QIS College of Engineering & Technology(A)

Electronic Circuit Analysis

(Course Code: 23E01002)

Dr. RAJASEKHAR MANDA, MIEEE, FIETE

Associate Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
QIS College of Engineering and Technology (A)
Email: [email protected]
II II ECE EDC
 QIS College of Engineering & Technology(A)

Electronic Devices and Circuits

(Course Code: 23E01001)

Dr. RAJASEKHAR MANDA

Dr. RAJASEKHAR MANDA, MIEEE, FIETE
Associate Professor
Associate Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
QIS College of Engineering and Technology (A)
QIS College of Engineering and Technology (A)
Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected]
II II ECE EDC
 Vision & Mission of the Institution

Vision: To provide high quality education by introducing innovation and creativity

in academics and research with societal commitment and to be the knowledge hub
in the region and to produce skilled human resources with strong leadership
capabilities to kindle the knowledge driven economy of the nation and to make
ethically strong citizens.

Mission: The college is committed to develop through good governance, resource

building, quality teaching-learning with strong fundamentals high impact research,
constructive community engagement, well trained skilled human power in line with
National development, capacity building, knowledge management and the
continuing education programmes.

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Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc. Professor, Dept. of ECE
 Vision & Mission of Dept.
Vision: To be a centre of high quality education and research in the field of
electronics and communication engineering in order to fulfil the worldwide needs
and to produce entrepreneurs with a synthesis of ethical principles and societal
goals.
Mission: M1. To impart quality education to meet the needs of the industry and
research in the field of Electronics and Communication Engineering.
M2. To encourage an environment conducive to innovation, creativity, team spirit
and entrepreneurial leadership in Electronics and Communication Engineering.
M3. To foster networking with Alumni, Software Industries, Institutes and other
stakeholders for effective interaction.
M4. To practice and promote high standards of ethical values through societal
commitment.

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Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc. Professor, Dept. of ECE
 Course Objectives
To learn and understand:
CO 1: To learn hybrid- π parameters a thigh frequency and compare with low
frequency parameters.
CO 2: Learn and understand the purpose of cascading of single stage amplifiers and
derive the overall voltage gain.
CO 3: Analyze the effect of negative feedback on amplifier characteristics and derive
the characteristics.
CO 4: Learn and understand the basic principle of oscillator circuits and perform the
analysis of different oscillator circuits.
CO5: Compare and analyze different Power amplifiers like Class A, Class B, Class C,
Class AB and other types of amplifiers.
CO6: Analyze different types of tuned amplifier circuits.
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II-II ECE EDC Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc. Professor, Dept. of ECE
 Course Outcomes
CO 1: Design and analyze small-signal high-frequency transistor amplifiers using
BJT and FET, considering frequency response, bandwidth, and gain stability.
CO 2: Design and analyze multistage amplifiers using BJT and FET, including
differential amplifiers, and evaluate their voltage gain, impedance, and coupling
methods.
CO 3: Derive expressions for the frequency of oscillation and conditions for
oscillation in RC and LC oscillators, and analyze amplitude and frequency stability.
CO 4: Classify and compare power and tuned amplifiers, including Class A, B, AB,
C, and staggered tuned amplifiers, analyzing their efficiency, thermal stability, and
practical applications.
CO 5: Analyze the impact of negative feedback on amplifier performance, derive
expressions for gain, bandwidth enhancement, and distortion reduction, and
compare different feedback topologies.
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II-II ECE EDC Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc. Professor, Dept. of ECE
 Prerequisite

Electronic
Devices and
Circuits

Electronic
Circuit
Analysis
7
II-II ECE EDC Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc. Professor, Dept. of ECE
 Text Books
1. Millman’s Integrated Electronics-J. Millman, C. Halkias, and Ch. D. Parikh, Mc-
Graw Hill Education, 2nd Edition, 2009.
2. Millman’s Electronic Devices and Circuits- J. Millman, C. C. Halkias and atyabrata
Jit, Mc-Graw Hill Education, 4th edition, 2015.
3. Electronic Devices and Integrated Circuits – B.P. Singh, Rekha, Pearson
publications, 2006

