<br>

Page 1 of 115
EngdftAto NGTITUTE OF TE HNOLDGIY.
(
UNIT 1:
AHPLITUDE MoDULATION.

CoHHONICATION :
procese af estobliaig
Communicahion is the
Eha

Iink cohich infor mation is transferal

Comection or
Calld as Sorore to the other. point
rom pant
Called clestination

:
Iypes of Covimuc ahion Sysarms

Andg Cammunication ystains

Communicatian yetans.
() Diatl
Andlog
Communicatn :
a Syslaro ohich informaticn
in
is .
is bransmittad and vecaivad in onalog form

nfomation and Caaier both

|Digtdl
Communi cabian :
Digild plsec in the fom of code

branefestacd belsun more ponbs

coords
n a Communication yston.

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Page 2 of 115
EnggTree.com

Greravl Conanxanicabion yslam :

Tput Eloebis.
liansmitos chamd
ouput
lel bensduco Kecoiver

Distortion
Iput bransclucer Soformabion Souse

1.
oY information origialas in the
information Souyce.
nzessages in Era fom of
2. Ihoa Can be Vasious
Loords, groups of wcovds, Code, gpobole, Sbund

Signa ebe
Ehece
He dasired mesage is Selacta
3. Out of
ox> Co pomnicaled.
Conveyed
and
of information
Thcrefore the fmetin
producs
produc
bhae Yegined wasage
Soe ce ie
is to
be Eransmittid.
that has bo

From
tCHNoLogTree.Com
Downloaded
CHENNAI INSTJTUTE
<br>

EndtitelcoNSTITUTE OF TtCHNGAO614 Page 3 of 115

:
Toansmi te
mscage Sigo into a
n A bransmitt
Gon vexte Ee
DVes the Comnuni'cation
propagabion
Suitabk. fum for
aadium.
achieval by modlating Ene Co9ier.
)2) D is
called modulatad Signal.
Tha output (Dawe is
3)
:

chamel ond noise

cohich tha
channel is the masciu m tnough
)
bravele from the bransmitta to the

Yecoiver
forme like Coaszial
chamel can be
2) o
ocuwe links
Cabla, micxoLoave inke, hadio
Aber.
opical
bo a ncise
3)
The Signd gets distovtd do
the Syslarm.
inbroducad in
uohich
unoantadl
4).
Nolse: I is
is an

bo inlfere wi th tie required

onds

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Page 4 of 115
EnggTree.cOm

Recoiver:
in elacbical

dietorlad Aacoived ignal.

foom fro Ehe

acLompliskad by a pracass, Knocon as

2). Thic
dotact ion
domodlat io or dobzt ic.
process of modation.
tha
3) t is Yeverse

:
Oubput bnnsducer Pestnaton
stage, used to Convest an
) Dt is
bhe fral
Signdl into its orpnd forn.
elbcbrical mA SAge

ypes af chemel
Aine Commuyication
Wire aOY>
Raclio Communic ation.
Wirelace -X
:

Communic ation Sustom

Types of
Comnic.ation yslam

Hy brid Digtal
Aralog Communícation Co mmunicaho
Comnnic ction
PcH DM DP
Cortiuas
mocdulan. mocledetion.
cOaye

AM FM PAM PWM
PH PPy.
CHENNA INSTITODgWwnigadedh9En9glyee.com
<br>

OF TECHN OLO Page 5 of 115

G,y(4)
CHtdéatee NSfTUTE

:
Communi cation uslom
dlesignad to bvansmit analog
Tt is
informatiom using andog modudation schame s.
Digibal Coounicožion yelso:
designad to bransmit
1t is .
digtal mocllation Schamas
uGing

Hybyid ommunication Sslam: macldetio

to sed digitad
TIt is deaignad
branmi ting amplad ond guantd Vlue
Scharis for
o9 analsg ayode.
-X

:
Mo dulaticn process by cohich Somo
Modulation is
chaonctaristics of Catori e Sigpd Vay in
a
Qccovdance oidb the instantanaous yale bf
message aignal.
mo dulating aigna
Nodalatio) - chye.
hgh freging ignad.
Casoi'er signl
nformation Signal or
Base banclsgnd aors
Ko doo frezuany Signdl.
Nodalating Signal

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EnggTree.com

Nad for Nodelatin :

:
Proctical awtana aoight

Oawe lango = Vdouty 3xlo&

(m).
CHo
freganyf
For lo freueny hanges the langts
of transmitling antaña oill be otremay lange
which practically impassibla to be
ie
implamantal. modlatad
sgnd
Signal shoudd be
Hence bhe

e coaue, greal
freqguney of

Ene enogy passess ed by

it. Aucdio of Sgnal fezpi
aa Small it Cannot be tid ove
bransmi
So
disharnas if vadiald direcky into space

(D Wire Comni Cation;

bacdio transmissjo is Ehat
Ono feala of
tbout wiyes AL aucio
it shodl be Cai ed
raciabion is hot practi cabla becauce bhe
freguncis
efiieny of xacdiation is por.

Downtoaded FromEngg Tree.com

CHCNA) NSTITUTE OF JECHNOLOO
<br>

Page 7 of 115
EfUGA boNST 1TUTE OF TECH NOL064.

move Ghan one

If Singl ues a Singlb
cha mel ben wcdalation may be -yed to bronsat

diost sgnals to difoant Spoi Jocation tus

enabling the hecziver to Selact te desired Sgnl.

( o DveCome equipma nt mtations

J the frezuany of the Signdl to be

Procused ancd
frezuny Yage o procaseing ppsalas
de not match mo dußabion Can be used to accompl

fregang bansabioo.

(i) Hodalation to aduce noise inlafensces :

and
op noise and inl ferance Cannot
he efect
be Compalay eiminata in a Comunication Sslan, it
Can be oirimi's.ed by using Ca tain pes ef modslation

Schames.

a Comaunicatin:
regua
Hodlakion process increases he
brasmitd
. Henca
the Sind bo be increses
of Commuynicatioy.

DowAleaded FreM-Engg Tree.cOM

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Page 8 of 115
EnggTree.com

Amplitade Hodulaetin (H):

process by ohich anpltace.
JE is bhe
Vabied in qccordance.
of Ehe Catorer
bha
(oidh Ehe insbantanaous amplitade Valus of
and Eha
phase af bia
mecudating Sgnal, bat fregany
Casoies Yemins Constat.
Habhamatical or TMa domain trupresentation o AM:

= Vin Cos
Modsating Sgoad Vn lt) ümt.
Sigoal Vett) = Ve Coswt.
Casi'er
Ve = Ampiladle of bhe Casmiex Signl
Aopitade

Ampli lade of blie

Ehe Caeies Signl is
amplitacla Ymedalation.
afli
VAH = Ve +
Vmlt).
Sub V (t)
VAH = Vet Vm Cosomt .

Ve

Mocludation index of
Ve
-Dewnloaded-Frorm-EnggFree:com
CHENNA) INSTITUTE 0 F TCHNoLOY.
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Page 9 of 115
EnggWfattom INSTITUTE OF TeLHNOLo

AH 0we Can be apessed as

VAHLE) = Vey
Coswt.
Sub VAH
VAN (E) =
Ve Cl+ma Costam t)Coswt.
VANlE) = Vo
Ve
Cosat + maVe Cosomt CoSWt.

Cosont Cosot = Cos (we- Om)t t Cos(uc+bm )t

2.

Vadt VeCoS toct+ naVe. Cos(w-om)t + ale as (uau)t

2. 2
Cattrie USB.
3

Caoier
and amplilade male
2. fregany Cfe- fm)
Sice bandl.
dooes
ond ampliide .mave
2.
Cfetfn) 2
band
Uppe Side

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Page 10 of 115
EnggTree.com
Ve
taide
maVe
Ampli
aVe
2

t1sg c
totfo.

Band coicdh af AH:

is given by
BandidtB of AH

Subtraction of the highast and looest

B=tuse - tse.
=(fetfm)- Cfe-fm)
m.
B2 the maimum
Bandidte of AN is rice
modhating Synad
YmaVe
(usB)
LOm.

Cateies. Resulkant
Ve huso
VA
tt).
mave
LSB]
2
Phasor vepresentation of AM.

CHENNA) INST ITuHOWnigaded From

lECHNN.Com
<br>

Page 11 of 115
EnggFhteNtoml NSTITUTE OF TeCHNo)o6-4.

Hodlationm Indar :
T; is tha yabio of maximum
ampli tele amphlaale
of modedating Sgnal b mazinam

Casiier Sgnal

Ve
Modslatisn Tnco shoudd be a number belažon

0 and (o maZ1)
this i6 Cald loo o
Vo modudation.

Poaniage mocuslatian:

Whan modesletion inde is Gapresad in

Percantaye, Ehan
it is
ic calld poxankae modulatig

o
% Hecudatio, inde - MaX lco =
-xID0.

Colclati on :

Vmin z Ve -Vm.
-.
Vmax - Vmin =

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EnggTree.com

Modulation Indae:
Vm Vgax -- Vmin

2
from O
Ve =
Vmax -Vm

Ve Vmax
Vmox - Vmin
2.
Vmin
2 2
Ve Vmax Vmin

Ve Vinax + Vnin

ma - Vm
Ve
Sub V
and V

- Vmia)
ma
=(Va 2.
+ Vnin) 2
(Vngz

ma: Vmax Vmin

CHENNA) INSTITOT2OWIgade Eromn99!ree.com

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Page 13 of 115
EnggNpge.cbns)TITUTE OF TECHNol06y

Modlation indase for mlkiple modlating

freaucies

m, Tokal asultant modlatin indo

bo indivicluel meclli
m,, m = Modllction indlicas
de
Coroponentc.

Pouen elations In AN coave :

= Pr
Total Pobe iy A4
Powe, in LsB+ owes in sB
Pr: Catnier pouben

P= Pe + Psg+ Puse.

VLSe Vose

Yms Vales
all the Ehrea volkagos

Cassiey Yowes Pe:

R.
V
Vecrms)

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Page 14 of 115
EnggTree.com

2R

louen In Sidabands:
2
Pose

R.
Volbage af Sida bands.

ma Ve
2.

Vss crma) ma Ve 2 mV2

2 J2/ AX 2 8.

2R
+ mPe

CHENN91 INSTITODQwnlgaded-FOmEnge ee.com

<br>

E OF TECHNDLDGaY
.
Page 15 of 115
CEnggFteelebmTUT

2 1

2
For
loo o mo
culation

indez inlarins af Pr and Pc

Hodulatin

2
Ma.

ma
-J
Ma

Vanemission efcen
tatio power in Side
js the
bands to
bo Ehe total tyansnitltcd power

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Page 16 of 115
EnggTree.com
Yowes in Side bands
X loo
Total braSmitted foaen

Poues In Side bande

.
X lDo

mV

2R
2

Ve
2.P 2

2R 4

+ ma?.

