Chapter 5: Multiple Integrals

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 1 / 94
 Table of contents

1 Double integral

2 Double integrals over general regions

3 Double integrals in polar coordinates

4 Triple Integrals

5 Triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates

6 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates.

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 2 / 94
 Table of contents

1 Double integral

2 Double integrals over general regions

3 Double integrals in polar coordinates

4 Triple Integrals

5 Triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates

6 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates.

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 3 / 94
 Double integral

Review of the Definite Integral

First let’s recall the basic facts concerning definite integrals of functions of
a single variable. If f (x) is defined for a ⩽ x ⩽ b, we start by dividing the
b−a
interval [a, b] into n subintervals [xi−1 , xi ] of equal width ∆x = and
n
we choose sample points ci in these subintervals. Then we form the
Riemann sum Xn
Rn = f (ci )∆x
i=1

and take the limit of such sums as n → ∞ to obtain the definite integral
of f from a to b:
Zb n
X
f (x)dx = lim Rn = lim f (ci )∆x,
n→∞ n→∞
a i=1

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 Double integral

In the special case where f (x) ⩾ 0, the Riemann sum can be interpreted
as the sum of the areas of the approximating rectangles in Figure 1, and
Z b
f (x) dx represents the area under the curve y = f (x) from a to b.
a

Figure 1: Reimann sum

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 Double integral

Volumes and Double Integrals

In a similar manner we consider a function f of two variables defined on a
closed rectangle

R = [a, b] × [c, d] = {(x, y) ∈ R2 |a ⩽ x ⩽ b, c ⩽ y <⩽}

and we first suppose that f (x, y) ⩾ 0. The graph of f is a surface with

equation z = f (x, y) . Let S be the solid that lies above R and under the
graph of f , that is,

S = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 |0 ⩽ z ⩽ f (x, y), (x, y) ∈ R}

(See Figure 2.) Our goal is to find the volume of S.

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 Double integral

Figure 2: z = f (x, y)

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 7 / 94
 Double integral
The first step is to divide the rectangle R into subrectangles. We
accomplish this by dividing the interval [a, b] into m subintervals [xi−1 , xi ]
b−a
of equal width ∆x = and dividing [c, d] into n subintervals [yj−1 , yj ]
m
d−c
of equal width ∆y = . By drawing lines parallel to the coordinate
n
axes through the endpoints of these subintervals, as in Figure 3, we form
the subrectangles

Figure 3: Dividing R into subrectangles

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 8 / 94
 Double integral

If we choose a sample point (x∗ij , yij

∗ ) in each R , then we can approximate
ij
the part of S that lies above each Rij by a thin rectangular box (or
“column”) with base Rij and height f (x∗ij , yij∗ ) as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4:

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 9 / 94
 Double integral
The volume of this box is the height of the box times the area of the base
rectangle:
f (x∗ij , yij
∗
)∆A
If we follow this procedure for all the rectangles and add the volumes of the
corresponding boxes, we get an approximation to the total volume of S:
Xm X n
V ≈ f (x∗ij , yij
∗
)∆A
i=1 j=1

Figure 5:
BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 10 / 94
 Double integral

Definition 1.1
The double integral of f over the rectangle R is
ZZ m X
X n
f (x, y) dA = lim f (x∗ij , yij
∗
)∆A
m,n→∞
R i=1 j=1

if this limit exists.

Definition 1.2
If f (x, y) ⩾ 0, then the volume V of the solid that lies above the rectangle
R and below the surface z = f (x, y) is
ZZ
f (x, y) dA
R

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 Double integral

Definition 1.3 (Iterated Integral)

Suppose that f is a function of two variables that is integrable on the
rectangle R = [a, b] × [c, d], then
ZZ Z bZ d Z b Z d 
f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dy dx = f (x, y) dy dx
a c a c
R

or
ZZ Z dZ b Z d Z b 
f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dx dy = f (x, y) dx dy
c a c a
R

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 12 / 94
 Double integral

Example 1.1
Evaluate the iterated integrals.
Z 3Z 2
1 x2 y dy dx
0 1
Z 2Z 3
2 x2 y dx dy
1 0

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 Double integral

Solution
Z 3Z 2 Z 3 Z 2 
2 2
1 x y dy dx = x y dy dx
0 1 0 1
2 2
Z 3

2y
= x dx
0 2 1
Z 3  2  3 3
3x x 27
= dx = =
0 2 2 0 2
Z 2Z 3 Z 2 Z 3 
2 x2 y dx dy = x2 y dx dy
1 0 1 0
Z 2  3 3
x
= y dy
1 3 0
Z 2  2 2
9y 27
= (9y) dy = =
1 2 1 2

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 14 / 94
 Double integral

Theorem 1.1 (Fubini’S Theorem)

If f is continuous on the rectangle R = {(x, y)|a ⩽ x ⩽ b, c ⩽ y ⩽ d}, then
ZZ Z bZ d Z dZ b
f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dy dx = f (x, y) dx dy
a c c a
R

More generally, this is true if we assume that f is bounded on R, f is

discontinuous only on a finite number of smooth curves, and the iterated
integrals exist.