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II-II ECE EDC Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc. Professor, Dept. of ECE
 Reference Books
1. Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design –Donald A.Neaman, McGrawHill, 2010.
2. Micro electronic Circuits-Sedra A.S. and K.C. Smith, Oxford University Press, Sixth
Edition, 2011.
3. Electronic Circuit Analysis-B.V.Rao, K.R.Rajeswari, P.C.R.Pantulu, K.B.R.Murthy,
Pearson Publications.
4. Electronic Devices and Circuits- S. Salivahanan, N. Suresh Kumar, Mc-Graw Hill, 5th
edition, 2022.
5. Electronic Device and Circuits –Sanjeev Gupta, Dhanpat Rai Publishers

© All slides are prepared from Text Books and Internet sources & whole credit to goes to authors & content owners
9
II-II ECE EDC Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc. Professor, Dept. of ECE
 Web Source References
1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/102/108102095/

2. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/117/103/117103063

3. https://www.coursera.org/learn/electronic-circuits
4. https://www.multisim.com/, https://www.falstad.com/circuit/,
5. https://www.analog.com/en/design-center/design-tools-and-
calculators/ltspice-simulator.html
6. https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/
7. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Analog_Circuits, https://www.electronics-
tutorials.ws/

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II-II ECE EDC Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc. Professor, Dept. of ECE
 Course Contents

UNIT I : Small Signal High Frequency Transistor Amplifier

models
UNIT II : Multistage Amplifiers
UNIT III: Feedback Amplifiers
UNIT IV: Oscillators
UNIT V : Power Amplifiers

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II-II ECE EDC Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc. Professor, Dept. of ECE
 Syllabus
• Unit-1 BJT: Transistor at high frequencies, Hybrid- π common
emitter transistor model, Hybrid πconductance, Hybrid π
capacitances, validity of hybrid π model, determination of
high- frequency parameters in terms of low-frequency
parameters , CE short circuit current gain, current gain with
resistive load, cut-off frequencies, frequency response and gain
bandwidth product. FET: Analysis of common Source and
common drain Amplifier circuits at high frequencies. (Text book:
1)
• Unit-2 Multistage Amplifiers: Zener Diode, Breakdown
mechanisms, Zener Dr.diode
II-II ECE EDC
applications, Varactor
Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc. Professor, Dept. of ECE
Diode, LED, Contd…
12
 Syllabus
• Unit-2 Multistage Amplifiers: Classification of amplifiers, methods
of coupling, cascaded transistor amplifier and its analysis, analysis of
two stage RC coupled amplifier, high input resistance transistor
amplifier circuits and their analysis-Darlington pair amplifier, Cascode
amplifier, Boot-strap emitter follower, Differential amplifier using BJT.
Unit-3 Feedback Amplifiers: Feedback principle and concept, types
of feedback, classification of amplifiers, feedback topologies,
Characteristics of negative feedback amplifiers, Generalized analysis
of feedback amplifiers, Performance comparison of feedback
amplifiers, Method of analysis of feedback amplifiers.
13
II-II ECE EDC Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc. Professor, Dept. of ECE
 Syllabus
• Unit 4: Oscillators: Oscillator principle, condition for oscillations,
types of oscillators, RC- phase shift and Wienbridge oscillators with BJT
and their analysis, Generalized analysis of LC Oscillators, Hartley and
Colpitt’s oscillators using BJT, Frequency and amplitude stability of
oscillators.
• Unit 5: Power Amplifiers: Classification of amplifiers (A to H), Class A
power Amplifiers, Class B Push-pull amplifiers, Complementary
symmetry push pull amplifier, Class AB power amplifier, Class-C power
amplifier, Thermal stability and Heat sinks. Tuned Amplifiers:
Introduction, Q-Factor, small signal tuned amplifier, capacitance single
tuned amplifier, double tuned amplifiers, staggered tuned amplifiers.
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II-II ECE EDC Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc. Professor, Dept. of ECE
 QIS College of Engineering & Technology(A)

Unit-II
Multistage Amplifier
Dr. RAJASEKHAR MANDA, MIEEE, FIETE
Associate Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
QIS College of Engineering and Technology (A)
Email: [email protected]
II II ECE EDC
 Syllabus
• Unit-2 Multistage Amplifiers: Classification of amplifiers, methods of
coupling, cascaded transistor amplifier and its analysis, analysis of two stage
RC coupled amplifier, high input resistance transistor amplifier circuits and
their analysis-Darlington pair amplifier, Cascode amplifier, Boot-strap
emitter follower, Differential amplifier using BJT.