2R

4 4

)
2.
CHEN NA) INSTITCDqwnlqaded Frem Fngg. e.com
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Page 17 of 115
EngYTNSA CoHSTITUT E
oF TECHNO)oGY,
9.

I+ ma
2

(2+ ma)J2
ma
X J00
2.+ ma2

33.3/o
transmi ted powen Lsed and
the
pocuer oaslad Ehe Cattiie
famainins is by

Side bands.
CoitR
alog - 33.3
loweh lo0
waslad
: 66.7
b6.7 of pous is

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EnggTree.com
AM wayefom.

Halidding
Tine- Signd

Cotoier
Gime Sigoal.
Viay
Ve+nt
Vo- Vm Vmin
AM ave.
Time

X X
:
Grenxation af
of Ampltacde Mocdlati
dividad into too ypes.
Tt is
age gud modslator

The davi cos ce operalad in bhe

ite branfer chaacaricbics.The
Yelation betwen the ampltde of bhe medlang
ie
and Aasalling depth of mo dalatin
Sgnal
linecs

CHENNAJ INSTITUTOyoade AN9g ree.com

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Page 19 of 115
EnggTree.coNNSTITUTE OF TECHNOLDGY
()

(0 Non limzt modulator or mall Signal mocdalsoa

Ihey make lue of. ign - lina V

bre clovicas Qnd ate in goera
chbactariebics of
Suilat for se at lo Voltages

Non-inac Moduslator:
A Simple ciode or bYansistor oy

bon- liacen modalator

FET Can be used as a
oportion oVe tha.
by esbricing
.

its chaoctaisbics
Methods:
Squata laus modulator.
) modulatoy.
W Squata Jaus diode
mo
(úi) Balarcad dulator

Squta laus odlalator:

Caley 1ga)
0000000
H
R
Modulatad
Re
Nodulating Sgmal.
Bignal
Veas

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EnggTree.com

Summer
Non-Ainach
Modulating
Signal
elemant Fillis Modulatad
Sgnad.
Casier Sgnal
AA Squana laus modubtor Yeguires to ael
bo obtain
up Ene Caoi'er awd
and meddabing gnad
AM oith Cahi er.
Ceatinas o Squcte laus :
1: Sumne -bo
.. add Catier and moduslaing ga

2. A non.-linac (active) elamant

3. Bandpass Als for eut racking dosired
neddating padacks.
:

Consbuctin
This Squaka las doltor Uses FET.
FET is biased in q of
2.
ibe bransfe chaactiriebics, o obbain the

desired ukput.
8. Output bank Ciruit RLc rs tined to
bo Seloct bhe dasired
tha Caier
mo dulating Componants
I
CHENNA| NSTITUTDownloadeEr9Fo9gree.conm
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Page 21 of 115
CHENEVgTtle.comwTE OF TECHNO.0G9. (9)

Analysio :

J han FET
FET is
iS biased and operalal in a
Prestridad porbion of ite non-linoa branefer
Ctant bo (oill be
chaoacts isbics
, the Yesulking
velbing
en by
Lo

V Input Volbage ppled to FET.

V Am6inogt + Ac Binwt.

L(t) =
a,( Am Sinomt + Ac Sinwt) +
2
omt t Ac Sinw)4..
a2 ( Am Sin
Second and higher oxdeY lairs.
Negecting
2
ag AnSinio
Lolt) = a, Am Sinomt + a, Ac Sinwt +
AmAc ae Sinomt Sinw,t
ta, Asin"wct t 2
SinA SinB LCos CA-8) - CosCA+BDJ
2.

Lolt)s a Am Sinat +a, AcSinwt +&Amhe a,|Cos la-o

Cos(10cAime|

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-aAm Ac Cos(Oc +
Lom)t.

BPE to Cahiex
whan is liod fregang it
alous oly e, W- 0m and

L
E)- a,Ac Sinwet +a2 AnAc Cos (wo-om)t -
Casier dSB
a2 Am Ac Cos (ot 0m)t.
UsB.
S9ucte laus diode modudator:
Thie at los Voltage
mathod is &u
utant - Voltage
lavels because ofaf Ehe fact that
hon - inac
charactritic af
of
a diode is
hy
Diode

Ac
Sint Output
Voltage
"9ct)
(u) Am Sinomb
Vee

Cn GNNP) JNSTITPnloagd re'a Tree.com

<br>

OF
Page 23 of 115
CHÊHOGITreéttorTUTE 1ECHNOL06Y.

Construction:
The Ciaier and modulatimg Sgnals
aphcd acIOSS
the diode. A
D.c ballay Vec is
Connacled ac bhe diode to get a faad oposating
acYOS6

foi nt on Ehe V-Tchctctiyistics alof dioda

oring
Norking a bis Ehig Circuit
cohen
may

tõo
be
ditfeant
eaplinad

by Consideig the fact

bhraugh nen- linsa davia
fragusmies
madlilation bajks phe-
procues of anplilde
the
Jlean Casmier and Modalat ing freyancies
2) Whan

input of dode, Ehan cferont

aplied at the
dioca.
peo ab he outpt of
fregung

tuned bo bha.
a tuned circuit ohich is
band oidtB
Casier fre quaney and has a
hón Sidebands along
just bo pas
Cam'ey and
oer fregncies .

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Page 24 of 115
EnggTree.com

Hence at the output of tüned circuit,

.

and too Side bands are obtainad

Catrier and
:
Balancod Modlator

Velt).

L000r
out(Vo)

G
:Te.

Cons
tucti
I. Two lon -livzeas davices aha Connecta! in the balanca
modo, So as to Suppy Ehe ca ex oae Jt .
is assumad
Hhe too idantical and the circuit is
that FETS ae
Symmebical.

2.

its
e operainn
brancler chaclanichics, the
Confind in non- linaas hagjian of
caiex yolbage acrosd
tha too coinding s of a Contre tap bransformes is
and opfosit n Phase Ve
-V,'
CHENNA) JNST ITUPwnloaged FFO
99LSGom
<br>

Page 25 of 115
EngJegeLAPm/NSTITOTE OF 1ECHNOLDÉy (

Operabion :
ko
The inpat Volkage bo FET TI, is given hy

Vas : CE) + Vin

lt).
CCE) = Ac Sinw t
Valt) = Ao
Sinot.
Snpuk velaye bo FET L
is gien by
.
Vens +
-ct) Vmlt).

- Ac Sinwt + Am 8inomt
non - liraait Aalationship Ehe dhain

Cutant Can be Oriltan

d a,Ae Sinwet + Am Singn b) t a2 )Ac Sin Wc

t+
2
Am
Sinwt
z4;fAc 8in wct + Am
SinüntJ +92 Asint+
as Am
Sinomt t4, AcAm
Sindt

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EnggTree.com.

Siniay
= a, (-Ac +
Ld Sinwt Am Sintomt)t 4 Ac
Snwt+
az 2 Sinomt
Ay - das AmAc Sindt Sindmt.
Output Au Volkage Vo
is given by

Vo =
K(ia - ld ).
L4 and i flos in opposik divet ion
K ie a Conskant dapending
Constant n impadana
otnar Circuit peoamelars.

Vo
=2ka, Ac&inut th ka Am
Ac Sn t Sinom

Sub Ld and d
by

Vo= +
2k Ac
aiI 2a2 Am Sy 0mt
Sinaet:
QasAm ma

Vo = 2 Ka, Ac + ma
Sinont] Sinwet.
:
beslancd modulato
Advan bages af
1. Undesirable hcomonics ae eliminalad by BPE.
Circuit
in
Non-ie e balanced
2.
2But in belaNLed 0odulator hatmonics
and ilar is not aquired
INSTITUTEDOoadedFróm EnggTree.com
CHENNA)
lGCHNO)l06
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Page 27 of 115
CHENNP) EnsgTretCOn OF TECHNDLO614

Aineco Modulator.
:

Drausbacks af non- linaco mo

dlator
.
1. Heavy flaring is auired to bo xemove
Yem UnLOantad
mo dulator.
tirms presenlad in Ehe output of the

The output Pouer lavel is also lbuo.

2.

To taduca these problams, lineah modlaslators

Used

Soilbching madlator using

Q00009

Nocbbeting

Consbuckion:
0Y diode Sewes as a Soibeh diven
i) A BIT
at Ehe Cathier
acts as bank circit and is ined
2) RLC circuit
to resonata at fc
The ccbion Causes Ehe Eank
3)
ciruit bo ing

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Page 28 of 115
EnggTree.com

Opevabion:

)
The diode is fovced biased for every posihe
Caooi er and behaves like
.
Shovt Circuited Suitch
Ena Ccomier, bhe
For Inogative hdf ycda of Ehe
2)
ond benaves ika an
dioda ie Yeverse biased
open Suoitch
. The Signdl does not raach the

output is obbained
no

output Voltage in bha ahsence

shata
3)
of madudating

VbE) Ae
indt .

bransforna
Adlig message bo
to bhe input tnraugh

gives an oukput of

S(E) = VblE) = Ac Sinw, t + NAm SinDost &into.t

N
TLons Yabio of bransformes.

V and Correcty prepobioned,

H) Iç
Ehe dasiral mocdalabian Can be acconplichad

un.dantad Componcnks.
toithout genaratin ot

INSTTOwnigaded Erom EnggIree.com

CttENNA) TECHND)-0Gy
<br>

OF TECHNDl oGiY. Page 29 of 115

CHENNDEngfeEIGoTE

avel and High lavel modulabi

Compni son af dos
Hgh level rodlaleti
dos lovel Modlgion

Mocdalation done at
I.Modul cticn done at lot
hgh power
lavel.
Power lavel.

is modullati
modelaticn Depth af
2. Depth of maimum.
lass than looo
pace
a. Modulation takes place Hodlet ion bakes
output. at tho last elanmant
|prior bo the stage
of bhe fnal skagel of the finel
elamant
of the bransmito.
of Ehe tyans mittay.
does not reguire
H.clase B ampifier used
Modelabd sigrd any
toTt omplfcatio afa
|amplig Ehe
moclulation.

and
5. Ffiäeng and gain aa Vey |Egicäeng
Veng high.
lo.
6. modlating power is High modulabing poser
|dess
required bo "ahieve ngh| i requiyed to ahieve
high pérant modltio
.

perentage moculation

1.Úsed
Yemol
for oirelas intarcom, Used
(onbrol oalkie-takhie e_and talavisin
r
brancmit Yadd
Signals.
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Page 30 of 115
EnggTree.com.