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 15 / 94
 Double integral

Example 1.2
ZZ
Evaluate the double integral (x − 3y 2 )dA, where
R
R = {(x, y)|0 ⩽ x ⩽ 2, 1 ⩽ y ⩽ 2}.

Solution (Method 1)
Fubini’s
ZZ Theorem gives
Z 2Z 2 Z 2
2
(x − 3y 2 )dA = (x − 3y 2 )dydx = xy − y 3 1 dx

R
Z0 2 1  2 02
x
= (x − 7)dx = − 7x = −12
0 2 0

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 16 / 94
 Double integral

Solution (Method 2)
Fubini’s Theorem gives
ZZ Z 2Z 2 Z 2 2 2
x
(x − 3y 2 )dA = (x − 3y 2 )dxdy = − 3xy 2 dy
R 1 0 1 2 0
Z 2
2
(2 − 6y 2 )dy = 2y − 2y 3 1 = −12

=
1

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 Double integral

Example 1.3
ZZ
Evaluate y sin(xy)dA, where R = [1, 2] × [0, π].
R

Solution
ZZ Z π Z 2
y sin(xy)dA = y sin(xy) dx dy
R Z0 π 1

= [− cos(xy)]21 dy
Z0 π
= (− cos(2y) + cos(y)) dy
0 π
sin(2y)
= − + sin(y) = 0
2 0

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 Double integral
Example 1.4
Find the volume of the solid S that is bounded by the elliptic paraboloid
x2 + 2y 2 + z = 16, the planes x = 2 and y = 2, and the three coordinate
planes.

Solution
We first observe that S is the solid that lies under the surface
z = 16 − x2 − 2y 2 and above the square R = [0, 2] × [0, 2].
ZZ Z 2Z 2
2 2
(16 − x − 2y )dA = (16 − x2 − 2y 2 ) dx dy
R 0 0
Z 2 2
x3 2
= 16x − − 2xy dy
3
Z0 2   0
88
= − 4y 2 dy
3
0 2
88 4y 3
= y− dy = 48
3 3 0
BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 19 / 94
 Double integral

In the special case where f (x, y) can be factored as the product of a

function of x only and a function of y only, the double integral of f can be
written in a particularly simple form. To be specific, suppose that
f (x, y) = g(x)h(y) and R = [a, b] × [c, d]. Then,

Theorem 1.2
ZZ Z b Z d
g(x)h(y)dA = g(x)dx h(y)dy
R a c

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 20 / 94
 Double integral

Example 1.5
ZZ
Evaluate the integral sin x cos ydA, where R = [0, π2 ] × [0, π2 ]
R

Solution
ZZ Z π Z π
2 2
sin x cos ydA = sin xdx cos ydy
R 0 0
π π
= [− cos x]02 [sin y]02 = 1

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 21 / 94
 Table of contents

1 Double integral

2 Double integrals over general regions

3 Double integrals in polar coordinates

4 Triple Integrals

5 Triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates

6 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates.

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 22 / 94
 Double integrals over general regions

For single integrals, the region over which we integrate is always an

interval. But for double integrals, we want to be able to integrate a
function f not just over rectangles but also over regions D of more general
shape, such as the one illustrated in Figure 6.

Figure 6:

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 23 / 94
 Double integrals over general regions
Definition 2.1 (Type I)
A plane region D is said to be of type I if it lies between the graphs of
two continuous functions of x, that is,

D = {(x, y)|a ⩽ x ⩽ b, g1 (x) ⩽ y ⩽ g2 (x)}

where g1 and g2 are continuous on [a, b]. Some examples of type I regions
are shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7:
BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 24 / 94
 Double integrals over general regions
Definition 2.2 (Type II)
A plane region D is said to be of type II if it lies between the graphs of
two continuous functions of y, that is,

D = {(x, y)|c ⩽ y ⩽ d, h1 (y) ⩽ x ⩽ h2 (y)}

where h1 and h2 are continuous on [c, g]. Some examples of type II

regions are shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8:
BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 25 / 94
 Double integrals over general regions

Theorem 2.1
1 If f is continuous on a type I region D such that

D = {(x, y)|a ⩽ x ⩽ b, g1 (x) ⩽ y ⩽ g2 (x)}

then Z bZ
ZZ g2 (x)
f (x, y)dA = f (x, y) dy dx
D a g1 (x)
2 If f is continuous on a type II region D such that

D = {(x, y)|c ⩽ y ⩽ d, h1 (y) ⩽ x ⩽ h2 (y)}

then ZZ Z d Z h2 (y)
f (x, y)dA = f (x, y) dx dy
D c h1 (y)

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 26 / 94
 Double integrals over general regions

Example 2.1
RR
Evaluate D (x + 2y)dA, where D is the region bounded by the parabolas
y = 2x2 and y = 1 + x2 .