16
II-II ECE EDC Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc. Professor, Dept. of ECE
 Unit II Introduction:
 Introduction:
 Amplifiers containing one active device have limited gain, input impedance, output
impedance and power handling capabilities.
 Multistage amplifier is used to increase the gain or modify the characteristics of the
amplifier to satisfy a particular specification.

What is the Multistage Amplifier?

When the output of the previous stage is connected as an input to the following stage through
a coupling device, it is termed as a multistage amplifier. The below picture clearly depicts
how the amplifiers are connected.

Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc.

II-II ECE EDC Professor, Dept. of ECE
 Unit II :
Working principles

a) Cascode connection
Places one transistor on top of another

b) Cascade connection
Provides stages in series

c) Coupling
- Circuitry used to connect the output of one stage of a multistage amplifier to the input
of next stage.

Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc.

II-II ECE EDC Professor, Dept. of ECE
 Unit II :
Block Diagram of a Multistage Amplifier:
Input to the first stage,

Output of first stage or input to the second stage

where Av1 is the voltage gain of first stage

Output of second stage or input to the third
stage

where Av2 is the voltage gain of the second

stage
Similarly , the output of nth stage (or final
output),

Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc.

II-II ECE EDC Professor, Dept. of ECE
 Unit II
The Gain
 Overall voltage gain of the amplifier is given as

 The overall gain of a multistage amplifier is the product of the gain of the individual stage

 If the gain of each amplifier stage is expressed in decibels (dB) the total gain is the sum of the gain of
individual stage

Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc.

II-II ECE EDC Professor, Dept. of ECE
 Unit II :Types of multistage
Depending on the manner which the different amplifier stages are connected, one of the following
amplifiers may result :

a) RC coupling @ capacitor coupling

b) Direct coupling (CE-CC, Darlington pair)
c) Transformer coupling

RC Coupling
The coupling network that uses inductance and capacitance as coupling elements can be called as
Impedance coupling network.

In this impedance coupling method, the impedance of coupling coil depends on its inductance
and signal frequency which is jwL. This method is not so popular and is seldom employed.

Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc.

II-II ECE EDC Professor, Dept. of ECE
 Types of multistage
• Transformer as the coupling
• The coupling method that uses a transformer as the coupling device can be called as Transformer
coupling. There is no capacitor used in this method of coupling because the transformer itself
conveys the AC component directly to the base of second stage.

• The secondary winding of the transformer provides a base return path and hence there is no need of
base resistance. This coupling is popular for its efficiency and its impedance matching and hence it
is mostly used.

• Direct coupling

• If the previous amplifier stage is connected to the next amplifier stage directly, it is called as direct
coupling. The individual amplifier stage bias conditions are so designed that the stages can be
directly connected without DC isolation.
• The direct coupling method is mostly used when the load is connected in series, with the output
terminal of the active circuit element. For example, head-phones, loud speakers etc.

II-II ECE EDC

 Unit II
Construction of a Two-stage RC Coupled Amplifier

The constructional details of a two-stage RC coupled transistor amplifier circuit are as

follows. The two stage amplifier circuit has two transistors, connected in CE
configuration and a common power supply VCC is used. The potential divider network
R1 and R2 and the resistor Re form the biasing and stabilization network. The emitter
by-pass capacitor Ce offers a low reactance path to the signal.

The resistor RL is used as a load impedance. The input capacitor Cin present at the
initial stage of the amplifier couples AC signal to the base of the transistor. The
capacitor CC is the coupling capacitor that connects two stages and prevents DC
interference between the stages and controls the shift of operating point. The figure
below shows the circuit diagram of RC coupled amplifier.

Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc.

II-II ECE EDC Professor, Dept. of ECE
 Unit II:
RC Coupling Amplifier
Operation of RC Coupled Amplifier
When an AC input signal is applied to the base of
first transistor, it gets amplified and appears at the
collector load RL which is then passed through the
coupling capacitor CC to the next stage. This
becomes the input of the next stage, whose
amplified output again appears across its collector
load. Thus the signal is amplified in stage by stage
action.

The important point that has to be noted here is

that the total gain is less than the product of the
gains of individual stages. This is because when a
second stage is made to follow the first stage, the
effective load resistance of the first stage is
reduced due to the shunting effect of the input
resistance of the second stage. Hence, in a
multistage amplifier, only the gain of the last stage
remains unchanged. Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc.
II-II ECE EDC Professor, Dept. of ECE
Frequency Response of RC Coupled
Amplifier
• From the above graph, it is understood that
the frequency rolls off or decreases for the
frequencies below 50Hz and for the
frequencies above 20 KHz. whereas the
voltage gain for the range of frequencies
between 50Hz and 20 KHz is constant.

