Chapter 1

Introduction to Wireless
Communication Telecom Systems
1.1. Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications

1.2. The Telecom Industry: past, present and

emerging trends

1.3. Mobile radio system around the world

1.4. Wireless and Telecommunication systems

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1.1. Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications

• 1897
– Guglielmo Marconi developed the world first commercial
radio service wireless telegraphy
– It was used for point-to-point communication over short
distances, such as ships and coastal stations. (3.2Km)

• 1900
– First human voice transmission using radio developed by
by Reginald Fessenden, a Canadian inventor.
– Two-way communication (Radio Telegraphic)

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• 1921
– the first mobile radio system was introduced, marking a
significant step in the development of mobile communications.
• 1934
– he first police radio network was established in the United
States, marking a major milestone in mobile radio
communication.
– The radios used in these early systems were AM (Amplitude
Modulation) radios.
• 1935
– Edwin Armstrong, a prominent American electrical engineer,
made a groundbreaking contribution to radio technology by
introducing FM (Frequency Modulation) radio.
– Improved transmission quality.

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• 1946
– Bell Telephone Laboratories made a significant breakthrough in
the field of telecommunications with the development of the
first mobile telephone service for public.
– First Mobile Telephone System (MTS): Bell Labs introduced the
first mobile telephone service for cars. It was known as the
Mobile Telephone Service (MTS) and was launched in the
United States.
– The system used analog radio signals to allow phone calls to be
made from vehicles. It was the first time people could make
mobile phone calls while on the move.
– The technology involved radio transmitters and receivers
installed in vehicles, with signals transmitted through a network
of radio towers that provided limited coverage.

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• 1965
– Bell System introduced an improved version of the
Mobile Telephone Service (MTS), often referred to as
Improved MTS (IMTS).
– IMTS allowed more people to use mobile telephones
with improved quality, leading to wider adoption in
the business and government sectors.
– IMTS was still based on analog technology, so it could
not yet support features like SMS or data transmission.
– It was the first automatic mobile system and Full
duplex in Nature.

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• 1968
– AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph Company)
proposed the concept of a cellular mobile phone
system, which would eventually lead to the
development of the modern cellular networks used
today.
– AT&T's research and development team, led by Dr. Joel
Engel and others at Bell Labs, proposed a revolutionary
idea to divide large coverage areas into smaller,
overlapping regions called cells.
– The proposal suggested using radio towers within each
cell to provide coverage, with mobile devices switching
from one cell to another as they moved.
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• 1970
– a significant step was taken toward the creation of
modern wireless communication.
– AT&T and Bell Labs started working on experimental
cellular systems.
– By the early 1980s, the first-generation (1G) mobile
phone systems began to be rolled out based on the
cellular technology developed in the 1970s.
– Wireless communication expanded from a concept
into a practical, everyday technology that allowed
people to communicate on the move.

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 1.2. The Telecom Industry: Past, Present,
and Emerging Trends
The telecommunications industry has evolved
from wired telegraphy and telephony to today’s
5G, fiber optics, and satellite-based networks.

It has played a crucial role in shaping global

communication, digital transformation, and
economic growth.

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1. The Past: Early Development of Telecom
The telecom industry traces its origins back to optical
signaling, telegraph systems, and wired telephony
before transitioning to wireless and digital networks.

A. Telegraphy (19th Century - Early 20th Century)

• The first major telecom breakthrough was the electric
telegraph in the 1830s and 1840s.
• Samuel Morse invented the Morse Code and telegraph
lines became the first long-distance communication
network.
• The first transatlantic cable (1866) allowed instant
communication between continents.

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B. Telephone Invention & Expansion (1876 - 1900s)
• Alexander Graham Bell patented the first telephone (1876),
revolutionizing communication.
• Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN) were built using
copper wires.
• Automatic telephone exchanges replaced manual
switchboards, improving call efficiency.

C. The Rise of Radio & Wireless Communication (1900s - 1950s)

• Guglielmo Marconi developed the first radio telegraphy

system (1890s).
• AM and FM radio broadcasting became popular in the 1920s
and 1930s.
• Microwave transmission enabled long-distance wireless
communication.
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D. The Digital Revolution (1960s - 1980s)
• The shift from analog to digital communication
began.
• Fiber-optic technology (1970s), developed by
Corning Glass, revolutionized long-distance
communication.
• First-generation mobile networks (1G, 1980s)
introduced analog cellular technology.

