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Recollections On Topology

The document discusses fundamental concepts in topology, including definitions of topological spaces, continuous maps, homeomorphisms, and compact spaces. It also introduces the product topology and its properties, such as stability under composition and the compactness of products of compact spaces. The content is structured with definitions, examples, and propositions to illustrate the concepts.

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Angelo Oppio
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4 views3 pages

Recollections On Topology

The document discusses fundamental concepts in topology, including definitions of topological spaces, continuous maps, homeomorphisms, and compact spaces. It also introduces the product topology and its properties, such as stability under composition and the compactness of products of compact spaces. The content is structured with definitions, examples, and propositions to illustrate the concepts.

Uploaded by

Angelo Oppio
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RECOLLECTIONS ON TOPOLOGY

BRUNO VALLETTE

C ONTENTS
1. Topological spaces 1
2. Product topology 2

1. T OPOLOGICAL SPACES
Definition 1.1 (Topological space). A topology on a set X is a collection T ⊂ P(X) of subsets of X
satisfying
(1) ∅, X ∈ T,
S
(2) i ∈I Oi ∈ T, for any set I and for Oi ∈ T, i ∈ I,
T
(3) i ∈I Oi ∈ T, for any finite set I and for Oi ∈ T, i ∈ I.
The elements O of T are called the open sets and their complements are called the closed sets. The
data (X, T) is called a topological space. (When the topology is obvious, we will use just the notation
X of the underline set to refer to the topological space.)
R EMARK 1.2. One can equivalently define a topology by the data of the closed subsets satisfying the
axiom (1), the stability under any intersection and the stability under any finite union.
E XAMPLES 1.3.
 Normed vector spaces,
 Metric spaces,
 The trivial topology (X, P(X)),
 The discrete topology (X, {∅, X }).
The inclusion defines a partial order on the set of topologies of a given set X.
Definition 1.4 (Finer topology). A topology T2 on a set X is said to be finer than another one T1 when
T1 ⊂ T2 . (In the other way round, the topology T1 is coarse than the topology T2 .)
E XAMPLE 1.5. The discrete topology P(X) is finer than the trivial topology {∅, X }.
Definition 1.6 (Continuous map). A set theoretical map f : X → Y between two topological spaces
(X, T) and (Y, S) is continuous when
f −1 (O) ∈ T, for any O ∈ S .
It is equivalent to ask that the pre-image of any closed set of the target is a closed set of the source.
Proposition 1.7 (Stability under composition). Continuous maps are stable under composition.
Date: September 22, 2024.
1
2 BRUNO VALLETTE

Proof. The proof is straightforward and thus left to the reader. 


Definition 1.8 (Homeomorphism). A continuous map f : (X, T) → (Y, S) between two topological
spaces is an homeomorphism when it is invertible and when its inverse is also continuous.
Two topological spaces are homeomorphic when there exists an homeomorphism between them. This
defines an equivalence relation on topological spaces.
Definition 1.9 (Compact space). A topological space (X, T) is called compact when every open cover
of X [
X= Oi , for Oi ∈ T,
i ∈I
admits a finite subcover
n
[
X= Oi j , for i j ∈ I .
j=1

This axiom is called the Borel-Lebesgue property. In France, for instance in Bourbaki, a compact
space is moreover required to be separated (or Hausdorff ): for any pair of different points x , y ∈ X,
there exists two disjoint open sets O and U such that x ∈ O and y ∈ U.

2. P RODUCT TOPOLOGY
Definition 2.1 (Product topology). The product topology on the cartesian product X × Y of two topo-
logical spaces (X, T) and (Y, S) is the coarse topology among the ones for which the canonical pro-
jections πX : X × Y → X and πY : X × Y → Y continuous.
This topology is well-defined: for instance, it is given by the intersection of all the topologies for
which the canonical projections are continuous.
Proposition 2.2 (Explicit description). The product topology is given by the unions of products of
open sets:
 [ 
 Oi × Ui, Oi ∈ T, Ui ∈ S, for any i ∈ T 
  .
 
 i ∈I 
Proof. The proof was performed in class; one can do it by "Analyse-SynthŔse". 
Corollary 2.3. Let X, Y , and Z be three topological spaces. Any map f : X → Y × Z is continuous
if and only if the two composites πY ◦ f : X → Y and π Z ◦ f : X → Z with the canonical projections
are continuous.
Proof.
(⇒): This is a direct corollary of the stability of continuity under composition (Proposition 1.7).
(⇐): The pre-image under the composite πY ◦ f of any open set i ∈I Oi × Ui of Y × Z is equal
S
to
[ [ [
f −1 * Oi × Ui + = f −1 (Oi × Ui ) = (π ◦ f )−1 (Oi ) ∩ (π Z ◦ f )−1 (Ui ) ,
| Y {z } | {z }
, i ∈I - i ∈I i ∈I open set of X open set of X

which is an open set of X since the two composites πY ◦ f : X → Y and π Z ◦ f : X → Z are


continuous.

RECOLLECTIONS ON TOPOLOGY 3

Theorem 2.4 (Product of compact sets, Tychonoff 1935). The product of any collection of compact
topological spaces is compact.
Proof. The proof of this statement is more involved than the previous ones, so we skip it. 

U NIVERSITÉ S ORBONNE PARIS N ORD , L ABORATOIRE DE G ÉOMÉTRIE , A NALYSE ET A PPLICATIONS , CNRS, UMR
7539, V ILLETANEUSE , F RANCE
E-mail address: [email protected]

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