• We know that,
• XC=1/2πfc
• It means that the capacitive reactance is
inversely proportional to the frequency.

2/27/2025
 Unit II
Advantages
•The frequency response of RC amplifier provides constant gain over a wide frequency
range, hence most suitable for audio applications.
•The circuit is simple and has lower cost because it employs resistors and capacitors
which are cheap.
• Make dc bias at the output of one stage is different from dc bias voltage at the input to
next stage
• Prevent the flow of dc signal current between stage
• Provides enough high frequency to keep capacitive reactance small
 Disadvantages:
• Affects the lower frequency response of amplifier
•The voltage and power gain are low because of the effective load resistance.
•They become noisy with age.
•Due to poor impedance matching, power transfer will be low.
Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc.
II-II ECE EDC Professor, Dept. of ECE
 Applications of RC Coupled Amplifier
• The following are the applications of RC coupled amplifier.
• They have excellent audio fidelity over a wide range of frequency.
• Widely used as Voltage amplifiers
• Due to poor impedance matching, RC coupling is rarely used in the
final stages.

II-II ECE EDC

 Unit II
Direct Coupled Amplifier
As no coupling devices are used, the coupling of the
amplifier stages is done directly and hence called as
Direct coupled amplifier.
Construction
The figure below indicates the three stage direct
coupled transistor amplifier. The output of first stage
transistor T1 is connected to the input of second stage
transistor T2.
The transistor in the first stage will be an NPN
transistor, while the transistor in the next stage will be
a PNP transistor and so on. This is because, the
variations in one transistor tend to cancel the
variations in the other. The rise in the collector
current and the variation in β of one transistor gets
cancelled by the decrease in the other.

Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc.

II-II ECE EDC Professor, Dept. of ECE
 Direct Coupled Amplifier
• Operation • Advantages
• The input signal when applied at • The advantages of direct coupled
the base of transistor T1, it gets amplifier are as follows.
amplified due to the transistor • The circuit arrangement is simple
action and the amplified output because of minimum use of
appears at the collector resistor resistors.
Rc of transistor T1.
• The circuit is of low cost because
• This output is applied to the base of of the absence of expensive
transistor T2 which further coupling devices.
amplifies the signal.
• Can be used to amplify zero and
• In this way, a signal is amplified in low frequency signal
a direct coupled amplifier circuit.
2/27/2025
 Direct Coupled Amplifier
• Disadvantages • Applications
• It cannot be used for amplifying • The applications of direct coupled
high frequencies. amplifier are as follows.
• The operating point is shifted due
to temperature variations. • Low frequency amplifications.
• At high frequency, gain decrease
• Transistor parameter change • Low current amplifications.
with temperature, hence output
is affected by temperature
variation

2/27/2025
Comparision of different types of
coupling methods
Transformer
S.No Particular RC Coupling Direct Coupling
Coupling

Frequency Excellent in audio

1 Poor Best
response frequency range

2 Cost Less More Least

3 Space and Weight Less More Least

Impedance
4 Not good Excellent Good
matching

For amplifying
For voltage For Power
5 Use extremely low
amplification amplification
frequencies
 Darlington Amplifier

• The emitter follower circuit which was

just discussed lacks to meet the
requirements of the circuit current gain
(Ai) and the input impedance (Zi). In order
to achieve some increase in the overall
values of circuit current gain and input
impedance, two transistors are connected
as shown in the following circuit diagram,
whichisknown
as Darlington configuration.

2/27/2025
 Unit II
DARLINGTON PAIR
Biasing Analysis
Because of this type of connection, the emitter current of the first transistor will also be the base current of the second
transistor. Therefore, the current gain of the pair is equal to the product of individual current gains i.e.,

β=β1β2
A high current gain is generally achieved with a minimum number of components.
As two transistors are used here, two VBE drops are to be considered. The biasing analysis is otherwise similar for one
transistor.
Voltage across R2, V2=(VCC/R1+R2)×R2
Voltage across RE, VE=V2−2VBE
Current through RE, IE2=V2−2VBE/RE

Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc.

