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Maths Notes

The document outlines fundamental concepts in mathematics, covering number systems, basic operations, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, statistics, probability, graphs, and indices. It defines various types of numbers, operations, and mathematical principles, including formulas for area, volume, and probability calculations. Each section provides essential formulas and definitions relevant to the respective mathematical topic.

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vikitmg97
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36 views2 pages

Maths Notes

The document outlines fundamental concepts in mathematics, covering number systems, basic operations, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, statistics, probability, graphs, and indices. It defines various types of numbers, operations, and mathematical principles, including formulas for area, volume, and probability calculations. Each section provides essential formulas and definitions relevant to the respective mathematical topic.

Uploaded by

vikitmg97
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Number Systems

 Natural numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, ...


 Whole numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
 Integers: ..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ...
 Rational numbers: Can be written as fractions (1/2, -3/4)
 Irrational numbers: Cannot be written as fractions (√2, π)
 Real numbers: All rational and irrational numbers

2. Basic Operations

 Addition (+)
 Subtraction (−)
 Multiplication (×)
 Division (÷)
 Order of operations: BODMAS (Brackets, Orders, Division/Multiplication,
Addition/Subtraction)

3. Algebra

 Expression: A combination of numbers, variables, and operations (e.g., 2x + 3)


 Equation: A mathematical statement with an equals sign (e.g., 2x + 3 = 7)
 Solving linear equations: Isolate the variable to find its value
 Like terms: Terms with the same variables and exponents (e.g., 3x and 5x)

4. Geometry

 Triangle: Sum of angles = 180°


 Quadrilateral: Sum of angles = 360°
 Circle:
o Circumference = 2πr
o Area = πr²
 Pythagoras’ Theorem: a² + b² = c² (right-angled triangle)
 Perimeter: Distance around a shape
 Area: Space inside a shape
 Volume: Space inside a 3D object

5. Trigonometry (Right-Angled Triangles)


 sin(θ) = opposite / hypotenuse
 cos(θ) = adjacent / hypotenuse
 tan(θ) = opposite / adjacent
 Use SOH-CAH-TOA to remember

6. Statistics

 Mean: Sum of values / Number of values


 Median: Middle value
 Mode: Most frequent value
 Range: Difference between highest and lowest values

7. Probability

 Probability = Number of favourable outcomes / Total number of outcomes


 Values range from 0 (impossible) to 1 (certain)
 For independent events: Multiply probabilities
 For mutually exclusive events: Add probabilities

8. Graphs and Coordinates

 Cartesian plane: x-axis (horizontal), y-axis (vertical)


 Coordinates: (x, y)
 Gradient (slope) of a line = change in y / change in x
 y = mx + c is the equation of a straight line (m = gradient, c = y-intercept)

9. Indices (Exponents)

 aⁿ × aᵐ = aⁿ⁺ᵐ
 aⁿ ÷ aᵐ = aⁿ⁻ᵐ
 (aⁿ)ᵐ = aⁿᵐ
 a⁰ = 1
 a⁻ⁿ = 1 / aⁿ

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