Figure 9:

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 Double integrals over general regions

Solution
The parabolas intersect when 2x2 = 1 + x2 , that is, x2 = 1, so x = 1 or
x = −1. We note that the region D, sketched in Figure 9, is a type I
region but not a type II region and we can write
D = {(x, y)| − 1 ⩽ x ⩽ 1, 2x2 ⩽ y ⩽ 1 + x2 }
ZZ Z 1 Z 1+x2 Z 1
1+x2
xy + y 2 2x2 dx

(x + 2y)dA = (x + 2y) dy dx =
D Z−1 2x2 −1
1
x(1 + x ) + (1 + x ) − 2x3 − 4x4 dx
2 2 2


=
Z−11
−3x4 − x3 + 2x2 + x + 1 dx


=
−1 5 1
3x x4 2x3 x2 32
= − − + + +x =
5 4 3 2 −1 15

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 Double integrals over general regions

Example 2.2
Find the volume of the solid that lies under the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2
and above the region D in the xy-plane bounded by the line y = 2x and
the parabola y = x2 .

Figure 10: D as a type I region

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 Double integrals over general regions

Solution
From Figure 10 we see that D is a type I region and
D = {(x, y)|0 ⩽ x ⩽ 2, x2 ⩽ y ⩽ 2x}
Therefore the volume under z = x2 + y 2 and above D is
Z 2 Z 2x Z 2 2x
y3
ZZ
2 2 2 2 2
(x + y )dA = (x + y ) dy dx = x y+ dx
D 2 3 x2
Z0 2 x 6 0
14x3

x
= − − x4 + dx
0 3 3
 7 2
x x5 7x4 216
= − − + =
21 5 6 0 35

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 Double integrals over general regions

Figure 11: D as a type II region

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 Double integrals over general regions

Solution
From Figure 11 we see that D is a type II region and
√
D = {(x, y)|0 ⩽ y ⩽ 4, y2 ⩽ y ⩽ y}
Therefore the volume under z = x2 + y 2 and above D is
ZZ Z 4 Z √y Z 4 3 √y
x
(x2 + y 2 )dA = (x2 + y 2 ) dx dy = + y2x dy
D 0 y
0 3 y
2 2
3
Z 4 !
y2 5 y3 y3
= + y2 − − dy
0 3 24 2
Z 4" 5 7
!
2y 2 2y 2 13y 4 216
= + − dy =
0 15 7 96 35

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 Double integrals over general regions

Example 2.3
ZZ
Evaluate xydA, where D is the region bounded by the line y = x − 1
D
and the parabola y 2 = 2x + 6.

Figure 12:

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 Double integrals over general regions

Solution
The region D is shown in Figure 12. Again D is both type I and type II,
but the description of D as a type I region is more complicated because
the lower boundary consists of two parts. Therefore we prefer to express D
as a type II region:
y2
D = {(x, y)| − 2 ⩽ y ⩽ 4, − 3 ⩽ x ⩽ y + 1}
2
Z 4 Z y+1 Z 4 y+1
x2
ZZ 
xydA = xy dxdy = y 2 dy
D
2
−2 y2 −3 −2 2 y
−3
Z 4 5  2
1 y
= − + 4y 3 + 2y 2 − 8y dy
2 −2 4
 6 4
1 y 4 2y 3 2
= − +y + − 4y dy = 36
2 24 3 −2

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 Double integrals over general regions

Exercise 2.1
Z 1Z 1
Evaluate the iterated integral sin(y 2 )dydx.
0 x

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 Double integrals over general regions

Properties 2.1
ZZ ZZ
1 cf (x, y) dA = c f (x, y) dA, for every real number c.
D D
ZZ ZZ ZZ
2 [f (x, y) + g(x, y)] dA = f (x, y) + g(x, y) dA
D DZ Z D

3 If f (x, y) ≥ 0 throughout D, then f (x, y) dA ≥ 0

D
4
Z Zf (x, y) ≥ g(x, y)Zthroughout
If Z D, then
f (x, y) dA ≥ g(x, y) dA
D D

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 Double integrals over general regions

5 If D = D1 ∪ D2 , where D1 and D2 don’t overlap except perhaps on

their boundaries (see Figure 13), then
ZZ ZZ ZZ
f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) + f (x, y) dA
D D1 D2

Figure 13: D = D1 ∪ D2

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 Table of contents

1 Double integral

2 Double integrals over general regions

3 Double integrals in polar coordinates

4 Triple Integrals

5 Triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates

6 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates.

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 38 / 94
 Double integrals in polar coordinates
ZZ
Suppose that we want to evaluate a double integral f (x, y) dA,
R
where R is one of the regions shown in Figure 14. In either case the
description of R in terms of rectangular coordinates is rather complicated,
but R is easily described using polar coordinates.