II-II ECE EDC Professor, Dept. of ECE
 Unit II
Construction of Transformer Coupled Amplifier
When they are coupled to make a multistage amplifier, the high output impedance of one
stage comes in parallel with the low input impedance of next stage. Hence, effective load
resistance is decreased. This problem can be overcome by a transformer coupled
amplifier.

The amplifier circuit in which, the previous stage is connected to the next stage using a
coupling transformer, is called as Transformer coupled amplifier.
The coupling transformer T1 is used to feed the output of 1st stage to the input of
2nd stage. The collector load is replaced by the primary winding of the transformer. The
secondary winding is connected between the potential divider and the base of 2nd stage,
which provides the input to the 2nd stage. Instead of coupling capacitor like in RC coupled
amplifier, a transformer is used for coupling any two stages, in the transformer coupled
amplifier circuit.

Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc.

II-II ECE EDC Professor, Dept. of ECE
 Unit II
TRANSFORMER COUPLING
When an AC signal is applied to the input of the base
of the first transistor then it gets amplified by the
transistor and appears at the collector to which the
primary of the transformer is connected.

The transformer which is used as a coupling device in

this circuit has the property of impedance changing,
which means the low resistance of a stage (or load)
can be reflected as a high load resistance to the
previous stage. Hence the voltage at the primary is
transferred according to the turns ratio of the
secondary winding of the transformer.

This transformer coupling provides good impedance

matching between the stages of amplifier. The
transformer coupled amplifier is generally used for
power amplification.

Dr. Rajasekhar Manda, Assoc.

II-II ECE EDC Professor, Dept. of ECE
 Advantages, Disadvantages &Applications
advantages of a transformer coupled amplifier −
• An excellent impedance matching is provided.
• Gain achieved is higher.
• There will be no power loss in collector and base resistors.
• Efficient in operation.
disadvantages of a transformer coupled amplifier
• Though the gain is high, it varies considerably with frequency. Hence a poor frequency
response.
• Frequency distortion is higher.
• Transformers tend to produce hum noise.
• Transformers are bulky and costly Mostly used for impedance matching purposes.
• Applications
• Used for Power amplification.
• Used in applications where maximum power transfer is needed.
• Mostly used for impedance matching purposes.
II-II ECE EDC
Frequency Response of Transformer Coupled
Amplifier
• The figure below shows the frequency
response of a transformer coupled amplifier.
The gain of the amplifier is constant only for a
small range of frequencies. The output voltage
is equal to the collector current multiplied by
the reactance of primary.
• At low frequencies, the reactance of primary
begins to fall, resulting in decreased gain. At
high frequencies, the capacitance between
turns of windings acts as a bypass condenser
to reduce the output voltage and hence gain.
• So, the amplification of audio signals will not
be proportionate and some distortion will also
get introduced, which is called as Frequency
distortion.

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 Cascode Amplifier
• What is a Cascode Amplifier?
• The cascode amplifier includes two-stages like a CE (common-
emitter) stage and CB (common-base) stage where the CE is
feeding into a CB. As we compared with a single stage of an
amplifier, the combination of this can have different
characteristics like high input/output isolation, high i/p
impedance, high o/p impedance and high bandwidth.
Cascode Amplifier Circuit
• The Cascode amplifier circuit using FET is
shown below. The input stage of this amplifier is
a common source of FET & the Vin (input
voltage) which is connected to its gate terminal.

• The output stage of this amplifier is common

gate of FET which is ambitious by the input
phase. The drain resistance of the o/p stage is Rd
and the Vout (output voltage) can be taken from
the secondary transistor’s drain terminal.

• As the gate terminal of Q2 transistor is

grounded, then the source voltage and the drain
voltage of transistors are held almost stable.

• That means the higher Q2 transistor provides a

low i/p resistance toward the lower Q1
transistor. This decreases the lower transistor’s
gain & thus the Miller effect also gets decreased.
SO bandwidth will increase.

II ECE ECA
Advantages and Disadvantages

• Advantages • Disadvantages
• The advantages include the following. • This amplifier requires two transistors with
high voltage supply. For the two-transistor
• This amplifier provides high bandwidth, cascode, two transistors should be biased
gain, slew rate, stability, & also input through sufficient VDS in process, striking a
impedance. For a two-transistor circuit, the lesser limit on the voltage supply.
parts count is extremely low.
• Thus, this is all about the cascode
• Applications amplifier theory. These amplifiers are
available in two types like folded cascode-
amplifier and bimos cascode-amplifier.
• The cascode amplifier is used to enhance the
performance of an analog circuit. The
utilization of cascode is a common method
which can be used in the applications of
transistors as well as vacuum tubes.