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2. The Present: Modern
Telecommunications Infrastructure

Today’s telecom industry is dominated by high-speed

internet, mobile networks, cloud computing, and IoT.

A. Mobile Network Evolution (2G to 5G)

• 1G (1980s) - Analog Cellular Networks
• Introduced mobile voice calls but had poor security
and call quality.
• 2G (1990s) - Digital Cellular Networks
• Introduced SMS, basic data services.
• Used technologies like GSM, CDMA.

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3G (2000s) - Mobile Internet & Multimedia
• Enabled video calls, email, mobile web browsing.
• UMTS, HSPA, and CDMA2000 were key 3G
technologies.

4G (2010s) - High-Speed Mobile Broadband

• Introduced VoLTE, HD video streaming, mobile
gaming.
• LTE (Long-Term Evolution) became the global standard.

5G (2020s) - Ultra-Fast, Low Latency Networks

• Speeds up to 10 Gbps, ultra-low latency (1ms).
• Supports IoT, AI, edge computing, smart cities.
• Uses mmWave, Sub-6 GHz, and Massive MIMO.
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B. Internet Infrastructure: Fiber Optics &
Broadband
• Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) and Fiber-to-the-
Premises (FTTP) provide ultra-fast broadband.
• Gigabit internet through GPON, XG-PON, and
NG-PON2 technologies.
• Wi-Fi 6 & 6E improve indoor wireless
performance.
C. Cloud Computing & Edge Networks
• Cloud computing powers SaaS, IaaS, PaaS
services (AWS, Azure, Google Cloud).
• Edge computing reduces latency by processing
data closer to users.
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D. Telecom in Enterprise & Industrial Use

• VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol): Skype,

Zoom, Teams replacing traditional telephony.
• Industrial IoT (IIoT): Smart manufacturing,
connected logistics.
• 5G Private Networks: Industries deploying 5G
on-premises for automation.

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3. Emerging Trends: Future of
Telecommunications

• The future of telecom will be driven by 6G, AI-

powered networks, quantum communication,
and green telecom initiatives.

A. 6G - The Next-Generation Wireless Network

• Expected by 2030, featuring 1 Tbps speeds, AI-
driven networks, and terahertz communication.
• Enables holographic communication, digital
twins, and brain-computer interfaces. 16
B. AI & Automation in Telecom
• AI-driven Self-Optimizing Networks (SONs) reduce
downtime and improve performance.
• Predictive analytics for fraud detection, network
optimization, and customer experience
enhancement.

C. Quantum Communication & Cybersecurity

• Quantum cryptography ensures ultra-secure
communication against cyber threats.
• Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is being tested for
hacker-proof telecom networks.
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D. Satellite-Based Internet & Mobile
Networks
• Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites (Starlink,
OneWeb) deliver high-speed global internet.
• Hybrid 5G + Satellite communication for
seamless rural connectivity.

E. Green Telecom & Sustainable Networks

• Solar-powered telecom towers reduce carbon
emissions.
• 5G energy-efficient infrastructure lowers power
consumption.

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 1.3. Mobile Radio Systems Around the World

• Mobile radio systems are a critical component of wireless

communication, enabling public, commercial, industrial,
and emergency communication.
• These systems range from cellular networks (e.g., 2G, 3G,
4G, 5G) to private mobile radio (PMR), trunked radio, and
satellite communication systems.
Should know under this….
• Types of Mobile Radio Systems
• Cellular Mobile Networks (1G to 5G)
• Private and Public Safety Radio Systems
• Satellite-Based Mobile Communication
• Future Trends in Mobile Radio Systems

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1. Types of Mobile Radio Systems
• Mobile radio systems are broadly classified into:
A. Cellular Mobile Networks
• Used for public communication (voice, SMS,
data).
• Operate on licensed frequency bands (e.g., LTE
bands, mmWave).
• Evolved from 1G (analog) to 5G (high-speed
broadband).

B. Private Mobile Radio (PMR) / Land Mobile

Radio (LMR)
• Used by emergency services, police, military,
and businesses.
• Examples: TETRA, P25, DMR, MPT-1327. 20
C. Trunked Radio Systems
• Shared two-way radio communication with
dynamic frequency assignment.
• Used in public safety, transport, and utilities.
• Examples: TETRA (Europe), iDEN (USA), MPT-
1327 (Global).