Figure 14: Region R

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 Double integrals in polar coordinates
Recall from Figure 15 that the polar coordinates (r, θ) of a point are
related to the rectangular coordinates (x, y) by the equations
r 2 = x2 + y 2 , x = r cos(θ) y = r sin(θ)

Figure 15: Polar coordinates

The regions in Figure 14 are special cases of a polar rectangle

R = {(r, θ)|a ⩽ r ⩽ b, α ⩽ θ ⩽ β}
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 Double integrals in polar coordinates

Theorem 3.1 (Change to Polar Coodinates in a Double Integral)

If f is continuous on a polar rectangle R given by
0 ⩽ a ⩽ r ⩽ b, α ⩽ θ ⩽ β, where 0 ⩽ β − α ⩽ 2π, then
ZZ Z β Z b
f (x, y)dA = f (r cos θ, r sin θ)rdrdθ
R α a

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 Double integrals in polar coordinates

Example 3.1
ZZ
Evaluate (3x + 4y 2 )dA, where R is the region in the upper half-plane
R
bounded by the circles x2 + y 2 = 1 and x2 + y 2 = 4.

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 Double integrals in polar coordinates

Solution
The region R can be described as

R = {(x, y)|y ⩾ 0, 1 ⩽ x2 + y 2 ⩽ 4}

It is the half-ring shown in Figure 14(b), and in polar coordinates it is

given
Z Z by 1 ⩽ r ⩽ 2, 0Z⩽ θZ< π. Therefore,
π 2
(3x + 4y 2 )dA = (3r cos θ + 4r2 sin2 θ)rdrdθ
R Z0 π Z1 2
= (3r3 cos θ + 4r3 sin2 θ)drdθ
Z0 π
1
2
= r cos θ + r4 sin2 θ
3
1
dθ]]
Z0 π
7 cos θ + 15 sin2 θ dθ


=
0

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 Double integrals in polar coordinates

Z π 
15
= 7 cos θ + (1 − cos 2θ) dθ
0 2 π
15 15 15π
= 7 sin θ + θ − sin 2θ dθ =
2 4 0 2

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 Double integrals in polar coordinates

Example 3.2
Find the volume of the solid bounded by the plane z = 0 and the
paraboloid z = 1 − x2 − y 2 .

Figure 16:

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 45 / 94
 Double integrals in polar coordinates

Solution
If we put z = 0 in the equation of the paraboloid, we get x2 + y 2 = 1. This
means that the plane intersects the paraboloid in the circle x2 + y 2 = 1, so
the solid lies under the paraboloid and above the circular disk D given by
x2 + y 2 ⩽ 1 [see Figures 16 and 14(a)]. In polar coordinates D is given by
2 2 2
0 ⩽ rZ⩽Z 1, 0 ⩽ θ ⩽ 2π. Since Z1 − xZ − y = 1 − r , the volume is
2π 1
V = (1 − x2 − y 2 ) dA = (1 − r2 )rdrdθ
D 0 0
Z 2π Z 1  2 1
3 r r4 π
= dθ (r − r )dr = 2π − =
0 0 2 4 0 2

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 Double integrals in polar coordinates

Theorem 3.2
If f is continuous on a polar region of the form

D = {(r, θ)|α ⩽ θ ⩽ β, h1 (θ) ⩽ r ⩽ h2 (θ)}

ZZ Z β Z h2 (θ)
f (x, y) dA = f (r cos(θ), r sin(θ))rdrdθ
D α h1 (θ)

Figure 17: D = {(r, θ)|α ⩽ θ ⩽ β, h1 (θ) ⩽ r ⩽ h2 (θ)}

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 Double integrals in polar coordinates

Example 3.3
Use a double integral to find the area enclosed by one loop of the four
leaved rose r = cos 2θ.

Figure 18: Four leaved rose

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 Double integrals in polar coordinates

Solution
From the sketch of the curve in Figure 8, we see that a loop is given by
the region
π π
D = {(r, θ)| − ⩽ θ ⩽ , 0 ⩽ r ⩽ cos 2θ}
4 4
So the area
Z Z is Z π Z
4
cos 2θ
A(D) = dA = rdrdθ
D − π4 0
π cos 2θ π
2
Z   Z
4 r 1 4
= dθ = cos2 2θdθ
− π4 2 0 2 − π4
Z π  π
1 4 1 1 4 π
= (1 + cos 4θ)dθ = θ + sin 4θ =
4 − π 4 4 − π 8
4 4

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 Double integrals in polar coordinates

Example 3.4
Find the volume of the solid that lies under the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 ,
above the xy-plane, and inside the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 2x.

