Solutions 3(d) 1

Complete solutions to Exercise 3(d)

1. (i) f (2x + 3) = (2x + 3) + 1 = 2x + 4
(ii) f ( x) ⋅ g ( x) = ( x + 1)( 2 x + 3) = 2 x + 3x + 2 x + 3
2
F 0 I L

= 2 x + 5x + 3
2

(iii) g − 1 = (2x + 3) − 1 = 2x + 2
(iv) f + g = (x + 1) + ( 2x + 3) = 3x + 4
(v) f − g = (x + 1) − (2x + 3) = x + 1− 2x − 3 = − x − 2
f x +1
(vi) = (2x + 3 ≠ 0 )
g 2x + 3
2. (i) f f = f ( f (x )) = f (2x + 3) = 2(2 x + 3) + 3
= 4x + 9
(ii) f ( f ( f ( x)) ) = f (4 x + 9) = 2(4 x + 9) + 3 = 8 x + 21
↑

because f ( f ( x)) = 4 x + 9 by part (i)

(iii) f ( f ( f (−3))) = [8 × (−3)] + 21 = −3
by result (ii )
with x = −3

3. (i)
f (0) = (a × 0 )+ (b × 0) + c = c
2

(ii) Replace x with x + 1 into f (x ):

f (x + 1) = a(x + 1) 2 + b(x + 1) + c
= a(x 2 + 2x + 1)+ bx + b + c
by (1.13)

= ax 2 + 2ax + a + bx + b + c
= ax 2 + ( 2a + b)x + a + b + c
f (x + 1) − f (x) = ax + 2ax + bx + a + b + c − (ax + bx + c )
2 2
(iii)
= f ( x +1)

= ax 2 + 2ax + bx + a + b + c − ax 2 − bx − c
= 2ax + a + b
4. (i)
g(g(x)) = g(x + 1) = ( x + 1) + 1 = x + 2
(ii)
f ( g ( x) ) = f ( x + 1) = ( x + 1) = x2 + 2x + 1
2

By (1.13)

(iii) g ( f ( x) ) = g ( x ) = x + 1
2 2

5. (i) f ( g ( x) ) = f ( x) = x − 1
2

(ii) g( f ( x )) = g( x − 1) = x − 1 = f (x )
2 2

(iii) Since g is the identity function f g = g f = f .

Note: It is always the case if f or g are identity functions then f g = g f .
(iv) g g = g(x) = x

(a + b) = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
2
(1.13)
 Solutions 3(d) 2

(v) We have
f f = f (x 2 − 1) = (x 2 − 1) 2 − 1
= x 4 − 2x 2 + 1 − 1
by (1.14)
4 2
= x − 2x
= x 2 (x 2 − 2)
6. (i) Let y = f ( x ) and then transpose to make x the subject:
6
y=
3−x
3y − xy = 6
3y − 6 = xy
3y − 6
x=
y
3x − 6
f −1 (x) = (x ≠ 0)
x
(ii)
⎛ 3x − 6 ⎞ 6 6x 6/ x
f f −1 = f ⎝ = = = =x
x ⎠ 3− ⎛ 3x − 6 ⎞ multiply numerator and 3x − 3x + 6 6/
⎝ x ⎠ denominator by x
(iii)
⎛ 6 ⎞
−1 ⎛ 6 ⎞
3⋅ ⎝
3 − x ⎠ −6
f −1 f= f ⎝ =
3 − x⎠ 6 (3 − x )
18 − 6(3 − x)
= (multiply numerator and denominator by 3− x)
6
18 − 18 + 6x 6/ x
= = =x
6 6/
1
×3
⎛⎜ 2x − 3 ⎞⎟ 3
⎛ 2x − 3 1
⎞ +3
⎛ ⎞⎟ ⎝ 1+x ⎠
7. (i) f (f −1 (x)) = f ⎜⎜ ⎜
3
⎟=
⎝ 1+ x ⎠ ⎟ ×3
1
⎝ ⎠ ⎛⎜ 2x − 3⎞⎟ 3
2−
⎝ 1+ x ⎠
2x − 3
+3 2x − 3 + 3(1 + x)
= 1 + 2x
x =
− 3 2(1 + x) − (2x − 3) (multiplying top and bottom by (1 + x))
2−
1+ x
2x − 3 + 3 + 3x
=
2 + 2x − 2x + 3
5x
= =x
5