AM Demodulation:
Ihe proese of recoVeYing the origin
modudating Sgnal from a modukatzd tae is
tarmad as domodulation sor doläction.

IyPES OE AN Delactovs: zNon-Coherent <os

envelope datãction.

Cohavent <or Syochronoue|

i) Non- linaco dotactos. dalaction

kvelope dotaction <ory diode daactor.

0.

AH
Wave

A
dator cirit obput follooe bna
envebpe of the mactulatad Signd cchich i6 used to
reproduce the modalabing Signd is KnoOn as
envebpe dakakor.
:
Bainiple of operaticm
Ihe modulatal AM is appied to the
loinding o the bransformer. Tha load
Primty
impedance Consist of a Ss istor Rin Shant coit
Cepactor C
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CH ENNÐ) INSTITUTE IeCHNoL0 G.
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Page 31 of 115
CHENggTre/comiTUTE OF TeCHNOADG

gycle of AM, the diode

Droing positive hlt
Conduks and Capauitor c cryes tob the pauk Woltagd

of Ehe Cati es gnd Breugh R.

yce of AN, ae
dioda is
no Cbsant flows. Hene the
Yeverse biasel and

Capuikor diechag es.

Ihoofore any posihve
ppean CYOSS Hha osistanca

Audio &ignad.

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Page 32 of 115
Engg Tree.com

Distortions
The spikas mrodaad by
chagig and dehody
of Ehe capai tor ae called distorbions
.

Dt E Can be avidad by keaping

te tine Canstat

Craatz a problem calld

|Re loge, but hat
|dagend

lypes af distorbicns :
Dogpnd Peak dlyping

Negtive fesk
Peak
2.
Negahve Peak dlipig
Dgonl peak clipping

SNeghve
digpel. feak cipped
Dignl
Choica o bima Constant Rc:
bze Cons bant hould be
Ophimum vValue of
betweon
Chosen ohich coill give a compromise

envelbpe shoul
Spike or flctaaticn in
in a cotckd

be miimuo

CHENNI INGTITUTE DYloadeE9BFggTree.com

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Page 33 of 115
F
CHEANggTrgsçomTE TeCHNOLOGY

peaks of be detited enelkpe shodd not

2
2. Ngave
digond chyping.
be missed even paotally ie.
:
Selacbing the binge Cansbant
The enwelope Vollge ls Ve= ke CHma Casomt)
ie
Ve Fc + Ecma Cosomt
dVe
dt
Dichogia Capaiter volage is fian

fe e
=

dVe
=LE e
dt

dVe Ve
dt
Ve
Sub eyudthon
f
dvc, - Fc Ll+ma CosomtJ
dt RO
To avoid diggondl clippig slope of dschoge

Qve given in
must be grealt,
O.
ta
Fc 1+ ma cacomt
Fmawm Sinomt.
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Page 34 of 115
EnggTree.com

Rc
F fl+ maCosomt]
in emt
Om ma S

1+ ma Caswmt
Condiion the darivive shold be
foY maimum
to Coh0.
com Ma Sinomt
d_ -0.
dt I+Ma Casümt
Vdu-udv

|C+macesont) (om tecosumt)-(wmmaSinonat )

(- ma SinLant) l

C 1+ma Coswmt ) 2

Wn ma Cosmt +
mom CosPomt + om
masinont
-0.
I+ m¢cosonot + 2 ma casomt

ma lOm Coscont + maom l Caomt + Siüngt) =0.

Cose ++ =1
Si
om = o
tna tOm Cos omt tm
cH ENN) EnggTree.com
INSTTuTOWpadefecNDS
<br>

TeCHNOLD GY Page 35 of 115

(19)
CHENNEnggltepicamTE OF

2 Cos'o+ sino|
coso = -sino
ma = Coswmt 2
Squeing on both sidas Sine= I- Cas
Sine = V-caso
Coswmt ma2

= ma
Sinwnt V-
Sub Sinomt in egudhon

Om Mai inont
ma Casumt
I+
- Yha Vi-ma2.
Rc
I+ ma -ma)
)
ma
Re Om /i-ma

Om ma
Rc
V-mae
nglectd.
It ma<el (Vey Small) V-ma is

Re
Thie is bh Yelaian or cbtining ophiam

Valua Constant Rc in arns of modulati

of tia
indax and Medalading rey
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Page 36 of 115
EnggTree.com

Squta - lau
:
delackor

VAA.
to dmdulat oY datoct the
It is used
medalatdl Signad of Sndl lo that the
|Operabng vgin mg be rastrictad to tha tn-lizaa
of the davica.
chonactirisbics ef
forton of tee v-
Constu ction:
(sed to get the
De
operating poinbt in Eze on- liao porton of
Hizd .
the
chasetristics
dicde V-2
non -
operabien is imbd bo Ehe
Since tha
Choatrisbics of ha.
VI
VE
linaan oioo in ha bhe vrodalatd
diads, bhe loune half- porbin of
preoduae emebpe
coavafam is Compresed. hie
distr tion.

CHENIN9) INSTITUTE Dgynloaded-FOp Fngg Tree.com

<br>

Page 37 of 115
CHENNAEngge6.coidTE OF T6CHNDLobY.

Openation :
cuseent exprased
he dictotd output diode is
Dy the
L: av + by2.
V = modulatel voltgge 7 a(1+ma Caswmt)Oa, t

2
Cosat]
The erpreLsin uill hawe larms coito frepoias
om , 20nm
2
(wct wm),
2b, /
Ehaugh
Al) ese fregnciea oill be pacad
ohich coil) cllos fregencis lexs than or
LPE
Ja ragangy Om and rejet
medalatrg
egud to the
regcny Cenenots.
chex higlor
regueny
Thue bhe meddldng signal tots
moclatad
from the input
AocoVetad
Wm i6
Signal.

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Page 38 of 115
EnggTree.com.

V chanacaxistic

erage

Ano de
Volkage . bima t.

| AH oawe.

-X
:
AM Transmittis

Types:
bvansmiltrs.

2.
Erans i tis.

INSTITUTE Dgynloade FrA.FoggTree.com

<br>

Page 39 of 115
CEGaUTRèe.ddHfTITUTE OF JECHNDl0G,

e bransmitlars:
ho

RE Casthiex Cootiex
08clator Amplie dolver|

|Ainacbind
HoddabstBM alfowes
qmp Powe
amp.

BPF Couphy
dsi ve,.
Hocalating
Signal
Sonte
ynlenna
Beamplex :
anplifier idh hgh inpuk
rs a hrses ollage
1.
2impedanca
bo Yaise Sococe Sgnd anplale
used
2. Lt is minimum non- linact
Usabla lavel catß
to a ncise pacsibla
distortion and as Jitte thormal as

Sgnd dorin Ciaos amplker):

Moduslating
infov mat ion Sig nal to an adbguak
) Amprfe bhe doive bhe medulator.
lavel to Sufficenty
Sutt

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Page 40 of 115
EnggTree.com
:

RE Casoiex oscillator
1) JE is used to genarat Ene
EneCa)ier Sgnd.
Controlled oscillators Gre sed
2)

:
Buffer ampliiex
1) TE is a bo- gin, high- input
mpedana liza
ampliser
the oscillator franm
fro) the.
used to, isolat
2) DE
is
high- pouoer ampliers.
can use either emitor oy coloctor
Modulator: Tt
modudatin
Inarmadias and fnal poser ampl ere :
Thase amplif ers
AM
lavel bvansmi Hais to maintain Syoncbgy in
evelope.
Couping hekaor k:
Tt matchas output impedma a the
Exans v)issisn lire Gnlanna
ind amplifer to Eha

Agplications
1.Tt is sed in lot- power, lot- Capai glars.
coms , amota Conbro)
2. irelass inar nits
- Ealkie .

Pyere and shert- Yange

okie
EnggTree.com
CHEN NAI IASTITUTOoadeTom
(ECHNOL06
<br>

Page 41 of 115
CHENRgTPASPmUTE OF TecHNOloGy

High lavd brnsnilta :

Modubatind
ModulaiogJHodild
Signd
Soo, te di Vex
amplite Pooer.
daives.
Anlanno

|AM'modaltor
and output
Pouoes
amplßer.

RFCatoieY
Bufe Ctoier eatoi er
ver pouer
ample di ámplife
dlating Signl is procassed similaly
Ho
as in loo- avel
bans mit, eocep b for Era adition
0f pouer. amplifier
Double Sida band Suppressed Caterier AH (Dsese-AM)

In AH modelation,
modulation, to Save power,
ex is Suppressed becaus e i
Cassiex does
the Caboi
any sefl infos matiso, ony lower
not Cootain
uppey Contains infor matsn
and Sida band
This is called DSB- S- A4.
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Page 42 of 115
EnggTree.com

Repsesentakion af DSASC

Vmtt) Pro duct,

Hodulatox DSBSc
oawe

Mo dalabing
Velt)
godd Vm(t) = VmSinwmt

CamiexSigod Vect) Ve Sinwt.

Caoonier and
bo th the
ralbing agn
DSB-Sc AH Signd.
S(t) = Vmlt).Velt).
= Vm Sinopt Ve Sinwt.
VmVe Cos(w-Wm)t
Aopilida 2 Cos (wct wm)t

Vsa
maEc
2.

Wetm regang

fxegeng
speen of DseSe- AH.

CHENNA) |NSTIT Ddnlaaßed Frop FR99UES, COm

<br>

Page 43 of 115
CHENNAEngglreeOmE OF TeCHNOL06Y

Phacos vepresentakion af psesc- AN.

:
ooer
PoDes Calclat ion

for AH:

ma
2

AH.
for DB-Se Sppreused.
Since CaonieY is
Pusp.
P= BsBt
E=V.
Pose

må Ec

F 7 2
m

2R 2
P.
2

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Page 44 of 115
EnggTree.com

2 -mP.

2
2

2
24ma
2
2

Xloo.

Lol be

bb.7o
y Suppressing Ehe Ccoori er, pooet
incxeas ed from 33-2 to b6.7
Sasng jS

CHEN NAÍ INSTITUDõwnoadéd ErominggTree.com

<br>

Page 45 of 115
CHENNnggkeq:poTE OF TecHNDADGo4.