Figure 19: Four leaved rose

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 Double integrals in polar coordinates

Solution
The solid lies above the disk D whose boundary circle has equation
x2 + y 2 = 2x or, after completing the square, (x − 1)2 + y 2 = 1 In polar
coordinates we have x2 + y 2 = r2 and x = r cos θ, so the boundary circle
becomes r2 = 2r cos θ, or r = 2 cos θ. Thus the disk D is given by
π π
D = {(r, θ)| −
⩽ θ ⩽ , 0 ⩽ r ⩽ 2 cos θ}
2 2
ZZ Z π Z 2 cos θ Z π  4 2 cos θ
2 2
2
2
2 r
V = (x + y ) dA = r rdrdθ = dθ
D − π2 0 − π2 4 0
Z π Z π Z π
1 + cos 2θ 2

2 2 2
4 4
=4 cos θ dθ = 8 cos θ dθ = 8 dθ
− π2 0 0 2
Z π 
2 1 3π
=2 1 + 2 cos 2θ + (1 + cos 4θ) dθ =
0 2 2

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 51 / 94
 Table of contents

1 Double integral

2 Double integrals over general regions

3 Double integrals in polar coordinates

4 Triple Integrals

5 Triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates

6 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates.

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 Triple Integrals
Just as we defined single integrals for functions of one variable and double
integrals for functions of two variables, so we can define triple integrals for
functions of three variables. Let’s first deal with the simplest case where f
is defined on a rectangular box:
B = {(x, y, z)|a ⩽ x ⩽ b, c ⩽ y ⩽ d, r ⩽ z ⩽ s}

Figure 20:

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 53 / 94
 Triple Integrals
Theorem 4.1 (Fubini’s Theorem for Triple Integrals)
If f is continuous on the rectangular box B = [a, b] × [c, d] × [r, s], then
ZZZ Z bZ dZ s
f (x, y, z)dV = f (x, y, z)dzdydx
B a c r
Z bZ sZ d
= f (x, y, z)dydzdx
a r c
Z dZ bZ s
= f (x, y, z)dzdxdy
c a r
Z dZ sZ b
= f (x, y, z)dxdzdy
c r a
Z sZ bZ d
= f (x, y, z)dydxdz
r a c
Z sZ dZ b
= f (x, y, z)dxdydz.
r c a
BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 54 / 94
 Triple Integrals

Example 4.1
xyz 2 dV , where B is the rectangular box
RRR
Evaluate the triple integral B
given by

B = {(x, y, z)|0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1, −1 ⩽ y ⩽ 2, 0 ⩽ z ⩽ 3}

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 Triple Integrals

Solution
We could use any of the six possible orders of integration. If we choose to
integrate with respect to x, then y, and then z, we obtain
ZZZ Z 3Z 2 Z 1 Z 3Z 2  2 1
2 2 x 2
xyz dV = xyz dxdydz = yz dydz
B 0 −1 0 0 −1 2 0
Z 3Z 2 Z 3 2 2 2 Z 3 2
yz 2
 
y z 3z
= dydz = dz = dz
0 −1 2 0 4 −1 0 4
 3 3
z 27
= =
4 0 4

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 Triple Integrals
A solid region E is said to be of type 1 if it lies between the graphs of two
continuous functions of x and y, that is,
E = {(x, y, z)|(x, y) ∈ D, u1 (x, y) ⩽ z ⩽ u2 (x, y)}
where D is the projection of E onto the xy-plane as shown in Figure 21.
Notice that the upper boundary of the solid E is the surface with equation
z = u2 (x, y), while the lower boundary is the surface z = u1 (x, y).
If E is a type 1 region
ZZZ Z Z "Z u2 (x,y) #
f (x, y, z)dV = f (x, y, z)dz dA
E D u1 (x,y)

Figure 21: A type 1 solid region

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 Triple Integrals
In particular, if the projection D of E onto the xy-plane is a type I plane
region (as in Figure 22), then
E = {(x, y, z)|a ⩽ x ⩽ b, g1 (x) ⩽ y ⩽ g2 (x), u1 (x, y) ⩽ z ⩽ u2 (x, y)}
we have
ZZZ Z bZ g2 (x) Z u2 (x,y)
f (x, y, z)dV = f (x, y, z)dzdydx
E a g1 (x) u1 (x,y)

Figure 22: A type 1 solid region where the projection D is a type I plane region

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 Triple Integrals
If, on the other hand, D is a type II plane region (as in Figure 23), then

E = {(x, y, z)|c ⩽ y ⩽ d, h1 (y) ⩽ x ⩽ h2 (y), u1 (x, y) ⩽ z ⩽ u2 (x, y)}

we have
ZZZ Z d Z h2 (y) Z u2 (x,y)
f (x, y, z)dV = f (x, y, z)dzdxdy
c h1 (y) u1 (x,y)
E

Figure 23: A type 1 solid region where the projection D is a type II plane region

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 Triple Integrals
Example 4.2
ZZZ
Evaluate zdV where E is the solid tetrahedron bounded by the four
E
planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, and x + y + z + 1.

Solution
When we set up a triple integral it’s wise to draw two diagrams: one of
the solid region E (see Figure 24)

Figure 24:
BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 60 / 94
 Triple Integrals

and one of its projection D onto the xy-plane (see Figure 25).