D. Satellite-Based Mobile Radio

• Global coverage using LEO, MEO, and GEO
satellites.
• Used in remote areas, maritime, aviation, and
military applications.
• Examples: Iridium, Thuraya, Inmarsat.

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2. Cellular Mobile Networks (1G to 5G)
1G - Analog Cellular Systems (1980s)
• First-generation mobile networks used analog signals for voice
calls.
• Limited security, poor call quality.
• Technologies:
– AMPS (USA, Canada, Australia)
– NMT (Nordic countries, Russia)
– TACS (UK, Italy, Hong Kong)

2G - Digital Cellular Networks (1990s)

• Introduced digital voice, SMS, and basic data services.
• Improved security with encryption.
• Technologies:
– GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) – Most widely
used.
– CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) – Used in North America.
– PDC (Japan-specific 2G standard).

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3G - Mobile Internet & Multimedia (2000s)
• Enabled video calls, mobile internet, and multimedia services.
• Technologies:
– UMTS (Europe, Asia) – Based on GSM.
– CDMA2000 (USA) – Based on CDMA.
– HSPA (High-Speed Packet Access) – Enhanced 3G speeds.

4G - Mobile Broadband (2010s-Present)

• Enabled HD video streaming, VoLTE (Voice over LTE), mobile gaming.
• Technologies:
– LTE (Long-Term Evolution) – Global 4G standard.
– WiMAX – Early 4G alternative (now obsolete).

5G - Ultra-Fast, Low Latency Networks (2020s-Present)

• Uses mmWave, Sub-6 GHz, and Massive MIMO for high-speed data.
• Supports IoT, autonomous vehicles, smart cities.
• Global adoption:
– USA: Verizon, AT&T, T-Mobile using mmWave & mid-band.
– Europe: Vodafone, Deutsche Telekom, Orange using mid-band 5G.
– China: China Mobile, China Unicom, China Telecom leading in 5G.
– India: Jio, Airtel deploying nationwide 5G. 23
3. Private & Public Safety Radio Systems
A. TETRA (Terrestrial Trunked Radio)
• Used in Europe, Middle East, and Asia for public
safety and government communications.
• Features encryption, group calls, direct mode
operation.

B. Project 25 (P25) - USA & Australia

• Used by police, fire, EMS, and military in the
USA, Canada, and Australia.
• Digital standard ensuring secure and
interoperable communication.
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C. DMR (Digital Mobile Radio)
• Commercial, business, and industrial radio
standard.
• Used in transportation, utilities, and
construction.

D. iDEN (Integrated Digital Enhanced Network)

• Developed by Motorola, used in North &
South America for business communication.

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4. Satellite-Based Mobile Communication
A. LEO (Low Earth Orbit) Systems
• Low latency, high-speed data services.
• Examples: Starlink, OneWeb, Iridium.

B. MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) Systems

• Global broadband for aviation, maritime, and
government.
• Examples: O3b (SES Networks).

C. GEO (Geostationary Orbit) Systems

• Fixed-position satellites for TV broadcasting and
emergency services.
• Examples: Inmarsat, Thuraya. 26
5. Future Trends in Mobile Radio Systems
A. 6G Mobile Networks (Expected by 2030s)
• Terahertz (THz) communication, AI-driven
networks, holographic telepresence.
• Projected speeds of 1 Tbps+.

B. AI & Machine Learning in Mobile Networks

• AI-driven self-optimizing networks (SONs) for
improved efficiency.
• AI-powered traffic management for lower
congestion and better coverage.

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C. Green & Sustainable Mobile Networks
• Energy-efficient 5G base stations.
• Use of solar-powered telecom infrastructure
in remote areas.

D. Hybrid Mobile-Satellite Networks

• Integration of 5G with LEO satellite internet.
• Seamless coverage in urban and rural areas.