Gearction of DSB- Sc- AH:

() Balaned modultor
(0 King modal ator
Bdaned Hodulator:
DI

Base and No
Signl
LIE). xt) Vy R

Whan töo nom- linsh davicae ie diodas,

Connectad in a balaned
Eransietors ebc
mode to Suppress the catti ex &ignals af
of
Ehan Sida bands loil) be
eacb othen,
Signds.
D68-Sc
ciodos:
Bdlaca modudato using

mt) Em CoS Ont

=

is cpphed to oo dio cdee Ehroug

a
It
- y
ontre tagped tyansfor

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<br>

Page 46 of 115
EnggTree.com

Caeiey Signal :FeS a,t

L= ay +
by2.
veltbgyes
V, and V2
boo input

EnCocomt.
dioda D)
for

fox diod D2

=
a) Ec Cos
wt + Em Casomt + b\Ecoswt
tEmlasomt

+bEcosLomt t 2bEcEm Cast

|l2 4 Fc Coswt
- aEm CosD mt + b EZ Cosot+
bE Cosomt -26Em E, CSDmt

CHGN NP) INSTITUTEDOwloadedErg lengg Tree.com

<br>

Page 47 of 115
CHENRTE OF TeCHNOLDGY s)

Oukput, Vo loill be.

Ec Casomt cos
Vo
=ka Em t
Cos com t Hkb Em

Cos A
Coso = Cas(A+BD + Cas (A-BD
z)Cas(h+B)
+
Vo
aka fn CosDmt +
&kbEnte )Cas (weton) t

The outpt af BPF Contred coound toe

given

Voz aKbEmE )Cos (oct com) t + 0s(We -tom) t

DH is genaratad.
HencaTSBSC-

King imo dslatos

Hoduaaig Moduleta
DSBc
gnal.

Carrier
signal.

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Page 48 of 115
EnggTree.com

Constructin:
aa modulator, foue diodas ae
In ing
ng and all
Connacad in
the form of 'a
Ehe Same mannes
|fou
diodao pont
diodes in ring
A) foo e Signd cl)
a Sguats. Caooi
Cont rollad by Owe
tnreugh a contre- tappedl
appled
of fregeng fe,
trainefo mr.
:
Opevakion
b

4. d.
Diodas I and 3 y

DN and diodos
Dioclos2 and
Sntchod
and 4 ate Scitchad and. diodas
2 and
|OFe. 3 -Qze Soitehad oFF.

ohay diodas <aoa ided and bransfovme

perfeky balavad, e too outa diodes (s)
on the Ceomier 8iqnl
Suoitchad
if
posisve Qd Eha tõo innar dicdas (2 4)

CHENND) |NGTITUDowloaded EromiEnggTree.com

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Page 49 of 115
CHEERggTresoMTOTE OF TeCHNOJDGY 2)
Suitdhad oH and Enue preenting Vey bgn
impedance tha medlator mulkiphee the
modlating gnd 20t) by
tl. i +ee modleto
Casies is
mo dulating
mulbipliee Ehe
moelulato ie aleo Known as
A
ig
molulator Bine it is
doubla- balccad
to the
balancad oiterespet
CUs

08
ddatig
mo,

ocwe Caopier Signd.

Consumpbin.
I. Joco power Simple
2. Modlaion slan is

Complaza datackicn.
I:

Applicatio
Analog TV Qystas to brans mit coloo
informatin
X

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Page 50 of 115
EnggTree.com

Demodeation of DsB- e Agods.

daaalion.
() Synchronos
2) Costa's raceiver.
:
Synehronous dataction

yReuiving Coset
ex
Ccooi
Signal

|PE:
S(E)=CosatL et)
modud atal signa Base band ignd.

Demodul ation;
At te veciver end, the oniginal
modulating Signd 2e) ie recovesd Aran the
modudatal
Jeg-Se
be achieal by tetranslating
from a
tha baseband or
oigindl
higher Specbuin
, Contored
at tu bo be
|Speküm
Thie pocass of Yetrans) ation ie
called damodelation calaction.

CHENNAI INSTITUTE Downioaded FRBLFoggTree.com

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Page 51 of 115
CGree.aRTITUTE OF leCHNOlDGy

:
Synchronous daaat ion

Ihe base band Signal alb) Can be 9acoverad

+roD DsBSc Loave Slb by

a lbcdly genarak)
Mulbipy s t) loidb

Sinusoidl Signd (Casier ) and than.

the product
2) Aow paso

tha locl osllator

Signad is
3)
eractly coharent <or
Sypchronized
Loi d6 Eha
n
ccooier
botf

awe
and phase
|Sregang Eransmitir bo genrali
Coswct usedin
DsBSC
knoLOn ohaxent
The mtod is
&yochronous colaction:
|dotackion

et) =
2)Coszt- Cosoct
=a(t) Cosuct.

elt)= 2lt)+ 2Lx/t0 os 2 0¿t

2

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EnggTree.com

Ehav psed bhre uygh loco

et) is
t han e the ,
Cantered at
toill be supprased and the
Second lan
modlding Sigod
|ovigin.d 2

obtained.

Coeta's recoiver :
chamel
|Pocuct'|.
I +at5Cos
Hodukato

Cos
liackt) vco. De Phase
|discrimintor
Coswt. 90

Sin(utt)
Procdct
|Hodusaka
& channel.

Conebruction :

Tt has too
ynchronous dattors
dotaator ie used to be fed loitB
locally generatad Caoi er ohich is inphase
|
bransmi tad Catoiey Bignl.Thic
Lpi th Ehe
dolactor j6 Knquan a6 inphase conerent, I chaonel.
CHENNO) (NSTITUTE DoMfloadéd FrorDEnggTree.com
<br>

Page 53 of 115
CHENNAEng9gireeon oF TecHND A0614.

The othar Synchronou6 detator empleys

Guadatae phse tci th

|local Casier ohich ie
Ehis is Knoon
tYansmittad Catnier
Buacbsalas phase
coheront debtor
olakor.
A
channel or
6

|Operabion:
local Camiex Signl be ynchronizad
I. det the .
transmi tal Catoier The out put bf
the
oith
Ehe
I chand is daiyad roclllting gnd.
but the output of B chenel is T0
local ascillator freguany dorifte
Tt Hhe
2. amest
chaonel output is
I
hut the channd is not Tes0
|unchamged B
oukrut.
Tabhar Sowe Signd
oppacns at ite
&- chanmel:
to ¢ .
propor bionl
1. 1t E is as channel
Will hve Same
poloig I-
2. in
phase shift
di rection of poloily loil) be
o
0sc)atoY, bn
channel bo othar cirectisn
opposit bo I- phase Shitt.
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Page 54 of 115
EnggTree.com

The phase dserininakor provides a Dc

Centro) sjgna cohich my be eed to Conbrol

Cand Correct Hhe local oscdllatox phace

docal oscillator - VCo.
:
dimibationes

Pocaiver Cacses phase Conbol: tohoe

1. Costac

Ehoe i6
is no modulat ion.

2. The e- establishnmast is &o

Voice Commuvicat.
distorbion s not pexapbibla in

Hilbext ransfom:
Compenzak
angbs of all the
Fhan phase
Ehe
a given Signd aoe
chiftad by 9o,
of "slbest
ime is called
resulking fancbion of

Transform.
on ATI Syslam toith transfer
Consider
funticn
- and Sgolt)
f <0.
CHEN N) INGTITUTEDOWnloade FreEnggTree.com
<br>

Page 55 of 115
CHENND) Enggreerom oF TELHNOLobay
bny.

The fnetion H) Can be oyrased usig

Signum fnckion
=
H) jegnc4)
e

J
H(4) = f70.
f<0.
| H(E)) =|

H)
f40.
this propest
device ohich Satisie6
The
bransfuxm.
Known Qs slbet
appled to Hilbest
Nhan a is
branefwmar, the all freguny
anphlrdks of

Comporanks of the inpt ignd 9hermaiv

Linaffectad.
t
Positve
produas
frequanies ohle aa phae shit
for
al
Synal.
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Page 56 of 115
EnggTree.com

Tranehe nta
hlbest

Properhes of Hilbert bransforre:

have Ehe Same

1. The signal lt) and ()
energ daneit Spebun
and lt) have the Same
2. The Signd al)
Qutocorrelktion fuetion

3
or tihogpnd

tE)
21). alE) dt -o.
-d

-alE)..
Aplcabions
:. For genaration af S8B Sgnds
2. For cesigning minimum phase tupe fltas.
For ropsesentabin of kand pass signale.
3.

(NSTITUT6
SnldbonEnggTree.com
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Page 57 of 115
CHENAENgg/kee-9enE OF TeCHNOLDG

Re- envelope:
yedl Vallad Signad
Consi der a alt).
The pre- ewelope z,(t) for posihve freguaniee
Ehe.
af tha Signd
Complaz valad function iven by equation

The pre-
envelope jS seful in traating|
band pass' 8 ignale and Sys tains.

2 X(f) >o
X (0) f=o
f<0.
Tha pre- envelope xct) for egahive

too pre- enelopes +(t) and

The
Complaa Can jugak of ach

CHENN91 INSTITUTEDOMiloaded KugE GnggTree.com

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Page 58 of 115
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XCf) f>o.
Xl0) f=0.
2x) fó.
Thue the pre-emwelopes ylt) and
24(t) 2t
Conshlte a complanankag pair of Cowplaz
Valusd signds

Specuo of 4PF ac Spacuig of

Pre-envelope.
:
Propertiea
hilbest
i tt) is
2 lt) +han 4ilbet txansfox
m
of s ct) is

--).

Compkz envelape :
Complz envelkpe is olejinad
clafnad as

Compkz envelope of a signal

g8).
CHENNA) (NSTITUTEDoyaloadpeFremFyggTree.com
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Page 59 of 115
CHEN KEgg Tres.CDTE DF TECHN DLOG4

Complez is the
envelope fregeny shit
Vercin of analyic Sigoad:

h
t fo
Galo
f <0
2xCfe).
cocllato

X -X
Sidaband Suppressed Catniey AH (sse-sc-lu)

botb Side bands Catny

DSB-SC
ncraases tha
the Some informaion, Lobich i
ha Caoier Signd
bandoidb
.
Hene if
the. Sicobard Suppr ess edl
is Sppressed
Cnd one of

i6 Calld Single Stdaband

The Sysln
Sys laro CSSB SC Systaro).
Supprased Casier

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EnggTree.com

AM
Block diggyam af SSB-se
Boduck
Modulabo

Canie
Coswct
Addan
Casiot
Subtraco. 8sese
Hetaage Phase ehifts Signdl
.