Figure 25:
The lower boundary of the tetrahedron is the plane z = 0 and the upper
boundary is the plane x + y + z = 1 (or z = 1 − x − y), so we use
u1 (x, y) = 0 and u2 (x, y) = 1 − x − y. Notice that the planes
x + y + z = 1 and z = 0 intersect in the line x + y = 1 (or y = 1 − x) in
the xy-plane. So the projection of E is the triangular region shown in
Figure 25, and we have

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 61 / 94
 Triple Integrals

E = {(x, y, z)|0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1, 0 ⩽ y ⩽ 1 − x, 0 ⩽ z ⩽ 1 − x − y}
ZZZ Z 1 Z 1−x Z 1−x−y Z 1 Z 1−x  2 1−x−y
z
zdV = z dzdydx = dydx
0 0 0 0 0 2 0
E
1−x
1 1 1−x 1 1 (1 − x − y)3
Z Z Z 
= (1 − x − y)2 dydx = − dx
2 0 0 2 0 3 0
1
1 1 (1 − x)4
Z 
3 1 1
= (1 − x) dx = − =
6 0 6 4 0 24

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 Triple Integrals
A solid region E is said to be of type 2 if it is of the form,
E = {(x, y, z)|(y, z) ∈ D, u1 (y, z) ⩽ x ⩽ u2 (y, z)}
where D is the projection of E onto the yz-plane as shown in Figure 26.
Notice that the upper boundary of the solid E is the surface with equation
x = u2 (y, z), while the lower boundary is the surface x = u1 (y, z).
If E is a type 2 region
ZZZ Z Z "Z u2 (y,z) #
f (x, y, z)dV = f (x, y, z)dx dA
E D u1 (y,z)

Figure 26: A type 2 solid region

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 Triple Integrals
A solid region E is said to be of type 3 if it is of the form,
E = {(x, y, z)|(x, z) ∈ D, u1 (x, z) ⩽ y ⩽ u2 (x, z)}
where D is the projection of E onto the xz-plane as shown in Figure 27.
Notice that the upper boundary of the solid E is the surface with equation
y = u2 (x, z), while the lower boundary is the surface y = u1 (x, z).
If E is a type 2 region
ZZZ Z Z "Z u2 (x,z) #
f (x, y, z)dV = f (x, y, z)dy dA
E D u1 (x,z)

Figure 27: A type 3 solid region

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 64 / 94
 Triple Integrals

Example 4.3
ZZZ p
Evaluate x2 + z 2 dV , where E is the region bounded by the
E
paraboloid y = x2 + z 2 and the plane y = 4.

Figure 28: Region of integration and Projection onto xy-plane

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 65 / 94
 Triple Integrals

Solution
The solid E is shown in Figure 28. If we regard it as a type 1 region, then
we need to consider its projection D1 onto the xy-plane, which is the
parabolic region in Figure 28. (The trace of y = x2 + z 2 in the plane
z = 0 is the parabola y = x2 .) p
From y = x2 + z 2 we p obtain z = ± y − x2 , so the lower boundary
p
surface of E is z = − y − x2 and the upper surface is z = y − x2 .
Therefore the description of E as a type 1 region is
n p p o
E = (x, y, z)| − 2 ⩽ x ⩽ 2, x2 ⩽ y ⩽ 4, − y − x2 ⩽ z ⩽ y − x2
ZZZ p Z 2 Z 4 Z √y−x2 p
and so we obtain x2 + z 2 dV = √ x2 + z 2
E −2 x2 − y−x2

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 Triple Integrals

Although this expression is correct, it is extremely difficult to evaluate. So

let’s instead consider E as a type 3 region. As such, its projection D3 onto
the xz-plane is the disk x2 + z 2 ⩽ 4 shown in Figure 29.

Figure 29: Region of integration and Projection onto xy-plane

Then the left boundary of E is the paraboloid y = x2 + z 2 and the right

boundary is the plane y = 4, so taking u1 (x, z) = x2 + z 2 and
u2 (x, z) = 4, we have.
BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 67 / 94
 Triple Integrals

ZZZ p Z Z Z 4 p 
2 2
x + z dV = 2 2
x + z dy dA
E Z ZD3 x2 +z 2 p
= (4 − x2 − z 2 ) x2 + z 2 dA
D3
it’s easier to convert to polar coordinates in the xz-plane: x = r cos θ,
z Z=Zr sin θ. This gives Z Z
Z p p
x2 + z 2 dV = (4 − x2 − z 2 ) x2 + z 2 dA
E D3
Z 2π Z 2
= (4 − r2 )r rdrdθ
Z0 2π 0 Z 2
= dθ (4r2 − r4 )dr
0
 3 0 5 2
4r r 128π
= 2π − =
3 5 0 15

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 68 / 94
 Table of contents

1 Double integral

2 Double integrals over general regions

3 Double integrals in polar coordinates

4 Triple Integrals

5 Triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates

6 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates.

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 Triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates

Definition 5.1 (Cylindrical coordinates)

In the cylindrical coordinate system, a point P in three-dimensional space
is represented by the ordered triple (r, θ, z), where r and θ are polar
coordinates of the projection of P onto the xy-plane and z is the directed
distance from the xy-plane to P . (See Figure 30.)