2/27/2025
 Bootstrap Emitter follower
• A bootstrap sweep generator is a time base generator circuit
whose output is fed back to the input through the feedback.
This will increase or decrease the input impedance of the
circuit.

• Operation
• Before the application of gating waveform at t = 0, as the transistor gets
enough base drive from VCC through RB, Q1 is ON and Q2 is OFF. The
capacitor C2 charges to VCC through the diode D. Then a negative trigger
pulse from the gating waveform of a Monostable Multivibrator is applied at
the base of Q1 which turns Q1 OFF. The capacitor C2 now discharges and the
capacitor C1 charges through the resistor R. As the capacitor C2 has large
value of capacitance, its voltage levels (charge and discharge) vary at a
slower rate. Hence it discharges slowly and maintains a nearly constant
value during the ramp generation at the output of Q2.
• During the ramp time, the diode D is reverse biased. The capacitor
C2 provides a small current IC1 for the capacitor C1 to charge. As the
capacitance value is high, though it provides current, it doesn’t make much
difference in its charge. When Q1 gets ON at the end of ramp time,
C1 discharges rapidly to its initial value. This voltage appears across VO.
Consequently, the diode D gets forward biased again and the capacitor
C2 gets a pulse of current to recover its small charge lost during the charging
of C1. Now, the circuit is ready to produce another ramp output.
• The capacitor C2 which helps in providing some feedback current to the
capacitor C1 acts as a boot strapping capacitor that provides constant current.

2/27/2025
Output Waveforms

• The pulse given at the input and the

voltage VC1 which denotes the
charging and discharging of the
capacitor C1 which contributes the
output are shown in the figure
above.
• Advantage
• The main advantage of this boot
strap ramp generator is that the
output voltage ramp is very linear
and the ramp amplitude reaches the
supply voltage level.

2/27/2025
 Differential Amplifier using Transistor
• A differential amplifier is designed to give the difference
between two input signals.
• Working of a Differential Amplifier
• When a differential amplifier is driven at one of the
inputs, the output appears at both the collector outputs.
This is explained with a diagram below.

• When input signal I/P1 is applied to the transistor T1,

there will be a high voltage drop across the collector
resistance RCOL1 , and thus the collector of T1 will be less
positive. When I/P1 is negative T1 is turned OFF, and the
voltage drop across RCOL1 becomes very low and thus the
collector of T1 will be more positive.

• Thus we can conclude than an inserted output appears at

T1’s collector for applying signal at I/P1.

2/27/2025
 Working of a Differential Amplifier
• When T1 is turned ON by the positive value of I/P1 , the current
through the emitter resistance REM increases as the emitter current
is almost equal to the collector current (IEIC).

• Thus the voltage drop across REM increases and makes the emitter
of both transistors going in a positive direction. Making T2’s emitter
positive is the same as making the base of T2 negative.

• In such a condition the transistor T2 will conduct less current which

in turn will cause less voltage drop in RCOL2 and thus the collector
of T2 will go in a positive direction for positive input signal. Thus we
can conclude that the non-inverting output appears at the collector
of transistor T2 for input at base of T1.

• The amplification can be driven differentially by taking output

between the collector of T1 and T2.

• IEM1 = IEM2

• Total Emitter Current, IE = IEM1 + IEM2

• VEM = VBASE – VBASE EM

2/27/2025
BJT Differential Amplifier
• Applications

1.Audio Amplifiers: Amplify differences between left and right

audio signals for stereo output.
2.Instrumentation Amplifiers: Enhance small differential
signals from sensors while rejecting noise.
3.Operational Amplifiers: Provide high input impedance and
low output impedance, suitable for diverse applications.
 Applications of multi stage amplifiers
• The multistage amplifier applications can be found in various industries in
various scenarios and those are:
• Employed in the conditions when perfect impedance matching is required
• Used in the applications when correct frequency response is necessary
• These amplifiers are also used for DC isolation purposes
• Applications those need enhanced gain, and good flexibility
• Enhanced bandwidth
• Multistage amplifiers designed with MOSFET devices are also employed in
many applications
• Audio transformers
• Microphones
• Multistage amplifier cascading is used for high-voltage and high-speed
applications.

II-II ECE EDC

 2/27/2025

II ECE EDC