Phase Procluct
shfla Hocldas 2,

Hodil ating Signl LE)= Costom

Carier Slgnal
product modulatol loil) be
The output of
Cosomt Cosot = Cos (otom) t +
2 Cos (we-lwym) t7
moduleutos 2.
ill be
The outpt af praluct

Sinomt &inoct=) Cas(we

Cos ( oc+ Wm)b
The cbove loó product moclulator outpub
adeed | &ubtraclad to Produce SsB-& AM
wawe

CHENNA) INSTITUTOWBlpadeqR 299Iree.com

<br>

CHENERgTkeS Td6RA TE OF TeLMNOL0y. Page 61 of 115

If Hhe táo outpuks ce aldad bogethar

qddes - Cosomt CosQe t t SinwmbSinwt

COs (w- Wm)t
his is Ehe eopressiom for sSp-6c coidh
Jower side band.
Subtractd.
the tóo outpute
I
Subbractor = CoE LomtCosct- Sinont Sinwct
Cos /wctLom) t.
Loido
bhe pression foo Ssg-Sc
Ihis is
Lpper Side band
Combining the töo eguatins
omt Sinw,t
Pssel b) = Costomt
cos wt t Sin

coawe
Phasor Yepresertation of SSB-S0

Ccooniey
Esss.

LSB.

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Page 62 of 115
Engg Tree.com
:

Collation in SsBse- AN
%oex
power Eransmi ttad in AH is
lotl

eYe
2 J
Side bad is Suppressed,
Ehan totbl power in SS-6c AM i6

Pooer Saving
Pt

m
7
I+ 2

2.

foer Savig

CHENN9I NSTITUTE DOwnloaced-RrgnDF0ggTree.com

<br>

Page
33) 63 of 115
CHeNENÀgTreblsonUTE OF TECHNOLO GY

Powen Saving
(1mat) 2.

2(2+ma
Power Saving 4+ma
4+ 2ma
in SS SC Al
88.33o,
X
AH
Genevation af Sse- 8c-
Frequany discriminabion metbod ao> flt
()
mathod

Phase discriwinabion mebhod 07> phase

(D
me
thod
shift 0
w eaver's
ethod
iD Hodifed phase shft
method

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Page 64 of 115
EnggTree.com
discrimiyaticn method
Casiex Signcd
Cosct.
Pro duct

st6) HocdatoraSCosat Sgoal

In thie mathoc, DS BSC signal is

ordinaty product
frst genaad using
balancad moculator
modulabor
DSBsc ie pused
Tan,his to obtain SSASe
BPF
txough Sitabla.

|Phase disoi minat io sox Phase chift adbod:

Balanced
Noclulator N

Caiier q00
Audio phase shifar
Tamplifer Adder
>Hodukatiy Caonler
Souoe.
Audio

Balaned
Hodulato

CHEN NA) INSTITUTE DoynloaclehöEnggTree.com

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Page 65 of 115
CHEngglreecpmuTE OE TECHNOLD9

Constvuctio:
nethod too
taoo
balad modulators
) Ln this
and too phase
hipas e
sal.
Catoier oith go°
Dne modulator CcLepts
2) and
Catier 0scillabos
Phase shift from
divadty
madaing
moduaking ignasl
Anothar modudabox acspks
8) 90° and the casoier
phase chift of
Sgnad direly
:
Opexatiao Signal
moduslaboy 1 accapte di vect
Balaead
Vm lt)
= Vm 6in nt
and qo° phase shfod Cattiet

Vet) = Ve Sin(wt+90).
acapts go phase
2) Balanced modusator 2
shiftd

and diret Casier

Velt)
= Ve Sinwct
Downloaded From EnggTree.Com
<br>

Page 66 of 115
Tree.com
Engg

Output V, e blaned moculator )

is:
V,= VmSinuyt
Ve Sin(wett0).

) Co wct90) -
2
Cos]( ocb+90+ comt1
V, = VmVeime Cos fect-tomt +90) -- Cos(ucttgnt
2

Output Ve
of balanad molulator 2 is

Va= Vm &in (opt90) Ve Sinwzt

VmYe
ct- (wmt+90)) –

2
Cas (wct+ (omt90))

V2= Vm Ve
Cos (wet-wjpt-90) - Cas(wtut
2: t90)7
LSB UB.
sum be
Output of the Ll)
Vo = VV2
CHENNA INSTITUTeooaeK8BggTree.com
<br>

Page 67 of 115
CHENEDgg Tree,pomT E 0E TECHNGLD4Y (5)

Vm Ve
Cas (wet Ogt+9)- Cas (wt+omt+

+ Vime Cas(wct -omt-9)- Cas (ucttUwt

2
hawe the phase
The LsB Components
Canalled.
bhey Can be
shiplad dieane Hena Compouanks
Tlaefore on lgpe Sdeband
js obtainac
Present and SSesc
<0x> Weaver's mthod
method
Modised phase shift
Bolancad
Bal anca APF Imod 3.
mod
1
2Coswct

|RE
Cajer
Phase 0SC. Addla

AH!
AF
Phase
Caooijer Shittar

[Balancad LPF |Baabced

Hod y.
B
Downloaded From EnggTree.Com
<br>

Page 68 of 115
EnggTree.com

This mettod is use to genrat

ond bhue use lout aucio
at fequny
regunies
Consbutic% :
fosding bo bhe balavcad
The signd
2 and its, output signal
mocudbto land
o to Ehat af
ab Point AB is simi la
Phase shift nethod.
Tnslaad of phase shifting the entve
mocadetig requenies, his matod
7ange ond
Lodh q Azed cCases
Combinas hem
apphed to.Ehie facd
Phase shit js

De modsati on af SSB-S
e,lt).
Nullipla
ncomig
SSB-SC.
band Can be,
Jhe base
by ypchroous eattion.
ecovered

CHENNA) INSTITUTE DownloadedEnggTree.com

<br>

Page 69 of 115
CHENNA) Enggee,s9m oFTECHNOLDG9.

Advantgges of ss8:
Aes band
idh ie Baguirad.
tagirea

2 More power Saving (83.33%)

intsferanca.
83 Reduad nise
Dieadvantages of
gengration and vecaption of sse
: he complcab
je on
transmi loa and ecover nadbo have
2 SSB
skabih
excllent feguany slbib.
Agplicabisns sss:
of SSB:
and o band odtf
1.
khen pouer Saing
impcrbant
Yequive ,
Co YnDuni catioN havigtic
2. Aand and ciy mobile
and amau haco
X

band Modusatin C Vsa):

Vesbiiel ide band is
npass VeB, the desired
4 and
ic
a Small
alowed o
to Compaay
Veshige) of
Downloaded From EnggTree.com
e undasired.
<br>

Page 70 of 115
EnggTree.com

Sida band is also albued

:
Rancon
datalt to genehalt du.
SSB-Sc
in isolabing tha dasived Side
to the dihag
band OVerCo2
Thie be
.
.difiai Can

VsB

modalator
Vse
Produck Sida bn
mocusetoz Vss Bigoal
Modudating

rcaoier,
0sillabor

Vse Demodusakor.

Product"
Vs B modulato
Signd
Ve' cos(arft).

Casi ey
0SC

CHEN NA) (NSTITUTE Downgadrn EnggTree.com

<br>

HNDlDGy Page 71 of 115

HENKEEndalEraa af OFTEC

Gecoiver:

Yanlana RE Hioor
Sectio Section.

Pre RE amplser
selato ampiker
dgnd.
Local
Audio amplßer Audio
Sectj on doactor Sedi
Aydio4 Audio.
LGaged taniy amplifers delackor

Spanke: Audio
fteguanies

Heliodgne Ha af too frazyanies togetar

one
M a non-inoco cavic ox to bxansoit
bo anotte using nn- ingato miing

Sechions of a faceiveY.
:
|: RE Section
of a pse-Selector and an amplike.
1) Dt onsists
2) Pre- selacbor is
a broad - uad BP o
Aregany scd bo gject
Qdjustabla anto ant
Un wantd
xacdio and to e duie the.

noise BW

Downloaded From Engg Iree.com

<br>

Page 72 of 115
EnggTree-cOm
3. RF ampißes detis mingca
Sensihvia of bhe
Veceiyer and aa predominanb facbr in chlrw inig
Ehe nsise or Ehe secoiver.

Admikage
botto senothig

23
Zmproved gebin
Signdl to nsise vabio.
3) Beltar
Beto Selautivit
izen Comvesta sectiop :
2) do TE
I) E Converts te iven
Lojdto local aseillabto
and
envelope and
envelope of
shape af the
The Containad . in the
infor mation
he originl
unchavged albhagh tha
emelope framains reguen chagel
Sidaband
Caeiex and
frm RE to SF.
The most JF in AH Is sKHz
3)

CHENNA) INSTITUTE B NDLD EnggTree.com

<br>

Page 73 of 115

3) JF Sectio: amplifes
) Tt consists of a Series af F YecoVer
most af Eha
and BPpp to achieye

and Selautinit.
gain
aluoaug boser than the RF becusd
)2) The E is to Consut
is easier and ess epensi ve
it
hgh gaàin to asallala|
also bss ikaly
3) LE amplibers
theix RF Counarpats.
Ehan

A) DeactoY Sechion:
Signds back to originad Somca
informabin
a dioda
.o PLL.
2) Can be
:
amplje edion
Aadio
5) Cascadad Qudio
D TE Consists af Seveal
and bne or
move Speakers.
amplfevs
audio butput
6n bha
2)
amplišer Shgges
pow er Eho humbes of

used.
Downtoadet From EnggTree.com
<br>

Page 74 of 115
No 1šEnggrge.co zalon
- NOILe iquse
-
NDIse lempenalive
NoIŠe empeyalo0 and nolse bandwjd
NoIse s0IS . Represenlalion o
nasoro w band nolse,
Nolse in cascaded Byslams -
NoISe perfooimane
adoiaou envelope and phase
Inphase and pre emphasis
AM FM Ayslaiñs -Thoreshold elect
analsisin
and daemphasis on PM.