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1.4. Wireless and Telecommunication
Systems
1. Wireless Communication Systems
Wireless communication systems transmit data without
physical cables, using radio waves, microwaves, infrared, or
satellite signals. These systems are crucial for mobile phones,
satellite networks, IoT, and emergency communication.
A. Cellular Communication Networks
• Cellular networks are the most widely used wireless
communication systems, structured into generations (G) of
evolving technology.
1G - Analog Cellular Networks (1980s)
• Introduced analog voice calls.
• Technologies: AMPS (USA), NMT (Nordic), TACS (UK).
• Limited security, prone to eavesdropping.
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2G - Digital Cellular Networks (1990s)
• Introduced digital voice, SMS, and basic internet (GPRS, EDGE).
• Technologies: GSM (Global), CDMA (USA), PDC (Japan).
3G - High-Speed Mobile Internet (2000s)
• Enabled video calls, mobile internet, and multimedia streaming.
• Technologies: UMTS (Europe), CDMA2000 (USA), HSPA (Global).
4G - Broadband Wireless (2010s-Present)
• High-speed internet, VoLTE (Voice over LTE), and HD video
streaming.
• Technologies: LTE, WiMAX (early 4G).
5G - Ultra-Fast, Low Latency Networks (2020s-Present)
• Faster speeds, lower latency (1ms), massive IoT support.
• Enables smart cities, autonomous vehicles, AI-driven applications.
• Technologies: mmWave, Sub-6 GHz, Massive MIMO.
6G - Future Wireless Networks (Expected by 2030)
• Terahertz frequencies, AI-powered networks, holographic
communication.

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B. Satellite Communication Systems
Satellite networks provide global connectivity for areas
without cellular coverage. Used in navigation (GPS),
broadcasting, military communication, and remote access.

Types of Satellite Orbits

• LEO (Low Earth Orbit): High-speed internet (Starlink,
OneWeb).
• MEO (Medium Earth Orbit): Used in GPS navigation.
• GEO (Geostationary Orbit): Fixed satellites for TV, weather
monitoring.

Satellite Communication Services

• VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal): Private business and
government communication.
• Satellite Phones: Used for emergency and military
communication (Iridium, Globalstar).
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C. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)
• WLANs provide short-range wireless
communication, mainly for internet access in
homes, offices, and public areas.

Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11)

• Most common wireless networking standard.
• Uses 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and now 6 GHz bands for
connectivity.

Li-Fi (Light Fidelity)

• Uses LED light waves instead of radio waves for
ultra-fast data transfer.
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D. Bluetooth & Short-Range Wireless Technologies
• These are used for IoT, smart home devices, and short-range
communication.
• Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15): Wireless headphones,
smartwatches, IoT devices.
• Zigbee/Z-Wave: Low-power, long-range IoT networks (home
automation).
• NFC (Near Field Communication): Mobile payments, security
access cards.

E. Public Safety & Professional Mobile Radio (PMR)

• Used for military, emergency services, law enforcement, and
industrial communication.
• TETRA (Europe, Asia): Secure police and emergency
communication.
• P25 (USA, Australia): Public safety two-way radios.
• DMR (Worldwide): Digital radio for industrial use.
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2. Telecommunication Systems
(Wired Networks)

• Unlike wireless systems, wired communication

relies on physical cables (fiber optics, copper,
coaxial) for higher speed and reliability.
A. Traditional Telephone Networks
• PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network):
Landline telephones.
• ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network):
Digital voice and data over phone lines.
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B. Broadband Internet Technologies
• Provides high-speed internet access using different
transmission media.
1. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
• Uses telephone lines to provide internet.
• Slower than fiber but widely available.
2. Fiber Optics (FTTH, FTTP, FTTC)
• Uses light signals for ultra-fast broadband speeds.
• Technologies: GPON, XG-PON, NG-PON2.
3. Cable Internet (Coaxial Cables)
• Uses TV cable infrastructure for broadband internet.
• Example: DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface
Specification).
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C. VoIP & Internet Telephony
• VoIP transmits voice over the internet instead
of traditional phone lines.
• VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol): Skype,
Zoom, WhatsApp calling.
• SIP (Session Initiation Protocol): Used for
enterprise voice and video communication.

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3. Emerging Trends in Wireless &
Telecommunication Systems
A. 5G & 6G Evolution
• 5G: Real-time AI applications, industrial
automation, IoT.
• 6G: Terahertz frequencies, AI-driven network
management.
B. Edge Computing & IoT
• Reduces latency by processing data closer to the
source.
• Enables smart homes, self-driving cars, and real-
time analytics.

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C. Quantum Communication
• Uses quantum cryptography for ultra-secure
communication.

D. Metaverse & Extended Reality (XR)

• AR/VR over 5G and fiber-optic networks for
immersive experiences.

E. Green Telecom Initiatives

• Energy-efficient 5G infrastructure, recyclable
devices, and solar-powered base stations.

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