JOHN: and if she doesn’t answer me well or If she over look me what shall I do?

Can I beat her or not?

STYVE: man, don’t do any violence there if she manifest about behavior aguish you, go back at once

I know another method that we can do.

JOHN: oh, fine thanks

STYVE: take it easy

JOHN: okay, no problem

VOCABULARY

• Anguish: angoisse,peine • Made: fabriqué

• Guy: type,garcon • Sympathy: sympathie

• Ease: tranquiliser • Proposed: proposé

• Apologize: s’excuser • Wed: réseaux

• Ashamed: honte,confus • Wedding: marriage

• Dilemma: dilemme • Dowry: dot

• Chum: ami • Bamboos: mentir

• Unfortunately: malheureusement • Swear: jure

• Pregnant: grossesse

IN THE RESTAURENT
 58

Waitress: you’re welcome, in our restaurant, have a sit please

Richard: Thanks, that’s really kinds of you

W: what can I do for you?

R: may I have a menu please?

W: may I know your order sir?

R: yes, please, I’d like to have rice with meat and bananas

Would, could

W: no problem sir, you’ll be served in a while make yourself

At home and enjoy your meal

R: thank you very much and the one more thing, may I have been please

W: yes, of course, after while, here is your bill sir

R: thank you is the price of beer in included

W: yes, sir

R: here is your money

W: thanks, Good bye sir it’s a place he for us back in out restaurant

R: to so long

KEY WORDS

waitress: servante served: passer du verbe servir

really: vraiment while: un moment, pendant un

moment
may: Vouloir
self : meme
order: ordre
bill : billet
disorder: desordre
Included : inclus
THE GEROUND

We use the gerund and not infinitive

A. AFTER PREPOSITION: without: sans

E .g. –you can’t live without eating

-We can’t study without paying a school fees

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B. INSTEAD OF: au lieu

E. g: runs a ways instead of waiting the head master

I write with a bleu pen instead of using the red

AFTER WORDS WHICH REGULAR: take a preposition

1. Capable of (able)

E. g: our teacher is capable to speak English

1. INSIST ON+ING: insister
E.g. the head master insist to speak French or English at school
2. Prevent from + ing
E.g. the job prevent me from going to the English club
3. Succeed +ing
E.g. kind succeed in speaking English
4. Think of+ ing
E.g. I often think of going to unite kingdom
5. tird of+ing
5. Tired of + ing
E.g. KATENDA is tired of waiting his brother
C. AFTER CERTAIN VERBS
a. avoid +ing
E.g. pupils will avoid making noisy in the classroom
People must avoid having problems with other
b. enjoy +ing
E.g. I enjoy looking Europe football matches
c. excuse+ ing.: pardoner
E.g. please, excuse me for being later
d. finish+ ing
E.g. have you finished writing?
FORMING COMARATIVE, SUPERLATIVE AND ADJECTIVE
One syllable adjective
Form the comparative and superlative forms of one syllable adjective by adding “er” for the
comparative form and “EST” for the superlative, one, and syllable adjective.
ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE MEANS
TALL TALLER TALLEST GRAND
OLD OLDER OLDEST ANCIEN, VIEUX
LONG LONGER LONGEST LONGUEMENT,LONGTEMPS
EXERCISE:

E.g : Alfred is taller than katenda

Mary is tallest of all students
My hair is longer than yours
If the one syllable is adjective ends with ‘’E’’ just add ‘’P’’ for the comparative from add ‘’ST’’ for the
superlative form one syllabe adjective form.
 60

One-syllabe adject Comparative Superlative Means

Large Larger Largest Large
Wise Wiser Wisest sage

THE SUPERLATIVE FORM

Généralités: quand on compare deux choses c’est le comparatif on utilise, mais pour faire un
comparaison dans un groupe plus nombreux, c’est le superlatif qu’il faut employer.

Le superlatif désigne ces termes : le meilleur, le premier.

Le superlatif fonctionne comme le comparatif. A ces exceptions près : lorsque le terme

‘’more’’ où la terminaison ‘’ER’’ signale le comparatif c’est ‘’most’’ ou la terminaison ‘’est’’
désigneront le superlatif.

e.g : he is the most efficiat worker we have.

C’est l’employé le plus efficace que nous ayons.

That is the poorest family in the quarter

C’est la famille la plus pauvre du quartier

Le germe comparatif, adjectif ou adverbe sera précédé par un article defini.

e.g : he works the fastest of many students I know

De tous les étudiants que je connais

She is the tallest women in town

C’est la femme la plus mince dans la ville

A la différence de comparatif, le superlatif n’est pas suivi de ‘’than’’ ou mee plutôt ‘’of’’ ou
‘’in’’ suivi des contextes de la comparaison quoi que ce contexte soit quelque fois implicite.

- It’s the best day of my life

- She works the best of the whole class

- Elle travail mieux que tous les autres de la classe

- She’s the one who arrived first

FORMING COMPARATIVE, SUPERLATIVE AND ADJECTIVE

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE MEANING

Tall taller The tallest Grand(e)

Cheap Cheaper The cheapest Moins cher
expensive More expensive Most expensive cher
 61

Good better The best meilleur

lazy lazier laziest paresseux
pretty prettier The prettiest joli
beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful belle
shy shyer The shyest
happy happier happier
short shorter The shortest
long longer longest
famous More famous Most famous excellent
confortable More confortable Most confortable confortable
ugly uglier ugliest horrible
warm warmer warmest chaud
intelligent More intelligent Most intellgent
wide wider widest vaste
thick thicker thickest
far farther farthest loin
dangerous More dangerous Most dangerous dangereux
safe safer safest prudent
fat fatter fattest gros
messy messier messiest
Handsome More hand some Most handsome
useful More useful Most useful
easy easier The easiest
luck luckier luckiest
quiet quieter The quietest
noisy nosier The noisiest
modern More modern Most modern
patient More patient Most patient
convient More convient Most convient
accurate More accurate Most accurate

DEFENCSE

First is to greet the public

Good morning to every body

Salaam

Bow

We are very happy to see you take part (participate ) in our defense .your presence done in
30th march 2017 here in NEW DYNAMIC ENGLISH CENTER “NDEC” in short

We answered, responded, we’re customed to being called mr BYAMUNGU MACUMU and

first of all may God bless you!

Before go ahead with our speech, we congratulate so much our principal teachers:

BULANGALIRE BYAMUNGU
 62

Espoir, ADJUWE BWINGA Prince and KIVUA MBUYI because without them we couldn’t be
able to speak English like this, so we say thanks a lot teachers

Our being here shows that we would like to present you our work or labour of the first level
which’s called “ without water no one can Live why?”

Dear president of jury, members of jury, fathers and mothers, honorable guest and
gentleman, we have to know that.

THE PRONOUNS

Number Person Gender PRONOUNS Possessive

Adjective
Subject Object Possessive Reflexive
SINGUL 1st M/F I Me Mine My self My
AR
2nd m/f You You Yours Your self Your
3rd M He Him His Him self His
f She Her Hers Her self Her

N It It Its It self Its

st
PLURAL 1 m/f We Us Ours Our selves Our
2nd You You Yours Your selves Your
3rd They Them Theirs Them selves Their