D chaNaclelsalon o nolse soLes:

leimnal dtevica is chasaaged
Any tondudive lo
bas Bome. eS 1slane Bay Rohms
tosey and
a lenperawu T above absolua geto
A es IsTon Ihat s at lempealwa 91eSul
9andom molon and hs
tsnlauns
e
noise yola
eleions that
aMDSS
exhibi
Ihe le1DIDalg of Ibe 1eSIslô 3uch a

no
noe vollage is
yollg called Themal |3e
R

The olp nlt)

o me
poIše Bowie i5 chanoulsgadR
as a &arople unon oa
tandm prouss.
Based on qanluo meLhants, Power pebal
denslg 7Ven 9s,
bemal nolse is 9ven
ORH 2
(VolI3) Hx
b?)
(e ki
Bollzmanms tonslant
h planks tonslant k kelvin
Tenpeyaluo o he esislo in dagnas
T>

KT
kT
The pouoei speLbial onsilq is app roD XIMald s,
-
Sptf)
=
RkT (Volts)Hz

twhene kT
kT
From EnggTree.com
pobade)
<br>

posen speubial eng Ihe 75 of 115

Page
he unsilt B.corfoiše Vlage
load tes islo is|
Sn Cf) kT
2
s geneialty epressad
Poes öpebial cdorsil of Ihemal noIse
Sp (f) No Hz
2
90 k -2,)
Fot AF pe m
lemp eLalue T,=

NoIse lempealine
No1se Rqe and
- ohen we
the level o a sgna
ISe ampjers
t
in Communualion
also
Aylárns
aspty ampiying he rolše
lo bocost

we ale

coPuplig Iñe sgnal.

some pass , we model an
ary amplje has oile band
amplule wih Se oaquony response havauleusli HCe).
he
Themal NOIseAnpljan Acad

The Nolse powes ak he blp o he Delook ls

2 2
Poo No
2

The nojše eqyivalen

d
banduwrdis d fhe il is dned as,
Bneqy 2,
||H)df
available pouer gain o he armples

pbwe an ideal amplien IHat inoduws

adolional nose be express ed as,
Poo s gNb Bneq,

at is olp
Any poia) ampliley nlbdnes addiona) nolše
gen
due G in)enally eBatoalBlfrom EnggTree.com
<br>

Page 76 of 115
EnggTree.com
pouwen a
Hene, Ihe nolse ia olp may be ezpaessed
(ls as,
Poo : g No Bneq, + Poi
t Pni
gKTBnea, +Poi
Ihe ampljem olp dua ts
ts iDlenal nolse
Pne : g Bneg,T
K + Pni

Te Poi
yk Bneq
15
he lempeualue n eloo4k

Then Pos -
gk Bneg, (T+ Te)
A douee at he topu st6 (he ampluiey wib pone
poDr
Psi wil pmdue

olp SNR Jrom lbo -Pont nelöbyk

9 Psi
(). gKT Bneq (i+Tel)
Psi
No Bneq, (1+Telt)

|+ Telt
(hi)i iopu SNR 6 he (Do poh neloosk.
amplures is dagnadad C
necuod )
SNR at
ah Ihe olp Ihë

Te measore ol rosIness o
e
lhe amplyres

tgne ampilin
(1+Te}h) poše heponb
a luo neliob»nk is dened QS Ihe
The DbIse
pooes Pne olp no|se powey
o Ihe blp noše
an deal loo ponl neliopk
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<br>

Page 77 of 115
F||t TelTo Engg tee.com
Ihë aroplre

T'alun logaon|hm. f bol5 ides En

addlisnal polše po duted

Ihe ampijen
- The hoiše
tony enlienal
bauoe toy nary low -noise amplies is below 2eB
-

legalid coiuits arnpluiens heve notse Bgoes

Ove al) no(5e tqume o a cosade k ampliyes bih qans
& k and toesponding no|àe gwe Fk k <K 1)
+ Fk-)

This ep91ess16n S Kroum as Foies ormula

We obseve IbaF thè domnant leo is F ,ushab is lbe
nolse
tge
The pron end a
teciyest ohoutd have a low Dolse fg ute
and hgh gain
.
Rerhainng |enins tn (hë aurn coll be Deg lgi ble

Noiše in tascaded Byplems:

Analog mepeals baualy ampions That Qe geneally
usec in Tetephene wwielne channels and
mMDOAVe liòe o ght
level.
9\ado channets l6 boosh Ihe bgal
PR
PT
Ampilyès
T1ansmife channel

Downtoaded FromEngg Tree.com

<br>

Page 78 of 115
EnggTree.com
Input aqnal pouoer at Ihe input to he epels is,
Pe: Pr/y
The olp pouoen
forn he stepealia 1s,
Po
9PR 2

we may Belet the gain g 6 oset lhe -ansmissin

ampln
=
bss. and Po PT

(SNR) at h
a(
PR Pr
(No Bneq No Bn eq

N
) Fa d No
Bney
Based n
I5s 9esult ea,0 we ma Vlew he
Ihe lessy

ranssico medus ollouwe by I5e amplin as a casada

luo nelwonks : 0ne wih Dolse tga and Ihe olbe

o
CosLade cSnnebon, he DVestall Dblse

F : t Fa-l
Ya |+

fa

1)+ Lfa-! X+ Fa

Hene casLade o be lossy lTanmssio beduim

The

and Ine amplikiy is eqyuvalen 5 a argle heloom

k iTE

.
noße tauwe Fa
-Downloaded-From-EnggTree-com
<br>

Page 79 of 115
Engg Tree.com

TansmTe HchanoedRepalichgmnd epaa ehanne)

Pr faz

Repeala
teomunialon syslin ermployng Rpeabi
Yan, Fon

lhe Dyet all no(se

FL, Fa, t
far
L
Fak-)

Sigrial o nose sHalo

at Ihe olp o he nepeals o he
4elelves 15

PT
No Bnea,.
idenlial ey di : o
alli and
Fai = a o1 t> all valus.
Sai i to all i values.
"The oveall 0ojse gusa. beumes,
F e -
kefa (k) NkFa - (i)

PT
kJFa N,
Bneay

taute tascada d he k idenlica!

k
fon
h
imes tbe o
Do jse tguore one degnent

Downloaded From EnggTree.com

<br>

Page 80 of 115
-EnggTree-com
Repnesenlaisn pastow band pose i l9ims ih phase

and Quadsraloie lormponenls

In phose tompanenls

Lowpass|
Dg()
Coonet) n)
Jlbw pa5s
Dgt)
-sin 2trfct Bin (nf )
Ealaton o inphase 2 Quadalus Greneation o narow band Perse
Comporens

DaC) nphase tomponenh nt)

ngtt) quacalia componen nit)
pass Bgnals
gt) e
Nat) ae low
pasotewband noIse
Cuadaioe componcnlS oa
The nphase and
tmpolant
poropeties lhat aue BummanIseo:
(Fat
have
tornpsnent ng () and quadalLe
comp onent nst)
t) The inphase
D) hqve Zeno mean.
naIDU band nolse
ISeo
ng) and ngt) e
jony gousson
Iheo ng t) and ng) ae, jony
8aliooy
kivs Bofb ng() e nalt) have sae powen spebial dansl

ST(): SNaf)N (-f)

ng
+SN(+ fe),-B

quLadaluce
SsB
oheupise
(onponenl
-
) The nphase tom ponent () and
hel have Bame Vastuante n).
plorey maginany
VD The toss Bpebicowiased PbomnggTree.com
<br>

Page 81 of 115
SNONA
NTNg (9): - SNSNT EAOgTree.com
- SN <B
)J[SN(+) f-f] -B<? 3)

blhewlse

1) he nassibw band nose nl) 1s gaussian and s power

ymmeGe abouh mid band aapenoyt)
requenyle)
Ihen ngl2 ngl) ase slaislieally nopencnt

Represenlalon of nasoDw band nolse in leims o envelope and

phase tompenents
Repsesenalin noise nlh
m
lems d envelope 2 phase is,

twhere,

1l) env elo pe n

phase o ntt).
Bam ple gundions low pass >iandemprsuss
"The ime inlesyo) behweo (us 3uosse peaks o ervelope
appeamaely VB, twhete 28 Band oid5 oc).

Ng indpotn gausian and em Vauables o

NT and Ng
.
ZelD mean and Vauano

Joit pobabiuty cansitiguncin is,

Ng lès beloetn
Ng ies beljen Dg and np+ dng and
Pobabiky

(n2,ne) dngolng
DownloadedFom EnggTree.Com2
TNS,NG
<br>

Page 82 of 115
EnggTree.com

(6)

-
8
dng dng : 9d dy me
Vasuobles oblaned by obsevin
denole he Random
h
Re enyelope 1l) and phase l)
iandom proess eoresenled.by e
pmbabilul tandom Vavuabl is,
Bubsiult on.,,
+ 9sin

exp

Jont
tinlin oq R2
pxobabilty dunsit undißn Rs
eap

is idapendan angle
Pcb. dansi unliin
dishi butd tsids (hë sange
Rardom Vasuable is unfonmly
1

elsewhee

2
ep ) -
elsowhe

Raleujh slai bulion

elsewhete

dis th bulion is Zeo to negalive Values o , beause

envelope tan
<br>

Thaieshold ol]e Page 83 of 115

D AnglEnggriebybon

The noise analys is o angla tombaulalib) Schenes is basec sn

hig
(he ass umplien I5at
halt sNR at h dormodulalo thput is hgh
This hgh NR is a Sinplkymg osumphin hat usually mada.

0en - lnea modulalio

The Bigoal and oo1se poesses at (he olp (he domodulalosi
Com pleldy mxod in a ange prouss by a complrald
Don lnezel fundiGna.
linast
t6 noise talws 8igral and noiše conponers ate
lbw
So inTering led Ihat toe cannot engi3e
. Thseshold eeet is preoent
- Thee is a 8peuhè (SN) at he D|p o cdemodulato (Thoeshole
SNR) below whith sgnal mutiloluon
mulilalors OcusIS
on (h
The exislene o thsieshold ehect plateo "ppei liit
Nade o} belis eun banduwid h pouwen in FH
and gli This liit is
pralial mit to I5è aluc
Value o Be
he modiulauon indon Pe. A Ibrehdd
Stelalionbelveep,
t and BA holds n FH

o (B+1) -0
PR
Reived poue
We can caluai lhe maz. allbwe B
male BwIe |hat Ihe
wDks above Ibtesholcd .
Bc Bandwidth allbalon
usinq catson's ule,
Be
heste
ate I5at limit (he vala o IBe mdulalron
mded

th Limalibn channel band width

() imilalon n leaved powes whiih Ihe

Downldaded From EnggTree.com
limis Value o B:
<br>

Page 84 of 115
-EnggTree:com
PA
(maa )m/H

n, ()
phassa duagtin
| ab o. 8
dB
- Cos 2fct-nglt)
b.b 60 |9.8 dB Sih2ft:
uil opeN ale
20dB we cannot
=
Use
below (Hmesholcl.
ver.
olp o
eLel
slN)b 48 dB, a I5e Ihè
we must
wan 6B enploy he maxi mum available Blt
I) we that he aysam uil)
choo se he lagesh posi
I5oteshold.
ble p at guananlas

opel aa above
This ls ]5e Valua o B Ihat dals hus,

sNR t6 Ine highest possi be p hat ahieves

9elalbs a dasuèd olp
SNR.