Figure 30: The cylindrical coordinates of a point

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 Triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates

To convert from cylindrical to rectangular coordinates, we use the

equations
x = r cos θ y = r sin θ z=z
whereas to convert from rectangular to cylindrical coordinates, we use
y
x2 + y 2 = r2 tan θ = z=z
x

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 71 / 94
 Triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates
Example 5.1
2π
1 Plot the point with cylindrical coordinates (2, , 1) and find its
3
rectangular coordinates.
2 Find cylindrical coordinates of the point with rectangular coordinates
(3, −3, −7).

Figure 31:
BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 72 / 94
 Triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates

Solution
2π
1 The point with cylindrical coordinates (2, , 1) is plotted in Figure
3
31. Its rectangular coordinates are
   
2π 1
x = 2 cos =2 − = −1
3 2!
√
√
 
2π 3
y = 2 sin =2 = 3
3 2
z=1
2 We have
p √ √
r= 32 + (−3)2 = 18 = 3 2
−3 π
tan θ = = −1, so θ = − + 2kπ
3 4
z = −7

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 Triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates
Suppose that E is a type 1 region whose projection D onto the xy-plane is
conveniently described in polar coordinates (see Figure 32).

Figure 32:

In particular, suppose that f is continuous and

E = {(x, y, z)|(x, y) ∈ D, u1 (x, y) ⩽ z ⩽ u2 (x, y)}

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 Triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates

where D is given in polar coordinates by

D = {(r, θ)|α ⩽ θ ⩽ β, h1 (θ) ⩽ r ⩽ h2 (θ)}

ZZZ Z β Z h2 (θ) Z u2 (r cos θ,r sin θ)
f (x, y, z)dV = f (r cos θ, r sin θ, z)rdzdrdθ
E α h1 (θ) u1 (r cos θ,r sin θ)

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 Triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates

Example 5.2
√
Z 2 Z 4−x2 Z 2
Evaluate √ √ (x2 + y 2 ) dzdydx.
−2 − 4−x2 x2 +y 2

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 Triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates
Solution
This iterated integral is a triple integral over the solid region
p p p
E = {(x, y, z)|2 ⩽ x ⩽ 2, − 4 − x2 ⩽ y ⩽ 4 − x2 , x2 + y 2 ⩽ z ⩽ 2}

and the projection of E onto the xy-plane

p is the disk x2 + y 2 ⩽ 4. The
lower surface of E is the cone z = x + y 2 and its upper surface is the
2

plane z = 2. See Figure 33.

Figure 33:

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 77 / 94
 Triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates

This region has a much simpler description in cylindrical coordinates:

E = {(r, θ, z)|0 ⩽ θ ⩽ 2π, 0 ⩽ r ⩽ 2, r ⩽ z ⩽ 2}

√
Z 2 Z 4−x2 Z 2 ZZZ
√ √ (x2 + y 2 ) dzdydx = (x2 + y 2 )dV
−2 − 4−x2 x2 +y 2 E
Z 2π Z 2Z 2
= r2 r dzdrdθ
0 0 r
Z 2π Z 2
= dθ r3 (2 − r)dr
0 0
2
2r4 r5

16π
= 2π − =
4 5 0 5

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 Triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates

Exercise 5.1
ZZZ
1 Evaluate (x2 + y 2 )dV , where E is the region that lies inside the
E
cylinder x2 + y 2 = 16 and between the planes z = −5 and z = 4.
ZZZ
2 Evaluate zdV , where E is enclosed by the paraboloid
E
z = x2 + y 2 and the plane z = 4.

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 79 / 94
 Table of contents

1 Double integral

2 Double integrals over general regions

3 Double integrals in polar coordinates

4 Triple Integrals

5 Triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates

6 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates.

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 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates

Definition 6.1 (Spherical coordinates)

The spherical coordinates (ρ, θ, ϕ) of a point P in space are shown in
Figure 34, where ρ = |OP | is the distance from the origin to P , θ is the
same angle as in cylindrical coordinates, and ϕ is the angle between the
positive z-axis and the line segment OP . Note that

ρ ⩾ 0, 0 ⩽⩽ π

Figure 34: The spherical coordinates of a point

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 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates
The relationship between rectangular and spherical coordinates can be
seen from Figure 35.

Figure 35: The relationship between rectangular and spherical coordinates

We have
z = ρ cos ϕ, r = ρ sin ϕ
But x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ, so to convert from spherical to
rectangular coordinates, we use the equations
x = ρ sin ϕ cos θ y = ρ sin ϕ sin θ z = ρ cos ϕ
Also, the distance formula shows that
ρ2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2
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 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates

Example 6.1
π π
The point (2, , ) is given in spherical coordinates. Plot the point and
4 3
find its rectangular coordinates.