(1.14) (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2

 Solutions 3(d) 3

⎛ x3 + 3 ⎞
f −1 f = f −1 ⎜
(ii) ⎝ 2 − x3 ⎠
1
⎛ ⎛ x3 + 3 ⎞ ⎞3
2⎜ − 3
⎜ ⎝ 2 − x3 ⎠ ⎟
=
⎜ x +3 ⎟
3
⎜ 1+ ⎟
⎝ 2 − x3 ⎠
1
⎛ 2x 3 + 6 − 3(2 − x 3 ) ⎞ 3
=⎜
⎝ 2 − x3 + x3 + 3 ⎠
1
⎛ 2x 3 + 6 − 6 + 3x 3 ⎞ 3
=⎜
⎝ 5 ⎠
1
⎛ 5/ x 3 ⎞ 3
=⎜ =x
⎝ 5/ ⎠
8. We have f f −1 ( x ) = f 1 f ( x ) = x (identity function). This is generally the case.
9. (i) x −1 = f ( x ) = f ( g ( x )) = f g or x − 1 = g ( x ) − 1 . Hence f g = g − 1
(ii) We have
x − 1 = g(x − 1) = g( f (x)) = g f
(iii) We have
x −1 + 7 = g f + 7
by (ii)

( x − 1) = g(( x − 1) ) = g(f 2 )
2 2
(iv) x − 2 x + 1 = ( x − 1) = x − 1 = f or
2 2

t t 1
10. Very similar to EXAMPLE 16; F( t ) = , R(t ) = 1− and h( t ) = .
5 5 5−t
k
11. (a) Substituting G ( s ) = and N(s) = 0.01 into
s ( s + 1)
G ( s)
T (s) =
1 + N ( s )G ( s )
gives
k
s(s + 1)
T (s) = (†)
⎛⎜ k ⎞
1+ 0.01
⎝ s(s + 1)⎠
Simplify (†) by multiplying numerator and denominator by s(s + 1) :
k
T (s) =
s(s + 1) + 0.01k
k
=
s + s + 0.01k2

(b) Similarly for (b) we multiply numerator and denominator by s + k1 :

 Solutions 3(d) 4

T (s) =
(s + k1)
⎛ 1 ⎞
1+ k2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ s + k1 ⎠
1
=
(s + k1 ) + k2
1
T (s) =
s + (k1 + k2 )
(c) Note that we can factorize the denominator of G(s) :
s +1
G(s) = 2
s + 3s + 2
s +1
=
(s + 2 )(s + 1)
1
G(s) = (cancelling s + 1)
s+2
1 1
We have G ( s ) = and N(s) = 0.3 , this is of the form of (b) where G(s) =
s+2 s + k1
and N(s) = k2 . Here we have k1 = 2 and k2 = 0.3. Substituting k1 = 2 and k2 = 0.3
1
T (s) =
into the result for (b),
s + (k1 + k 2 )
, gives
1 1
T (s) = =
s + (2 + 0.3) s + 2.3
12.
10s 10s
G(s) = = 3
(s − 2)(s + 2s − 5) s + 2s − 5s − 2s2 − 4s + 10
2 2

10s
=
s − 9s + 10
3

G(s) 10s (s3 − 9s + 10)

=
1 + G(s) H(s) 1+ ⎛ 10s ⎞
⎝ s3 − 9s + 10 ⎠ × (s + 3)
10s
= 3 (multiplying top and bottom by s3 − 9s + 10)
(s − 9s + 10)+ 10s(s + 3)
10s
=
s − 9s + 10 + 10s2 + 30s
3

10s
= 3
s + 10s2 + 21s + 10