Pye emphas)s and

deemphasis lennq:
oaqucnuis i's caled
"The modulalos i)ei1le which enphasiges hh
whab is Ihé invesIse
pre emphasis illes lhë olemodlulalo lG,
de emphasis fllen
modulalbi1 le is alled
the domodulalbs
pouwea spetsial oensi at he olp of 5e
The nojse
nolse Poubes pebu has a panabold

shape compenen
petpms bellen in los baeqany
This means Ihat zayeny
pH pooms bete in hh
Ie message sigal and
tomponenls
Downloaded From EnggTree.com
 Page 85 of 115
qang
<br>

.cwe want D
tha pouyaams
desigrEggofe
modulalTn o1 Jous-oeapen tomponenls (he
-
mess afe ga
eguony bmpon enls
pn hy
and 1ks as phase
tDonks moodutalos

Thìs is Ihe jdea behind pe emphasis and deemphasis leung

th naos io IHis echnqpo is l5 a Byslom

which bebaes
The objedve
nodulalasi -
Dy-mbdulali demclolbsi pais in helouw
ike moolulalbä
Bmeqyany band o Ihe message gna and Ts a phase
requny band message gnal
demodlutats) paiy in hgb
cermodula fo
Semodulalo slde (oLo aq have sm ple FH
demodulalbn
Lb higb oea,. bave 1
PH
. bas (onslant ab loo
The dormodulaloo reods a le 5at
krequonus and bebaves a
hugh reg: compnens )
Iootde) 6 tom pensa alirualisn
Iie T* befosie modulalin
twe an ampity at
Preemph
Ltsed mod ole
- Ne need hiyh pass ila ah Ihe
low pass tilli at
T

lhe Rx.
-Proemphass
Neh ellect Flat brequany isponse
91eelven ( de cm phasis) s,

Ha (f) =

-fo

S npp() Sno (4) }Hac))*

Sno (4 Ne Paeemphasis
,
subsitut
n (D &) in
No,

Bwnloaded FrogfEnggTree.com
<br>

Page 86 of 115
EnggTree.com
n-is Ihe nolse compment alla (he deemphasis yilei
has powey spebial olans

The nose powe at he olp o lhe demoaulaloi can be tblained

peemphans,
EH
Pnpp CH dumo
dulaloz

No
A 2

powe
pooer in his case s equal
Dolulalad msg sigal
Bine hé damoDdulatad Sga! is
Jmple FH Aylai wi no pe emphas is 2 de emphasis flleung

tases is nVensely pprsinal

Powe albs Deemphasis
nD|Še

N opD Pno
Pnpp
2\22ktZ
w
2 No

No P
2
A2

fo
opvemen eblaiNed by emplong pieeopasis
En: is I

and de emphasis lg on Ihe 9tetaved nolše s Ihe

nly lle (hat has an
The bohùh shapes me pouwe speuba) dons o he no
nolse
9teaives leH
wihin hé messapowrhoadb'FHöi EnggTree.
<br>

(8 Noisepotoomanie analNg TiBe.côi AH andd FH AyGms : Page 87 of 115

base band yalim
teeivesy
Cauey domeclulalion o be perpmed The
od an ldeal lbw pass illey oi5 he band wid W.
Con5155 nly
o
The noD|se powey a
he olp o he 91etves, a

J No df
2
PR Recivecl pooe
PR

No

Nolse On DsB-Sc AM:

AM, Ihe lnaoSmiled

In DB-s
cos (a4fet)
D

ult) Ac m9
o .
Relved signal at Ihe olp
lh, gnal + flied
Reeive nolse
n
utt)t
Acml) cos (21ftt) -3
n () tos (2f1-f)- Ds(t) sin (2)fe+)

Bubatiut
CoS CaTfet)+ Dcl) Cos
(oft)- Ds ()
1
t) A, m)

cos (STftt+*) yields jh eena, L

rmulliy n() toi
() cos ( an mA CoS{
aDft) oS (afet+)+
ftt +) Ae

(he o stmula fo CoSA. to SB:

cos t¢) +
) ns() sin)-D
lAe mct) os(*)
2
t [ne

Downloaded From EnggTree.com

<br>

Page 88 of 115
EnggTree.com

The teet o phase duljonene belocanIbe teived cascun

and a
a lbcally genenalad cavies
a Ihe 1eeivesn is a diop eqya

a phase locud foop is emplyed Ihen

Ihen :0,
:O, and be
demodualo)
stonpus
yneh pron ous
domodulaloi is called cohenenl toi)
assume in eqn
wilfout he loss o
genonalul we =0,
os to) + ns (E) sin lo)
Ac m(t) os lo) + aJ(o. (1)
Cos (6) |

The message Bighal poue 1s

power Conlen
Po Ac PH
PH
4

Poe
Prc
12)
Pn
n grven by
poues opelal denslg is
-(3)

The noise power 15)

w
No
Po

(9). Po

Poe
(5
Downloaded From EnggTree.com
 Page 89 of 115

<br>

EnggTree.com

Sabsttuz En in (,
Po

NNo -
x 2WNo
2
Subslla
A 2
Ac PH X_2
A
2
Ac PH

()opsB-
2 WNo
PR
Alo
- [: PR* Ac Py
2

n
base
DsBsc
Sc AH, thé
he olp sNR iS
Downloaded From EnggTree.com
Ihe same as the SNR 91 a
band ylon
<br>

Nome EnggTree.com
Page 90 of 115

Noine

Eteanel oItene
Noine Noive

Almopheie Ghalawhc Manmao Shot wite

noine noine noiwe Noine noine noine

. defnd UKwanted
NoNe Can

signal that dintu the tuaimoa

Co mmani caion
Pao ceving
otnoine be etenel
Syem. ytem.
he sye
Noiwe
shot
letonie devi cex
shot Noine ainer
of th
diodesi land tanntos becare
4theve
Cwsent flowin
vate flowin
Avicer,iMh the to tal
may be modeed
Hhe photo detectoa
thoh cun
an
en by

a
tho (nt Pulre geheate
Downloaded From EnggTree.com.
<br>

Page 91 of 115
Enggfree:comT
Thema
Theumal noine the iven
faom the
he eleta cad noise
CA Condcto.
o
NOnom ion iofa thermal
men Syare
V
Voltag e
a st meard
teamialr H etz
bundwi thd

Vo lto
4 KT RAS tha
ýoltage
val
kT
R
Af
Vo l4.

Thevenin
Modeii of ento
NOton
eay
ivabant
valant
eui
The mit indi cates 4hat
Cenal
hoiev
dtbuted
theal
with

4KT3 R.

Downloaded From EnggTree.com

<br>

A
ddition NoienggTrgçom to
Page 92 of 115
Seweual

Let w Sewerl +herl noire

((ie)entoa R3 tc
Paodcing hore Voltage tc.
that Ahe noire Voltage
ven
Poodwewd
AVn

Av2

noire Vo ltawge
Then the eytant Hhe

ven by the Voltager

ivdividiad R MS noire
Say wasr of

of
Seitance
ncey and
Ahe individwal

f
A KT

Downloaded From EnggTree.com

<br>

Page 93 of 115
AddiHon Noi wEnggHeB:conto Seweal SoUceY

Paslle:
With in bett
9no
condwetance Thuy let
WOl< n
te
paia Parele Combi naion.
whe
,

2
In. Pais

Whate
noire called
idenized of
An

the
Powes spetal
wite noire opevtt ng
independont of the
ich Uned in
The adj etive wiife
white Cotai
4hat
the See wihin 4he
of al
amont band lecto magnaic audiation.
Vimble
No
Swlf)=
The Pavare
Uxwally
efed
Hhe Aeceivea
input Stase
Sytern
Comm ni caHoDownloaded From EnggTree.com
 Page 94 of 115
<br>

It mucy be enPEAgORree.cofr

No lk
Tee
Boltz man Contat
Te eqivalant noire temp arcthe
of theeceiver
of the
eayivalant
The iupotant featiue depend
hat
noine tamperte Hhe Ste
.On the PavcmeteN
Since the aut coA elation Juncion
the Powe
nwee Sollows thot foa while
Spetaal deity
noire

Po wes SpetAvad
chaa ereticN ofwhich hoie
Aenmhy
A
uto coaelion unetion
=

Rw lv)

No
o 2

No

ato a
coa
laÀon funon of iwhi te noiet
Coit a
SheHón wight.ad by
factoa apswnloaded EpoEnggTrea.tom t
<br>

Page 95 of 115
Te TEnggiree.com 13t

Te T
T+
whe fo
tempaade
eqi valant noire
inindad netwok
Row gaih.
awailaole

outmdo
Extenel o
genernted
that
It
thee Puay
the device atmophee
extenel
Sowcs man-,made.
al and
etaerti
AZmohoe
nat waly tiocQing
eletc al
It within
that DAÀinate
dtbncN Matic
atmoYphene Sputtering
that ightning
letiary
ehegy
Chckig : magnitde
M
Hz $oat monpheie
ao ove 30
freeny nelaively sigificant
noin
Noire:
Etatnetiial )
noie ConitN
faom ath 'N
eleti cad syatem that
Downloaded From EnggTree.com
<br>

Page 96 of 115
atmonhera and Engyrseleorf Somemer caled
milky
doep S pae hoie
3alarier and
|way

of typer

Soas Noire
3enerated ditly fom
pat Solar noine
hact Thers
Spoaadice ditance
CA qiet coniion
CUd So lau
Caurad by spot auvity

:
Comic oine
ditaib ut ed thoghot
They oninioy
after called
Comic noire

boy and tbutod faals

bck
the

Man
made noine:
mwade noimo sipdy noire
mUa
the Paedominnant
Pacduced by manind
Pweing
ennmade noire
Such commwtat
mechaimy
- moto auto mobile
i9ni tion
eltc
Power generaltng
aund Switchig eaimet
re
and fuxe
Downloaded From EnggTree.com
 CSflec)
<br>

Page 97 of 115
Noise Pentormanto EnggTree.com,
in ÅM System:
Conveniona AM
DSB -SC. AM
SSB -SC-AM
Derive c4 merit
+he keuno cf Por AM Decaiver.