Figure 36: The relationship between rectangular and spherical coordinates

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 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates

Solution
We plot the point in Figure 36. We have
√ √ r
π π 3 2 3
x = ρ sin ϕ cos θ = 2 sin cos = 2 =
3 4 2 2 2
√ √ r
π π 3 2 3
y = ρ sin ϕ sin θ = 2 sin( ) sin( ) = 2 =
3 4 2 2 2
π 1
z = ρ cos ϕ = 2 cos( )) = 2 = 1
3 2
π π q q
The point (2, , ) is ( 32 , 32 , 1)
4 3

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 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates

Example 6.2
√
The point (0, 2 3, −2) is given in rectangular coordinates. Find spherical
coordinates for this point.

Solution
p √
ρ= x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 0 + 12 + 4 = 4
z −2 1 2π
cos ϕ = = =− ϕ=
ρ 4 2 3
x π
cos θ = =0 θ=
ρ sin ϕ 2
π 2π
Therefore spherical coordinates of the given point are (4, , ).
2 3

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 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates

Theorem 6.1 (Evaluating Triple Integrals with Spherical Coordinates)

ZZZ
f (x, y, z)dV =
E Z
Z d Z β b
f (ρ sin ϕ cos θ, ρ sin ϕ sin θ, ρ cos ϕ)ρ2 sin ϕ dρ dθ dϕ
c α a
where E is a spherical wedge given by

E = {(ρ, θ, ϕ)|a ⩽ ρ ⩽ b, α ⩽ θ ⩽ β, c ⩽ ϕ ⩽ d}

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 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates

This formula can be extended to include more general spherical regions

such as

E = {(ρ, θ, ϕ)|α ⩽ θ ⩽ β, c ⩽ ϕ ⩽ d, g1 (θ, ϕ) ⩽ ρ ⩽ g2 (θ, ϕ)}

In this case the formula is the same as the previous except that the limits
of integration for ρ are g1 (θ, ϕ) and g2 (θ, ϕ).
Usually, spherical coordinates are used in triple integrals when surfaces
such as cones and spheres form the boundary of the region of integration.

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 87 / 94
 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates

Example 6.3
ZZZ 3
2 +y 2 +z 2 ) 2
Evaluate e(x dV , where B is the unit ball:
B

B = {(x, y, z)|x2 + y 2 + z 2 ⩽ 1}

Solution
Since the boundary of B is a sphere, we use spherical coordinates:

B = {(ρ, θ, ϕ)|0 ⩽ ρ ⩽ 1, 0 ⩽ θ ⩽ 2π, 0 ⩽ ϕ ⩽ π}

In addition, spherical coordinates are appropriate because

ρ2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2

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 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates

ZZZ 3
Z π Z 2π Z 1 3
2 +y 2 +z 2 ) 2 2
e(x dV = e(ρ ) 2 ρ2 sin ϕ dρ dθ dϕ
B Z0 π 0 0 Z
2π Z 1
3
= sin ϕ dϕ dθ ρ2 eρ dρ
0 0 01
π 2π 1 ρ3 4
= [− cos ϕ]0 [θ]0 e = π(e − 1)
3 0 3

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 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates

Remark 6.1
It would have been extremely awkward to evaluate the integral in Example
6.3 without spherical coordinates. In rectangular coordinates the iterated
integral would have been
Z Z √ 1 Z √ 1−x2 1−x2 −y 2 3
2 +y 2 +z 2 ) 2
√ √ e(x dz dy dx
−1 − 1−x2 − 1−x2 −y 2

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 90 / 94
 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates

Example 6.4
Use spherical p
coordinates to find the volume of the solid that lies above
the cone z = x2 + y 2 and below the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = z. (See
Figure 37.)

Figure 37:

BEN AMIRA Aymen (King Saud University ) Integral Calculus (Math 228) 91 / 94
 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates

Solution
1
Notice that the sphere passes through the origin and has center (0, 0, ).
2
We write the equation of the sphere in spherical coordinates as
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = z gives ρ2 = ρcosϕ or ρ = cosϕ
The equation of the cone can be written as
q
ρ cos ϕ = ρ2 sin2 ϕ cos2 θ + ρ2 sin2 ϕ sin2 θ = ρ sin ϕ
π
This gives sin ϕ = cos ϕ, so ϕ = . Therefore the description of the solid
4
E in spherical coordinates is
π
B = {(ρ, θ, ϕ)|0 ⩽ θ ⩽ 2π, 0 ⩽ ϕ ⩽ , 0 ⩽ ρ ⩽ cos ϕ}
4

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 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates

Figure 38 shows how E is swept out if we integrate first with respect to ρ,

then ϕ, and then θ. The volume of E is
ZZZ Z 2π Z π Z cos ϕ
4
V (E) = dV = ρ2 sin ϕ dρ dϕ dθ
E 0 0 0
Z 2π Z π  3 cos ϕ
4 ρ
= dθ sin ϕ dϕ
0 0 3 0
Z π
2π 4
= sin ϕ cos3 ϕ dϕ
3 0
π
cos4 ϕ 4

2π π
= − =
3 4 0 8

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 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates

Figure 38:

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