T wouel ike to Perorm noise anay sis

for un AM Yeceiver using cun envelope detecloy.
Sgnal
AM Snvelope
SCt) Bond delecdor
Fley
Noise
ntt)
annel Sgnal
Nead to deenmine the
and then the nutpt Signl to
nolse
to se Yatio,
noiSe
we know that the Amudo moulaled (AM)
lwave iS
Gosan
st)=VeC+kamt] fet)0
susdo V, Cos
2+Vekamlt )Cas2et
l.FAveage PouweY
of AM 1S
nad lo take 2MS CRol monSquare)

Ps -((m) V

V2

V'+KP)
Downleaded From EnggTree.com
<br>

Page 98 of 115
Avevage. Bwen EngggsN+he benttty
4he message
ts.
No
Pae= df
=
No B-B)
Pne -a, B
(s (Suskhate (2 D quation
channal sNR
(SNeAM=
Aveyase Reler ot AM waVe
Avenese BueY of noíSe in messege
Bondwidth.

SN2) Vitka}P)
2 NoB
(oosR Tower ot +he meSsage ra Vm

B Beunduidth
s mire wrth
Assume the band PaSs noíse
AM
A
wave inthe channeshown in the above
frgure. the input
This Combination rs applied at
of AM damdulator. it damclulelor is
ot An
Hene,Hhe inPut
VCt) Sct)+ hCt)
Cos nct-g Sin 21)et
nt)= n,(t)
Downloaded From EnggTree.com
<br>

Page 99 of 115
EnggTree.com
VCE)= Veli+ kamet) Cos27ct) + ny l4) Caynl

- nact) Sin()0l)
Ve+Ve kamlt)+nrlt)Gs(>nlet)
- nelt) Sint
o
n,t)Ln Phase Comnent
t+
noise
rnonents noise
l4) -
Co
uavdiaune Phase
s rothing hut
The tet ot AM domodlator
the evelope of +he ebove Srg nal
+
[VeVe kamt)
2

dl hyetlt
dlt Ve+Vkanmlt) tngCt)
ANerage SgneBwer of he clemerlalaled Signal

2
AVenaje power bt norse at the utut Is.

Na d
2

Pro-2VoB
ProB nloaded Fro
From Engg Tree.com
Ph
 Page 100 of 115

<br>

OutPuSNe is (Subsl &)euaton)

Averase TBuer ot domduated Sgnal
Avencge T3we ot norse at Out

(SN.AM
2-13 No

Subsltule
mart of AMe tarnbIAG From EnggTree.com
<br>

Page 101 of 115

Enge),oP)

F
kap'

TheretoYe'the Frgune oft Mert of

oss Hhan one.
AM Yeaiver [s
Derve the 8 no c Ment for DSB-SCAM reoVeY
(oy
Noise Petornanlo tn DSB-SCAM YeaveyY
CStfect
he follawing recoiver mro
Consido 4

analy se. nors e.

ot DSB-sc system to
V,H)
SC) fBevd Rss
Product
Mrlalat Flter.
1ter

Lcal
OScAbto

we lcnow tha the DSBSC molul

sct) =Vemct) Eostet
Aerage tawer of DSB-SC-AM monlaled
Ps /Vem4) Vp
Downloageg Frond EnggTree.cop
<br>

Page 102 of 115

Avenose EnggTree.com
DB-SCmululale weveB
Pber ot

-B

Subsldut 2nd and 2rd equa ton rn channe

SNe.
Avexcse Pwer ot DsBsc mluli
pSBSC -
SV- Avexase
Averege PoweY 04 hoise jn
messase banlw'dth

2
Noß

nDís e s miked
.Assumbe the bnd Pass
a
with DS B-Sc mudulated wave ínthe Cnnel
Hrgure.
Shown ín the above applred s
Th's Combination 's
to
the
bo Proluct mrlulator.
ot +he fnt tn Rut of Droluet mlbler
Hene the
Ís.
VE=sC+n4)
Vici)
= V
mlt) os2Tt noseT)
-
ne li) Srn(T)

Downloaded From EnggTree.com

<br>

Gonsiden Page 103 of 115

emelepe-ÉnggTree.com
Coheent or Snchonns celector.
-Local
Signal
osclator 3ene vaes he Carrier
cLt): Cos (Tlet+)
-SThis Signal Is apiel as another nut
to the rolucd mlulatov.
-SThene Qore, tthe ocluct mdulator
Procules cur utR which is the produet ot
V,) cunel c)
iry
Subshtute 6th and qth equetron tn sh
efuation
V)Vmt Coset +noset

os CTTlet+¢) Co spTutef)
+ nlt)

CosACosB:Cos(AtB)+ CoA

|Vemit)
- Cosp n
tet+ ¢) Sin2nft
nalt

2
<br>

Page 104 of 115

EnggTree.com

Vemlt)+ng4)

nolt) Sin C3e4)+)traty Sin --

This signal is atpied {o Luw i lter ss

dow Pass lle veecls the dlouble frequony

Pass
CGmPonens and Pa sses only +he low
Comanants.
Vc mt)+) Cos nelt Sin
dl')=
Apply
=0
d) ntn 2
Srgnal
Avcase FBwes Bt lemvlalated
2

Downloaded From EnggTree.com

<br>

Page 105 of 115

tverase orse 99Ue com

2B
Pn

Pro

th anuatons
Substtuk
Avenage TBwen ot lan
demodu
D SISC Sna
Averate buer of nose at
Noß
4

V2PA
B
QNs

Downloaded From EnggTree.com

 Page 106 of 115

<br>

EnggTree.com
Subshtub 4h

(SN DSBSC

2No B

X
26B
B
2s

fonetore, the Fgwne ot marit ot

is
DSB-Sc Yeceur

Downloaded From EnggTree.com

<br>

Page 107 of 115

Pertonwanage.co B Sc Uing
Co
hnt. dtain.
Let he SS BSc signal witen

the noe be n(+)

n()

Thas gnal Power at tha chann

2
Ac Pm Ac Pm

The Power at: the Chaunnl

w)
No (a

Now
aho chanel
The Signal to noirak

(). Psc

Ac Pý

Now
The opt the BPF
S(*)
Ac mCt) coS 2T14ctt Ac n
Ct) sin
27f t)+
Downloaded FrofEATo seb.com h a (t) Sin aT fc
<br>

- EnggTree.com
Page 108 of 115

sin aTfct
Tha
butput the Paodut
Paodut modastoa

CoS

sin afc Cos af

(
sin 4TL4

LPF

The Sig nal Powea at tha D4ut pt

(w so Ac

noine Powes at thaotput

Pno Pn

Pn

No

Now

P No w

152rsai (Doynloaded Frh EnggTree.com

Pho
<br>

2
Page 109 of 115
EnggTree eôm

No w
(
Fig

ciyea:
FM V()
signal
BPF Linites

to the
otputt of the inite Hhen
fed
Conmponendn.
wiich
dircnatot a
A xope netwo itfeniHat, with
4).
eiponne ht
Pusedy imugincs faenes
Iinedy with
Vaer
An ehvelope detectoa hat
and saprowing
anpite aiaion
V

meryeye sinal.
the owtpt of tho dciminatos then

the Pot detehon bore- band

low Pa
Pars 4+Qowngaded fromEbggTrèagoo to emove the
<br>

Page 110 of 115

the bandl EnggTree.com
Componet noiwe
tha diraiminato btput andl therey

the
noio
minmwm
Coninde
a naswband noe n
(t) wich
Conit imiphanecopone and
Compone
he)

n
t be

and phare Componen

and
oPhaeC
The nalre ower, at tho chonnel
Stol A

SN (
w
No

Nc Now
Downloaded From EnggTree.com
<br>

Page 111 of 115

Tha EnggTree.com
ncorming Sigls() do ie d
by

Ac Cos
whe
Ac the
Ouplitude
the Cca2
Senmtiity
k
merage inol
S

(Thes()'can be

Tha
Po we channel Ven by
sighal at the
Ac

aio o-f tho Channe

The sianal to noie
by
() Psc
P NC

A,2

The noiy at
S(

Ac

()/

y)
Downloaded From EnggTrêe.com
<br>

Page 112 of 115

Sih () ) EnggTra Abht

nI ()
=
Ac
+
(4) cOS
() Ac t hI (t)

Ac + hI ()
4an

Fom tha phane digun

()
tan cos (+) -gus
Ac t a)
6() Sìn
Ac

Ac.

the dàrcimi otoas

t

dt

Ac

m
() do| + dt

Downloaded From EnggTree.com

<br>

Page 113 of 115

EnggTree.com

dt

dofined by

whe the hoire

+e n)

nd ()

componet 4) of the
4datane
sin )

aTTAc

ac+) sin
Ac a
Thus the noine opfeMhg
oa
detominad
fhe drcimint anuplitda Ae and
eStehvey by
Hhe Casi
Copone na ct)
qwardatne
noine n (t).
aooband at the outputF af
ppeaina
The signal
the
He low pas filter
utput
dircaminat iven by
Tha signal Power the otput in
P Downlqaded Frgm Engg Tree.com
<br>

Page 114 of 115

EnggTree.com
0en by
Pouwen s pectal demity of nd c+) 9
(4)

2
Ac
^SHo ()

-BT
BT
2
spectad denity
4 -W

Powesspectal
W

Powe
Powea spectnal danity t denity of ,n92
of noine nd )
he

of naw the, dnciret hoct)

Componnt Aeceivea
band noie
BT BT
No
o
hewie
-BT BT
Nof
Ac
2 a
o thewine
noire nd t) wid
Tha
ot b
and icoponenir
be Aemoved.
- S
pectal denity
Hhe. Power
do fined by
eceire
appeas 4he

W w

S No )
o4hew'ine
by
Power tho o/p is detnod
The ge. oive
P NO Downlpaded rom Engg ree
EnggTree.com
 Capture
<br>

sffec: EnggTree.com
Page 115 of 115

The inherert abily ot an FM Ssstem

to minimize the effec's of nwanled Srrals as
aPplies Prodcad by another Graquancy
to intefeveno
modlaled Sigral
Srae| whase frequoncg Gntent s
lose to the Caner eguenc4 ot the olesire
FM wwaVes
ínerterene Suppress fon fn an
Howevey

FM YeLeiveY worS wel| only when the

Interevene is. weakey than the olosivedd FM
ínpu
when +he fnlefenan
o
is tha Strsnger.one
s tronger
ot the two, the Yeeîver JocKS ono the
cncl theyeby Sppresses +he lesí yeol FMinRe
Signal
when they are of nearly eUal stengh
the Yeevey fluctuales back and' forth between
them s nown as
his. Pheomensn the
Captue etfed

Downloaded From EnggTree.com